- Install the ingress-nginx controller as per documentation
- Deploy the httpbun example echoserver application
$ kubectl create deploy httpbun --image registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/e2e-test-httpbun:v20231011-8b53cabe0 - Create a service of --type ClusterIP for httpbun
$ kubectl expose deploy httpbun --port 80 - Create a ingress for httpbun (This command assumes the ingressClass name to be nginx. Change the ingressClass name below, if you are using a different ingressClass name)
$ kubectl create ingress httpbun --class nginx --rule httpbun.foo.com/"*"=httpbun:80 - Get the name of the ingress-nginx-controller pod (This command assumes that the ingress-nginx-controller was installed in the namespace called ingress-nginx)
$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx get po - Open a terminal to tail the logs of the ingress-nginx-controller pod
$ kubectl -n ingress-nginx logs -f <ingress-nginx-controller-podname> - Note the last line of log messages. Hit the return/enter key a couple of times to get some blank lines. Makes it easier to mark newer log lines from your next step
- Open a second terminal, to send a request to httpbun (replace the external-ip or LB name as needed)
$ curl -v --resolve httpbun.foo.com:80:<external-ip> httpbun.foo.com/get - Check if there were new log messages related to your curl command
- Provide all info and the log messages in the issue you create or in the slack chat thread, formatted as a code-snippet
- kubectl get po,svc -n ingress-nginx
- kubectl get po,svc,ing | grep -i httpbun
- kubectl describe svc httpbun
- kubectl describe ing httpbun
- Entire curl command as is and its output
- log messages of the ingress-nginx-controller pod
There are many ways to troubleshoot the ingress-controller. The following are basic troubleshooting methods to obtain more information.
$ kubectl get ing -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
NAME HOSTS ADDRESS PORTS AGE
cafe-ingress cafe.com 10.0.2.15 80 25s
$ kubectl describe ing <ingress-resource-name> -n <namespace-of-ingress-resource>
Name: cafe-ingress
Namespace: default
Address: 10.0.2.15
Default backend: default-http-backend:80 (172.17.0.5:8080)
Rules:
Host Path Backends
---- ---- --------
cafe.com
/tea tea-svc:80 (<none>)
/coffee coffee-svc:80 (<none>)
Annotations:
kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: {"apiVersion":"networking.k8s.io/v1","kind":"Ingress","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cafe-ingress","namespace":"default","selfLink":"/apis/networking/v1/namespaces/default/ingresses/cafe-ingress"},"spec":{"rules":[{"host":"cafe.com","http":{"paths":[{"backend":{"serviceName":"tea-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/tea"},{"backend":{"serviceName":"coffee-svc","servicePort":80},"path":"/coffee"}]}}]},"status":{"loadBalancer":{"ingress":[{"ip":"169.48.142.110"}]}}}
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal CREATE 1m ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress
Normal UPDATE 58s ingress-nginx-controller Ingress default/cafe-ingress$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl logs -n <namespace> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NGINX Ingress controller
Release: 0.14.0
Build: git-734361d
Repository: https://github.com/kubernetes/ingress-nginx
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
....$ kubectl get pods -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j 1/1 Running 0 1m
$ kubectl exec -it -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller> ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-fv58j -- cat /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
daemon off;
worker_processes 2;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 523264;
worker_shutdown_timeout 240s;
events {
multi_accept on;
worker_connections 16384;
use epoll;
}
http {
....$ kubectl get svc --all-namespaces
NAMESPACE NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
default coffee-svc ClusterIP 10.106.154.35 <none> 80/TCP 18m
default kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 30m
default tea-svc ClusterIP 10.104.172.12 <none> 80/TCP 18m
kube-system default-http-backend NodePort 10.108.189.236 <none> 80:30001/TCP 30m
kube-system kube-dns ClusterIP 10.96.0.10 <none> 53/UDP,53/TCP 30m
kube-system kubernetes-dashboard NodePort 10.103.128.17 <none> 80:30000/TCP 30mUsing the flag --v=XX it is possible to increase the level of logging. This is performed by editing
the deployment.
$ kubectl get deploy -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller>
NAME DESIRED CURRENT UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE
default-http-backend 1 1 1 1 35m
ingress-nginx-controller 1 1 1 1 35m
$ kubectl edit deploy -n <namespace-of-ingress-controller> ingress-nginx-controller
# Add --v=X to "- args", where X is an integer--v=2shows details usingdiffabout the changes in the configuration in nginx--v=3shows details about the service, Ingress rule, endpoint changes and it dumps the nginx configuration in JSON format--v=5configures NGINX in debug mode
A number of components are involved in the authentication process and the first step is to narrow down the source of the problem, namely whether it is a problem with service authentication or with the kubeconfig file.
Both authentications must work:
+-------------+ service +------------+
| | authentication | |
+ apiserver +<-------------------+ ingress |
| | | controller |
+-------------+ +------------+
Service authentication
The Ingress controller needs information from apiserver. Therefore, authentication is required, which can be achieved in a couple of ways:
-
Service Account: This is recommended, because nothing has to be configured. The Ingress controller will use information provided by the system to communicate with the API server. See 'Service Account' section for details.
-
Kubeconfig file: In some Kubernetes environments service accounts are not available. In this case a manual configuration is required. The Ingress controller binary can be started with the
--kubeconfigflag. The value of the flag is a path to a file specifying how to connect to the API server. Using the--kubeconfigdoes not requires the flag--apiserver-host. The format of the file is identical to~/.kube/configwhich is used by kubectl to connect to the API server. See 'kubeconfig' section for details. -
Using the flag
--apiserver-host: Using this flag--apiserver-host=http://localhost:8080it is possible to specify an unsecured API server or reach a remote kubernetes cluster using kubectl proxy. Please do not use this approach in production.
In the diagram below you can see the full authentication flow with all options, starting with the browser on the lower left hand side.
Kubernetes Workstation
+---------------------------------------------------+ +------------------+
| | | |
| +-----------+ apiserver +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | | proxy | | | | | | |
| | apiserver | | ingress | | | | ingress | |
| | | | controller | | | | controller | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | service account/ | | | | | | |
| | | kubeconfig | | | | | | |
| | +<-------------------+ | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| +------+----+ kubeconfig +------+-----+ | | +------+-----+ |
| |<--------------------------------------------------------| |
| | | |
+---------------------------------------------------+ +------------------+
If using a service account to connect to the API server, the ingress-controller expects the file
/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token to be present. It provides a secret
token that is required to authenticate with the API server.
Verify with the following commands:
# start a container that contains curl
$ kubectl run -it --rm test --image=curlimages/curl --restart=Never -- /bin/sh
# check if secret exists
/ $ ls /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/
ca.crt namespace token
/ $
# check base connectivity from cluster inside
/ $ curl -k https://kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
{
"kind": "Status",
"apiVersion": "v1",
"metadata": {
},
"status": "Failure",
"message": "forbidden: User \"system:anonymous\" cannot get path \"/\"",
"reason": "Forbidden",
"details": {
},
"code": 403
}/ $
# connect using tokens
}/ $ curl --cacert /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt -H "Authorization: Bearer $(cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token)" https://kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local
&& echo
{
"paths": [
"/api",
"/api/v1",
"/apis",
"/apis/",
... TRUNCATED
"/readyz/shutdown",
"/version"
]
}
/ $
# when you type `exit` or `^D` the test pod will be deleted.If it is not working, there are two possible reasons:
-
The contents of the tokens are invalid. Find the secret name with
kubectl get secrets | grep service-accountand delete it withkubectl delete secret <name>. It will automatically be recreated. -
You have a non-standard Kubernetes installation and the file containing the token may not be present. The API server will mount a volume containing this file, but only if the API server is configured to use the ServiceAccount admission controller. If you experience this error, verify that your API server is using the ServiceAccount admission controller. If you are configuring the API server by hand, you can set this with the
--admission-controlparameter.Note that you should use other admission controllers as well. Before configuring this option, you should read about admission controllers.
More information:
If you want to use a kubeconfig file for authentication, follow the deploy procedure and
add the flag --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/kubeconfig.yaml to the args section of the deployment.
Gdb can be used to with nginx to perform a configuration dump. This allows us to see which configuration is being used, as well as older configurations.
Note: The below is based on the nginx documentation.
-
SSH into the worker
$ ssh user@workerIP -
Obtain the Docker Container Running nginx
$ docker ps | grep ingress-nginx-controller CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES d9e1d243156a registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/controller "/usr/bin/dumb-init …" 19 minutes ago Up 19 minutes k8s_ingress-nginx-controller_ingress-nginx-controller-67956bf89d-mqxzt_kube-system_079f31ec-aa37-11e8-ad39-080027a227db_0
-
Exec into the container
$ docker exec -it --user=0 --privileged d9e1d243156a bash -
Make sure nginx is running in
--with-debug$ nginx -V 2>&1 | grep -- '--with-debug' -
Get list of processes running on container
$ ps -ef UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 1 0 0 20:23 ? 00:00:00 /usr/bin/dumb-init /nginx-ingres root 5 1 0 20:23 ? 00:00:05 /ingress-nginx-controller --defa root 21 5 0 20:23 ? 00:00:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/ nobody 106 21 0 20:23 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process nobody 107 21 0 20:23 ? 00:00:00 nginx: worker process root 172 0 0 20:43 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
-
Attach gdb to the nginx master process
$ gdb -p 21 .... Attaching to process 21 Reading symbols from /usr/sbin/nginx...done. .... (gdb)
-
Copy and paste the following:
set $cd = ngx_cycle->config_dump set $nelts = $cd.nelts set $elts = (ngx_conf_dump_t*)($cd.elts) while ($nelts-- > 0) set $name = $elts[$nelts]->name.data printf "Dumping %s to nginx_conf.txt\n", $name append memory nginx_conf.txt \ $elts[$nelts]->buffer.start $elts[$nelts]->buffer.end end
-
Quit GDB by pressing CTRL+D
-
Open nginx_conf.txt
cat nginx_conf.txt
- Incase you face below error while installing Nginx using helm chart (either by helm commands or helm_release terraform provider )
Warning Failed 5m5s (x4 over 6m34s) kubelet Failed to pull image "registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen:v1.3.0@sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to pull and unpack image "registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen@sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47": failed to resolve reference "registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen@sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47": failed to do request: Head "https://eu.gcr.io/v2/k8s-artifacts-prod/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen/manifests/sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47": EOF
Then please follow the below steps.
-
During troubleshooting you can also execute the below commands to test the connectivities from you local machines and repositories details
a. curl registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen@sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47 > /dev/null
(⎈ |myprompt)➜ ~ curl registry.k8s.io/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen@sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47 > /dev/null % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0 (⎈ |myprompt)➜ ~(⎈ |myprompt)➜ ~ curl -I https://eu.gcr.io/v2/k8s-artifacts-prod/ingress-nginx/kube-webhook-certgen/manifests/sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47 HTTP/2 200 docker-distribution-api-version: registry/2.0 content-type: application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json docker-content-digest: sha256:549e71a6ca248c5abd51cdb73dbc3083df62cf92ed5e6147c780e30f7e007a47 content-length: 1384 date: Wed, 28 Sep 2022 16:46:28 GMT server: Docker Registry x-xss-protection: 0 x-frame-options: SAMEORIGIN alt-svc: h3=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-29=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q050=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q046=":443"; ma=2592000,h3-Q043=":443"; ma=2592000,quic=":443"; ma=2592000; v="46,43" (⎈ |myprompt)➜ ~Redirection in the proxy is implemented to ensure the pulling of the images.
-
This is the solution recommended to whitelist the below image repositories :
*.appspot.com *.k8s.io *.pkg.dev *.gcr.ioMore details about the above repos : a. *.k8s.io -> To ensure you can pull any images from registry.k8s.io b. *.gcr.io -> GCP services are used for image hosting. This is part of the domains suggested by GCP to allow and ensure users can pull images from their container registry services. c. *.appspot.com -> This a Google domain. part of the domain used for GCR.
One possible reason for this error is lack of permission to bind to the port. Ports 80, 443, and any other port < 1024 are Linux privileged ports which historically could only be bound by root. The ingress-nginx-controller uses the CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE linux capability to allow binding these ports as a normal user (www-data / 101). This involves two components:
- In the image, the /nginx-ingress-controller file has the cap_net_bind_service capability added (e.g. via setcap)
- The NET_BIND_SERVICE capability is added to the container in the containerSecurityContext of the deployment.
If encountering this on one/some node(s) and not on others, try to purge and pull a fresh copy of the image to the affected node(s), in case there has been corruption of the underlying layers to lose the capability on the executable.
The /nginx-ingress-controller process exits/crashes when encountering this error, making it difficult to troubleshoot what is happening inside the container. To get around this, start an equivalent container running "sleep 3600", and exec into it for further troubleshooting. For example:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: ingress-nginx-sleep
namespace: default
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: ##_CONTROLLER_IMAGE_##
resources:
requests:
memory: "512Mi"
cpu: "500m"
limits:
memory: "1Gi"
cpu: "1"
command: ["sleep"]
args: ["3600"]
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: http
protocol: TCP
- containerPort: 443
name: https
protocol: TCP
securityContext:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
capabilities:
add:
- NET_BIND_SERVICE
drop:
- ALL
runAsUser: 101
restartPolicy: Never
nodeSelector:
kubernetes.io/hostname: ##_NODE_NAME_##
tolerations:
- key: "node.kubernetes.io/unschedulable"
operator: "Exists"
effect: NoSchedule- update the namespace if applicable/desired
- replace
##_NODE_NAME_##with the problematic node (or remove nodeSelector section if problem is not confined to one node) - replace
##_CONTROLLER_IMAGE_##with the same image as in use by your ingress-nginx deployment - confirm the securityContext section matches what is in place for ingress-nginx-controller pods in your cluster
Apply the YAML and open a shell into the pod. Try to manually run the controller process:
$ /nginx-ingress-controllerYou should get the same error as from the ingress controller pod logs.
Confirm the capabilities are properly surfacing into the pod:
$ grep CapBnd /proc/1/status
CapBnd: 0000000000000400The above value has only net_bind_service enabled (per security context in YAML which adds that and drops all). If you get a different value, then you can decode it on another linux box (capsh not available in this container) like below, and then figure out why specified capabilities are not propagating into the pod/container.
$ capsh --decode=0000000000000400
0x0000000000000400=cap_net_bind_service(Note, this may be restricted by PodSecurityPolicy, PodSecurityAdmission/Standards, OPA Gatekeeper, etc. in which case you will need to do the appropriate workaround for testing, e.g. deploy in a new namespace without the restrictions.) To test further you may want to install additional utilities, etc. Modify the pod yaml by:
- changing runAsUser from 101 to 0
- removing the "drop..ALL" section from the capabilities.
Some things to try after shelling into this container:
Try running the controller as the www-data (101) user:
$ chmod 4755 /nginx-ingress-controller
$ /nginx-ingress-controllerExamine the errors to see if there is still an issue listening on the port or if it passed that and moved on to other expected errors due to running out of context.
Install the libcap package and check capabilities on the file:
$ apk add libcap
(1/1) Installing libcap (2.50-r0)
Executing busybox-1.33.1-r7.trigger
OK: 26 MiB in 41 packages
$ getcap /nginx-ingress-controller
/nginx-ingress-controller cap_net_bind_service=ep(if missing, see above about purging image on the server and re-pulling)
Strace the executable to see what system calls are being executed when it fails:
$ apk add strace
(1/1) Installing strace (5.12-r0)
Executing busybox-1.33.1-r7.trigger
OK: 28 MiB in 42 packages
$ strace /nginx-ingress-controller
execve("/nginx-ingress-controller", ["/nginx-ingress-controller"], 0x7ffeb9eb3240 /* 131 vars */) = 0
arch_prctl(ARCH_SET_FS, 0x29ea690) = 0
...