Python OOP Tutorial.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# object-oriented\n",
    "### https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDa-Z5JzLYM"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 1. 类和实例"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey.Schafer@company.com\n",
      "Test User\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Corey Schafer'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.email)\n",
    "print(emp_2.fullname())\n",
    "Employee.fullname(emp_1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 2. 类变量"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * 1.04)\n",
    "        \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "52000\n",
      "54080\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(emp_1.pay)\n",
    "emp_1.apply_raise() # 50000*1.04\n",
    "print(emp_1.pay)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#### a better way\n",
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 #该属性只在类中，实例化对象不会继承\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount) #注意，对比之前的代码，访问raise_amount的方式\n",
    "                                  # self.raise_amount 也同样奏效\n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "50000\n",
      "52000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(emp_1.pay)\n",
    "emp_1.apply_raise() # 50000*1.04\n",
    "print(emp_1.pay)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.04\n",
      "1.04\n",
      "1.04\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(Employee.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_1.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_2.raise_amount)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<bound method Employee.__init__ of <__main__.Employee object at 0x000000DE4FD93160>>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(emp_1.__init__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<function Employee.__init__ at 0x000000DE4FD8E488>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(Employee.__init__)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#### 当访问实例的属性时，会检查实例是否有该属性，如果没有该属性，就会检查继承的类中是否有该\n",
    "#### 属性。故，访问emp_1的raise_amount时，emp_1没有该属性，所以访问类Employee的raise_amount"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.05\n",
      "1.05\n",
      "1.05\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### 改变类的raise_amount， 所有对象的raise_amount都会改变\n",
    "\n",
    "Employee.raise_amount = 1.05\n",
    "\n",
    "print(Employee.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_1.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_2.raise_amount)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.04\n",
      "1.05\n",
      "1.04\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### 改变对象的raise_amount， 只有该对象的raise_amount会改变\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.raise_amount = 1.05\n",
    "\n",
    "print(Employee.raise_amount)  #类的raise_amount=1.04\n",
    "print(emp_1.raise_amount)     #定义了emp_1.raise_amount = 1.05，故直接输出该值，而不会从类中查找\n",
    "print(emp_2.raise_amount)     #对象emp_2没有raise_amount，从类中检查到1.04"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#### 统计数量，实例化个数\n",
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    num_of_emps = 0 # num_of_emps初始化0\n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 #该属性只在类中，实例化对象不会继承\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        Employee.num_of_emps += 1 #self.num_of_emps 不行\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount) #注意，对比之前的代码，访问raise_amount的方式\n",
    "                                  # self.raise_amount 也同样奏效\n",
    "            \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### 输出实例化的个数，2\n",
    "print(Employee.num_of_emps)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 3. 类方法和静态方法"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    num_of_emps = 0 # num_of_emps初始化0\n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 #该属性只在类中，实例化对象不会继承\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        Employee.num_of_emps += 1 #self.num_of_emps 不行\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount) #注意，对比之前的代码，访问raise_amount的方式\n",
    "                                  # self.raise_amount 也同样奏效\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Class methods are methods that automatically take the class as the first argument. \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def set_raise_amt(cls, amount): # cls as the class \n",
    "        cls.raise_amount = amount\n",
    "        \n",
    "        \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.04\n",
      "1.04\n",
      "1.04\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### print raise_amount,should be 1.04 as defined within Employee\n",
    "print(Employee.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_1.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_2.raise_amount)  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.05\n",
      "1.05\n",
      "1.05\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### check the difference\n",
    "\n",
    "Employee.set_raise_amt(1.05) # set the set_raise_amt to 1.05\n",
    "\n",
    "print(Employee.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_1.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_2.raise_amount)  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1.05\n",
      "1.05\n",
      "1.05\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### check the difference\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.set_raise_amt(1.05) # 改变emp_1对象的raise_amount，也会改变所有的类对象\n",
    "\n",
    "print(Employee.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_1.raise_amount)\n",
    "print(emp_2.raise_amount)  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "John.Doe@company.com\n",
      "70000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "### common usage\n",
    "emp_str_1 = 'John-Doe-70000'\n",
    "emp_str_2 = 'Steve-Smith-30000'\n",
    "emp_str_3 = 'John-Doe-90000'\n",
    "\n",
    "first, last, pay = emp_str_1.split('-')\n",
    "\n",
    "new_emp_1 = Employee(first, last, pay)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(new_emp_1.email)\n",
    "print(new_emp_1.pay)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "### a better way\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    num_of_emps = 0 # num_of_emps初始化0\n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 #该属性只在类中，实例化对象不会继承\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        Employee.num_of_emps += 1 #self.num_of_emps 不行\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount) #注意，对比之前的代码，访问raise_amount的方式\n",
    "                                  # self.raise_amount 也同样奏效\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Class methods are methods that automatically take the class as the first argument. \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def set_raise_amt(cls, amount): # cls as the class \n",
    "        cls.raise_amount = amount\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #和上一个cell里功能一样，只是更好,作为一个对象创建方法    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def from_string(cls, emp_str):\n",
    "        first, last, pay = emp_str.split('-') \n",
    "        return cls(first, last, pay) #创建对象并返回\n",
    "        \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "John.Doe@company.com\n",
      "70000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_str_1 = 'John-Doe-70000'\n",
    "emp_str_2 = 'Steve-Smith-30000'\n",
    "emp_str_3 = 'John-Doe-90000'\n",
    "\n",
    "new_emp_1 = Employee.from_string(emp_str_1)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(new_emp_1.email)\n",
    "print(new_emp_1.pay)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# regular mathod将对象作为默认第一个参数，\n",
    "# class method 将类作为默认第一个参数，\n",
    "# statistic method 则不传递对象/类参数\n",
    "\n",
    "### a better way\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    num_of_emps = 0 # num_of_emps初始化0\n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 #该属性只在类中，实例化对象不会继承\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        Employee.num_of_emps += 1 #self.num_of_emps 不行\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): #类内函数默认将实例作为第一个参数\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * Employee.raise_amount) #注意，对比之前的代码，访问raise_amount的方式\n",
    "                                  # self.raise_amount 也同样奏效\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # Class methods are methods that automatically take the class as the first argument. \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def set_raise_amt(cls, amount): # cls as the class \n",
    "        cls.raise_amount = amount\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #和上一个cell里功能一样，只是更好,作为一个对象创建方法    \n",
    "    @classmethod\n",
    "    def from_string(cls, emp_str):\n",
    "        first, last, pay = emp_str.split('-') \n",
    "        return cls(first, last, pay) #创建对象并返回\n",
    "    \n",
    "    #staticmethod 不将对象和类作为参数传递\n",
    "    @staticmethod\n",
    "    def is_workday(day):\n",
    "        if day.weekday() == 5 or day.weekday() == 6:\n",
    "            return False\n",
    "        return True\n",
    "    \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "import datetime\n",
    "my_date = datetime.date(2018, 10, 23)\n",
    "print(Employee.is_workday(my_date))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 4.继承"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey.Schafer@company.com\n",
      "Test.Employee@company.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): \n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amount) \n",
    "    \n",
    "class Devloper(Employee):#继承Employee\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "    \n",
    "dev_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "dev_2 = Employee('Test', 'Employee', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "print(dev_1.email)\n",
    "print(dev_2.email)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey.Schafer@company.com\n",
      "Test.Employee@company.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#继承父类，含有父类成员,即便自己没有任何代码\n",
    "dev_1 = Devloper('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "dev_2 = Devloper('Test', 'Employee', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(dev_1.email)\n",
    "print(dev_2.email)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Help on class Devloper in module __main__:\n",
      "\n",
      "class Devloper(Employee)\n",
      " |  Method resolution order:\n",
      " |      Devloper\n",
      " |      Employee\n",
      " |      builtins.object\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  Methods inherited from Employee:\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __init__(self, first, last, pay)\n",
      " |      Initialize self.  See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  apply_raise(self)\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  fullname(self)\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      " |  Data descriptors inherited from Employee:\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __dict__\n",
      " |      dictionary for instance variables (if defined)\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  __weakref__\n",
      " |      list of weak references to the object (if defined)\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
      " |  Data and other attributes inherited from Employee:\n",
      " |  \n",
      " |  raise_amount = 1.04\n",
      "\n",
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(help(Devloper))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "50000\n",
      "52000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): \n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amount) \n",
    "    \n",
    "class Devloper(Employee):#继承Employee\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "    \n",
    "dev_1 = Devloper('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "dev_2 = Devloper('Test', 'Employee', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(dev_1.pay) #50000\n",
    "dev_1.apply_raise() # 50000*1.04\n",
    "print(dev_1.pay) #52000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amt = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): \n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amt) \n",
    "    \n",
    "class Devloper(Employee):#继承Employee\n",
    "    raise_amt = 1.10\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "50000\n",
      "55000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# rewrite  raise_amt   on Develop\n",
    "dev_1 = Devloper('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "dev_2 = Devloper('Test', 'Employee', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(dev_1.pay) #50000\n",
    "dev_1.apply_raise() # 50000*1.10\n",
    "print(dev_1.pay) #55000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "50000\n",
      "52000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#raise_amt of Employee doesnt change\n",
    "dev_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "dev_2 = Devloper('Test', 'Employee', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(dev_1.pay) #50000\n",
    "dev_1.apply_raise() # 50000*1.04\n",
    "print(dev_1.pay) #52000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#改写初始化函数__init__\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amt = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): \n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amt) \n",
    "    \n",
    "class Devloper(Employee):\n",
    "    raise_amt = 1.10\n",
    "    \"\"\"改写始化函数__init__，增加一个prog_lang，如下实现，并不是一个好的方法，虽然可行，但不优雅，代码重复。\n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay, prog_lang):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.prog_lang = prog_lang\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    #a better way to do this\n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay, prog_lang):\n",
    "        super().__init__(first, last, pay)\n",
    "        #Employee.__init__(self, first, last, pay) 该写法也可\n",
    "        self.prog_lang = prog_lang"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey.Schafer@company.com\n",
      "Java\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dev_1 = Devloper('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000, 'Python')\n",
    "dev_2 = Devloper('Test', 'Employee', 60000, 'Java')\n",
    "\n",
    "print(dev_1.email)\n",
    "print(dev_2.prog_lang)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#more\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amt = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):#__init__ 构造函数，初始化器\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self): \n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amt) \n",
    "    \n",
    "class Developer(Employee):\n",
    "    raise_amt = 1.10\n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay, prog_lang):\n",
    "        super().__init__(first, last, pay)\n",
    "        self.prog_lang = prog_lang\n",
    "\n",
    "#add a new class        \n",
    "class Manager(Employee):\n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay, employees=None):\n",
    "        super().__init__(first, last, pay)\n",
    "        if employees is None:\n",
    "            self.employees = []\n",
    "        else:\n",
    "            self.employees = employees\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def add_emp(self, emp):\n",
    "        if emp not in self.employees:\n",
    "            self.employees.append(emp)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def remove_emp(self, emp):\n",
    "        if emp in self.employees:\n",
    "            self.employees.remove(emp)\n",
    "            \n",
    "    def print_emps(self):\n",
    "        for emp in self.employees:\n",
    "            print('-->', emp.fullname())\n",
    "    "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Sue.Smith@company.com\n",
      "--> Corey Schafer\n",
      "--> Test Employee\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dev_1 = Developer('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000, 'Python')\n",
    "dev_2 = Developer('Test', 'Employee', 60000, 'Java')\n",
    "\n",
    "mgr_1 = Manager('Sue', 'Smith', 90000, [dev_1])\n",
    "\n",
    "print(mgr_1.email)\n",
    "mgr_1.add_emp(dev_2)\n",
    "mgr_1.print_emps()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "--> Corey Schafer\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "mgr_1.remove_emp(dev_2)\n",
    "mgr_1.print_emps()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(isinstance(mgr_1, Manager)) #是否是他的对象"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(isinstance(mgr_1, Employee))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(isinstance(mgr_1, Developer))#mgr_1没有继承Developer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(issubclass(Developer, Employee))#子类"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "True\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(issubclass(Manager, Employee))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(issubclass(Manager, Developer))#Manager没有继承Developer"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 特殊（Magic / Dunder）方法"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amount)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
    "        return \"Employee('{}', '{}', {})\".format(self.first, self.last, self.pay)\n",
    "            "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amount)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
    "        return \"Employee('{}', '{}', {})\".format(self.first, self.last, self.pay)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return '{}-{}'.format(self.fullname(), self.email)\n",
    "            "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey Schafer-Corey.Schafer@company.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
      "Corey Schafer-Corey.Schafer@company.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(repr(emp_1))\n",
    "print(str(emp_1))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
      "Corey Schafer-Corey.Schafer@company.com\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(emp_1.__repr__())\n",
    "print(emp_1.__str__())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### these two methods allow us to change how our objects to display"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3\n",
      "3\n",
      "ab\n",
      "ab\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#same as \n",
    "print(1+2)\n",
    "print(int.__add__(1, 2))\n",
    "\n",
    "print('a'+'b')\n",
    "print(str.__add__('a', 'b'))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amount)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
    "        return \"Employee('{}', '{}', {})\".format(self.first, self.last, self.pay)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return '{}-{}'.format(self.fullname(), self.email)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # add\n",
    "    def __add__(self, other):\n",
    "        return self.pay + other.pay"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "110000\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "emp_2 = Employee('Test', 'User', 60000)\n",
    "print(emp_1 + emp_2) # __add__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "4\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(len('test'))\n",
    "print('test'.__len__())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    raise_amount = 1.04 \n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def apply_raise(self):\n",
    "        self.pay = int(self.pay * self.raise_amount)\n",
    "\n",
    "    def __repr__(self):\n",
    "        return \"Employee('{}', '{}', {})\".format(self.first, self.last, self.pay)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __str__(self):\n",
    "        return '{}-{}'.format(self.fullname(), self.email)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    # add\n",
    "    def __add__(self, other):\n",
    "        return self.pay + other.pay\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __len__(self):\n",
    "        return len(self.fullname())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "13\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "print(len(emp_1)) #__len__"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### 6. 属性装饰器"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey\n",
      "Corey.Schafer@company.com\n",
      "Corey Schafer\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "        self.email = first + '.' + last + '@company.com'\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "\n",
    "    \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email)\n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Jim\n",
      "Corey.Schafer@company.com\n",
      "Jim Schafer\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "#改变姓氏，邮箱也应该改变，但没变\n",
    "emp_1.first = 'Jim'\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email) #does not change\n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Jim\n",
      "Jim.Schafer@email.com\n",
      "Jim Schafer\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# bad, hen。 do this\n",
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return '{}.{}@email.com'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "        \n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "\n",
    "    \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.first = 'Jim'\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email()) #增加了函数email，调用email()\n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Jim\n",
      "Jim.Schafer@email.com\n",
      "Jim Schafer\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#a better way\n",
    "\n",
    "# bad, hen。 do this\n",
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return '{}.{}@email.com'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "\n",
    "    \n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.first = 'Jim'\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email) # 增加了函数email，但，property，不需要调用email()，直接email\n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname) #也不再需要()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "can't set attribute",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-71-acfa0938566d>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      3\u001b[0m \u001b[0memp_1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mEmployee\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Corey'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'Schafer'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m50000\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 5\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0memp_1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfullname\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m'Corey Schafer'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      6\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      7\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0memp_1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfirst\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: can't set attribute"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#如果输入，emp_1.fullname = 'Corey Schafer'，全名输入后，希望相应的first和last也改变。怎么办？\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.fullname = 'Corey Schafer'\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email) \n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname) "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#出错！"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#solution\n",
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return '{}.{}@email.com'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "\n",
    "    @fullname.setter\n",
    "    def fullname(self, name):\n",
    "        first, last = name.split(' ')\n",
    "        self.first = first\n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey\n",
      "Corey.Schafer@email.com\n",
      "Corey Schafer\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.fullname = 'Corey Schafer'\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email) \n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#delete\n",
    "\n",
    "class Employee:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    def __init__(self, first, last, pay):\n",
    "        self.first = first \n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        self.pay = pay\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def email(self):\n",
    "        return '{}.{}@email.com'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "    \n",
    "    @property\n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        return '{} {}'.format(self.first, self.last)\n",
    "\n",
    "    @fullname.setter\n",
    "    def fullname(self, name):\n",
    "        first, last = name.split(' ')\n",
    "        self.first = first\n",
    "        self.last = last\n",
    "        \n",
    "    @fullname.deleter\n",
    "    def fullname(self):\n",
    "        print('Delete Name!')\n",
    "        self.first = None\n",
    "        self.last = None\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Corey\n",
      "Corey.Schafer@email.com\n",
      "Corey Schafer\n",
      "Delete Name!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "emp_1 = Employee('Corey', 'Schafer', 50000)\n",
    "\n",
    "emp_1.fullname = 'Corey Schafer'\n",
    "\n",
    "print(emp_1.first)\n",
    "print(emp_1.email) \n",
    "print(emp_1.fullname)\n",
    "\n",
    "del emp_1.fullname # fullname.deleter"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Done!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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