learning_more.Rmd

---
title: "Learning more"
output: 
  distill::distill_article:
    toc: true
bibliography: references.bib
nocite:
- '[@Bauer:2017]'
- '[@Palsky:1996]'
...
---

This section contains some links and references to further reading and
topics that you might wish to explore. They didn’t fit directly in the
narrative of a given chapter, but are useful nonetheless.

This web version contains additional items and references not printed in the book.

## Chapter 1  {#chapter-1 .unnumbered}

*  The history of cartography has many sources, but among these, the project of the same name at the University 
   of Wisconsin (<https://geography.wisc.edu/histcart/>) is notable. There are now six volumes, some published
   online and in print form by the University of Chicago press (<https://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/index.html>)


## Chapter 2 {#chapter-2 .unnumbered}


* This chapter draws on material from @Friendly-etal:2010:langren. The
  supplementary web page for this paper,
  <https://datavis.ca/gallery/langren/>, gives the historical sources,
  including earlier versions of Figure 2.1 contained in
  various letters, translations of *La Verdadera* and the text of Van
  Langren’s cipher.
  
* Van Langren’s cipher (Figure 2.5) is still one of the most elusive unsolved problems
  in cryptography. If you like the history of this topic, you might enjoy
  the book by Craig Bauer, *Unsolved!: …* [@Bauer:2017].
  
* A popular history of the problem of longitude by Dava Sobel
  [-@Sobel:1996], focuses on the work of the clockmaker John Harrison who,
  only with considerable difficulty, was finally perceived to have solved
  the problem to sufficient accuracy to be awarded a prize by the
  Longitude Commission.
  
* The story of the mapping and naming of lunar features did not begin or
  end with van Langren. Ewen Whitaker’s *Mapping and Naming the Moon …*
  [-@Whitaker:2003:mapping] gives a comprehensive history and devotes a
  chapter to van Langren, including other versions of the 1645 lunar map.
  
* In the period after van Langren, other early things that could be called
  graphs were often produced by devices that recorded some phenomenon like
  temperature or barometric pressure by a pen on moving paper or a drum.
  Robert Plot’s chart of barometric pressure (Figure 1.4)
  is one example. @HoffGeddes:1962 give a detailed history of this early
  history with many fine illustrations.

## Chapter 3 {#chapter-3 .unnumbered}

* The wider story of the roles of empirical observation and data in the
  intellectual development of science in the and is well told by Ian
  Hacking in *The Taming of Chance* [-@Hacking:1990].
  
* The story of Guerry’s *Moral Statistics of France* is told in greater
  detail in @Friendly:2007:guerry. This article also describes his later
  work and relates his data and questions to modern methods of statistics
  and graphics. A web supplement, <https://datavis.ca/gallery/guerry>,
  provides resource material, and Guerry’s data have been made available
  in the R package `Guerry`, <https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=Guerry>.
  
* Very little of Guerry’s personal life or family history was known until
  recently. A brief biography is available (in French) in
  @Friendly:2007:guerryvie and an English version linked on the
  `datavis.ca` web site mentioned above. 
  
* Along the way, Guerry tabulated so much data that he invented a
  mechanical calculator, an *ordonnateur statistique*, to help in this
  work. The history of this device, perhaps the first special-purpose
  statistical calculator is described in @Friendly:2012:ordonnateur.
  
* In England, Joseph Fletcher comes closest to Guerry in his pursuit of
  the relations among moral variables and his use of thematic maps to
  display such data. @CookWainer:2012 describe these contributions.
  
* The most comprehensive treatment of the early development of thematic
  mapping is still @Robinson:1982. @Palsky:1996 gives a detailed history
  of quantitative cartography in the 19th century (in French), and
  @FriendlyPalsky:2007 provide a history of thematic maps and diagrams
  designed to explore the connections between graphic images and
  scientific questioning. @Delaney:2012 provides a richly illustrated
  overview of some landmark developments in this area.

## Chapter 4 {#chapter-4 .unnumbered}

-   Steven Johnson’s *The Ghost Map ...* [@Johnson:2006] is a compelling
    popular description of the background for the cholera outbreaks in
    London and the roles that Snow and others played in uncovering
    evidence and tracing the initial outbreak to the “index case,”
    Frances Lewis, a five-month-old child residing at 40 Broad Street,
    adjacent to the pump.

-   *Disease Maps ...* by Tom Koch [-@Koch:2011] traces a history of the
    medical uses of cartography to understand the outbreak and
    transmission of disease.

-   Scott Klein, a data journalist at [ProPublica](https://www.propublica.org/), presents an
    interesting look at how journalists at the New York *Tribune*
    covered an outbreak of cholera in New York City in September, 1849,
    using a time-series line graph of cholera deaths on its front page.
    See:
    <https://www.propublica.org/nerds/item/infographics-in-the-time-of-cholera>.

-   A project initiated by Lynn McDonald, *The Collected Works of
    Florence Nightingale*, comprises all her available surviving writing
    (letters, articles, pamphlets, etc.) in 16 volumes. An online
    catalog is available at <https://www.uoguelph.ca/~cwfn/index.htm>.

-   Worldmapper, <https://www.worldmapper.org/>, is a project developed
    by Danny Dorling and others, largely at the University of Sheffield
    in the U.K. It now has nearly 700 maps in 30 general categories
    covering food, goods, income, poverty, housing, education, disease,
    violence, causes of death, and so forth. Their slogan is “mapping
    your world as you’ve never seen it before.” It is well worth a
    visit, if not a journey.

## Chapter 5 {#chapter-5 .unnumbered}

-   Unlike most other classics in the history of data visualization,
    Playfair’s main works—--the *Atlas* and the *Statistical Breviary*—--
    are available in a modern reprinting, edited and introduced by
    Howard Wainer and Ian Spence and published in 2005 by Cambridge
    University Press. A modern reader may be interested reading
    Playfair’s words to see how he faced the challenge of describing his
    novel charts to his audience around 1800. Equally well, one might be
    impressed with the quality of the reprinting and the presentation of
    Playfair’s plates, a number of which are on fold-out pages.

-   The collection of research papers and biographical studies of
    Playfair by Ian Spence can be found at
    <https://psych.utoronto.ca/users/spence/Research_WP.html>

## Chapter 6 {#chapter-6 .unnumbered}

-   Parts of the chapter are based on material presented in
    @FriendlyDenis:05:scat.

-   The remarkable capabilities of the ellipse and higher dimensional
    cousins (ellipsoids) are described in @Friendly-etal:ellipses:2013.
    Slides from a related talk can be found at
    <https://datavis.ca/papers/EllipticalInsights-2x2.pdf>.

-   You can find more examples of spurious correlations on the web page
    of Tyler Vigan, <https://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations>,
    and his accompanying book. Most of these result from plotting two
    different time series, using different scales for each on the
    $y$-axis, now usually considered a graphical sin, if not a high
    crime or misdemeanor.

-   Galton's classic data on the heights of parents and their offspring, shown in Figures 6.14 - 6.16
    were not quite as linear as most people believe. @Wachsmuth-etal:03 re-analyze this data and
    find a slightly non-linear relation, explained by Galton's method of pooling mothers' and
    fathers' heights.

## Chapter 7 {#chapter-7 .unnumbered}

-   This chapter draws heavily on @Friendly:2008:golden, “The Golden Age
    of Statistical Graphics”. That paper contains many more figures and
    greater depth on some of the topics discussed here.

-   @Friendly:02:Minard provides a review of Minard’s graphical works. A
    complete bibliography with many images can be found at
    <https://datavis.ca/gallery/minbib.html>. Most recently,
    @Rendgen:2018, *The Minard System*, provides beautiful reproductions
    of all of Minard’s statistical graphics, some not well-known before.

-   Raymond Andrews has taken this further, with a visual catalog of
    Minard’s works, with thumbnails, a timeline and classification by
    content topic. See this at:
    <https://infowetrust.com/seeking-minard/>

-   Some years ago, one of the authors issued a challenge for modern
    software designers to take Minard’s data and either reproduce his
    graph of the fate of Napoleon’s Grand Army, or take this graphic
    story further. A number of these are collected at
    <https://www.datavis.ca/gallery/re-minard.php>. There is a recent
    addition, an interactive chart by Norbert Landsteiner,
    <https://www.masswerk.at/minard/>, one of the nicest interactive
    reproductions we have seen.

-   Many of the developments in data-based graphics in this period
    stemmed from thematic cartography, the use of maps to present
    quantitative information in a geographical framework. The most
    complete discussion of the rise of graphical methods in this context
    in France in the remains Gilles Palsky’s [-@Palsky:1996] book, _Des Chiffres et
    de Cartes_ ... . @FriendlyPalsky:2007 give a more extensive
    overview of the development of the use of maps and statistical
    diagrams to visualize nature and society.
    
-   Due to limitations of space, we treat the period from ~ 1900 -- 1950 only in a few pages
    at the end of this chapter. In part this reflects the fact that there were few
    innovations in graphic methods and techniques during this period [@Friendly:2006:hbook].

-   One topic that _is_ novel is the Isotype system of pictorial graphics introduced in Vienna by
    Otto and Marie Neurath between 1925 -- 1935. 
    Isotype, the **I**nternational **S**ystem **o**f **T**ypographic **P**icture **E**ducation, was designed to
    represent social and economic facts pictorially, thus making numbers
    visually appealing and memorable. Jason Forrest tells me that @Burke-etal:2013 
    [Isotype: design and contexts 1925-1971](https://hyphenpress.co.uk/products/books/978-0-907259-47-3)
    is the definitive book on the topic. Another good source of information on Neurath’s methods
    of pictorial statistics is the collection at the University of Reading: [Typography & Graphic Communication: Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection]( https://www.reading.ac.uk/m/typography/collectionsandarchives/typ-isotype-collection.aspx).


## Chapter 8 {#chapter-8 .unnumbered}

-   The most comprehensive source on the development of thematic
    cartography is Arthur Robinson’s *Early Thematic Mapping in the
    History of Cartography* [-@Robinson:1982].

-   Some historical connections among scientific discovery, visual
    explanation and thematic maps and statistical diagrams are described
    in @FriendlyPalsky:2007.

-   The modern text by @Slocum-etal:2005 covers thematic cartography and
    geographic visualization.

-   Three-dimensional surfaces have long been studied as mathematical
    objects, described by equations, or $(x, y, z)$ data and capable of
    being rendered realistically with lighting and shadows. See
    <https://www.scratchapixel.com/lessons/3d-basic-rendering/rendering-3d-scene-overview>
    for a readable introduction to this topic.

## Chapter 9 {#chapter-9 .unnumbered}

-   Maria Braun’s *Picturing Time* [-@Braun:1992] is the most comprehensive
    treatment of the work of E.-J. Marey. It contains over 300 images of
    his mechanical devices, chronophotographs and cinematic work.

-   The Graphics Video Library of the Statistical Graphics Section of
    the American Statistical Association,
    <https://stat-graphics.org/movies/> captures much of the history of
    dynamic graphics for data analysis over the past 50 years. it
    includes Kruskal’s MDS video, Tukey’s PRIM-9 video, and many more
    that illustrate and explain some of the important early developments
    in modern data visualization methods.

-   @FriedmanSteutzel:2002 give an historical appreciation of John W.
    Tukey’s work in the development of PRIM-9 and interactive graphics.
    @CookSwayne:2007 provide some modern examples of interactive and
    dynamic graphics, using R and GGobi software.

-   The collection of Hans Rosling’s video presentations may be found at
    <https://www.gapminder.org/videos-2/>. One of the first, introducing
    the moving bubble chart, was a TED talk titled “The best stats
    you’ve ever seen,” <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVimVzgtD6w>.
    These are well worth watching.

-   Our coverage of modern software for data visualization was necessarily limited
    to early developments. Perhaps the most influential recent development is
    _The Grammar of Graphics_ by Lee Wilkinson [-@Wilkinson:99], a general theory
    of the syntax and semantics of data graphs and charts. Various implementations
    of these ideas for different programming languages abound, but the most
    widely-known is `ggplot2` for R by Hadley Wickham [-@Wickham:16]

## Chapter 10 {#chapter-10 .unnumbered}

-   Minard’s graphic of the 1812 campaign has inspired many to try to
    extend the graphic portrayal of this history. A collection of some
    of these and further background can be seen at
    <https://www.datavis.ca/gallery/re-minard.php>.

-   Recently, an impressive interactive map and historical narrative of
    the Russian campaign with many illustrations was developed by the
    Russian News Agency TASS, <https://1812.tass.ru/> and was
    shortlisted for the Kantar Information is Beautiful Awards.

-   The entire collection of the graphic works of C. J. Minard is now
    available in a lovely volume curated by Sandra Rendgen
    [-@Rendgen:2018], _The Minard System_.

-   A discussion of W. E. B. Du Bois’ charts at the 1900 Paris
    Exposition Universelle and a wider selection of these can be found
    at
    <https://hyperallergic.com/306559/w-e-b-du-boiss-modernist-data-visualizations-of-black-life/>.
    
-   A nearly complete collection of W. E. B. Du Bois’ charts has been recreated using modern software
    by Anthony J. Starks. See <https://speakerdeck.com/ajstarks/recreating-the-dubois-data-portraits>
    for an impressive slide show. The data and code is available on [Github: ajstarks/dubois-data-portraits](https://github.com/ajstarks/dubois-data-portraits)

-   The drafting of Plates 17 and 19 required more than standard graphics software.
    To learn the full story behind the development of these figures, see
    <https://infowetrust.com/picturing-the-great-migration/>.

-   A related article is Andrews, RJ & Wainer, H.
    [-@AndrewsWainer:2017]. The Great Migration: A Graphics Novel
    Featuring the Contributions of W. E. B. Du Bois and C. J. Minard,
    *Significance*, **14**(3), 14–19.

## References

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