diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 194c4cd..87b1ac4 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
     "mermaid": "^10.3.1",
     "pako": "^2.1.0",
     "path-to-regexp": "^7.0.0",
-    "puppeteer": "^22.4.1"
+    "puppeteer": "^23.0.2"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@happy-dom/jest-environment": "^14.3.6",
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index a116786..c9a53fe 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ dependencies:
     specifier: ^7.0.0
     version: 7.1.0
   puppeteer:
-    specifier: ^22.4.1
-    version: 22.14.0
+    specifier: ^23.0.2
+    version: 23.0.2
 
 devDependencies:
   '@happy-dom/jest-environment':
@@ -1379,8 +1379,8 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-shx7oQ0Awen/BRIdkjkvz54PnEEI/EjwXDSIZp86/KKdbafHh1Df/RYGBhn4hbe2+uKC9FnT5UCEdyPz3ai9hQ==}
     dev: false
 
-  /chromium-bidi@0.6.2(devtools-protocol@0.0.1312386):
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-4WVBa6ijmUTVr9cZD4eicQD8Mdy/HCX3bzEIYYpmk0glqYLoWH+LqQEvV9RpDRzoQSbY1KJHloYXbDMXMbDPhg==}
+  /chromium-bidi@0.6.4(devtools-protocol@0.0.1312386):
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-8zoq6ogmhQQkAKZVKO2ObFTl4uOkqoX1PlKQX3hZQ5E9cbUotcAb7h4pTNVAGGv8Z36PF3CtdOriEp/Rz82JqQ==}
     peerDependencies:
       devtools-protocol: '*'
     dependencies:
@@ -3675,12 +3675,12 @@ packages:
       once: 1.4.0
     dev: false
 
-  /puppeteer-core@22.14.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-rl4tOY5LcA3e374GAlsGGHc05HL3eGNf5rZ+uxkl6id9zVZKcwcp1Z+Nd6byb6WPiPeecT/dwz8f/iUm+AZQSw==}
+  /puppeteer-core@23.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-MvOHn+g1TYkAR2oVd/bf/YWXKqFTJmkhyyurYgxkrjh8rBOL1ZH5VyOsLJi0bLO7/yoipAmk1gFZEx9HUJnaoA==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     dependencies:
       '@puppeteer/browsers': 2.3.0
-      chromium-bidi: 0.6.2(devtools-protocol@0.0.1312386)
+      chromium-bidi: 0.6.4(devtools-protocol@0.0.1312386)
       debug: 4.3.6
       devtools-protocol: 0.0.1312386
       ws: 8.18.0
@@ -3690,16 +3690,17 @@ packages:
       - utf-8-validate
     dev: false
 
-  /puppeteer@22.14.0:
-    resolution: {integrity: sha512-MGTR6/pM8zmWbTdazb6FKnwIihzsSEXBPH49mFFU96DNZpQOevCAZMnjBZGlZRGRzRK6aADCavR6SQtrbv5dQw==}
+  /puppeteer@23.0.2:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-I/l1P8s8brcLG+oW9AwF8hUaOSGGJcGKMflXRgULUH0S3ABptlLI9ZKjqWDo8ipY6v789ZKd+bNKtcCwpTh5Ww==}
     engines: {node: '>=18'}
     hasBin: true
     requiresBuild: true
     dependencies:
       '@puppeteer/browsers': 2.3.0
+      chromium-bidi: 0.6.4(devtools-protocol@0.0.1312386)
       cosmiconfig: 9.0.0
       devtools-protocol: 0.0.1312386
-      puppeteer-core: 22.14.0
+      puppeteer-core: 23.0.2
     transitivePeerDependencies:
       - bufferutil
       - supports-color
diff --git a/src/views/img.js b/src/views/img.js
index 926b914..db01892 100644
--- a/src/views/img.js
+++ b/src/views/img.js
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ const img = async (ctx, page, size) => {
 
   // dynamically set media type
   ctx.type = `image/${type}`;
-  ctx.body = image;
+  ctx.body = Buffer.from(image);
 };
 
 module.exports = renderImgOrSvg(img);
diff --git a/src/views/pdf.js b/src/views/pdf.js
index 5c7531a..a653b92 100644
--- a/src/views/pdf.js
+++ b/src/views/pdf.js
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ const pdf = async (ctx, page, size) => {
   debug('printed to pdf, file size: %o', pdf.length);
 
   ctx.type = 'application/pdf';
-  ctx.body = pdf;
+  ctx.body = Buffer.from(pdf);
 };
 
 module.exports = renderImgOrSvg(pdf);
diff --git a/test/kitchensink.test.js b/test/kitchensink.test.js
index 471f0a2..b4f71ba 100644
--- a/test/kitchensink.test.js
+++ b/test/kitchensink.test.js
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ describe('app', () => {
       );
       expect(resp.status).toEqual(200);
       expect(resp.type).toEqual('application/pdf');
-      expect(resp.body.length).toBeGreaterThan(19 * KB);
+      expect(resp.body.length).toBeGreaterThan(17 * KB);
 
       await PDFDocument.load(resp.body.toString('base64'));
     });
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ describe('app', () => {
       );
       expect(resp.status).toEqual(200);
       expect(resp.type).toEqual('application/pdf');
-      expect(resp.body.length).toBeGreaterThan(19 * KB);
+      expect(resp.body.length).toBeGreaterThan(17 * KB);
 
       const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.load(resp.body.toString('base64'));
       const pages = pdfDoc.getPages();