diff --git a/prisma/migrations/20230914194400_init/migration.sql b/prisma/migrations/20230914194400_init/migration.sql
index 6349954e..5ee0147e 100644
--- a/prisma/migrations/20230914194400_init/migration.sql
+++ b/prisma/migrations/20230914194400_init/migration.sql
@@ -173,6 +173,53 @@ CREATE INDEX "_RoleToUser_B_index" ON "_RoleToUser"("B");
 -- Hey there, Kent here! This is how you can reliably seed your database with
 -- some data. You edit the migration.sql file and that will handle it for you.
 
+-- The user Roles and Permissions are seeded here.
+-- If you'd like to customise roles and permissions, you can edit and add the code below to your `prisma/seed.ts` file.
+-- Seed your development database with `npx prisma db seed`
+-- Create a sql dump of your database with `sqlite3 prisma/data.db .dump > seed.sql`
+-- Replace the SQL below with your new Roles & Permissions related SQL from `seed.sql`
+
+-- console.time('🔑 Created permissions...')
+-- const entities = ['user', 'note']
+-- const actions = ['create', 'read', 'update', 'delete']
+-- const accesses = ['own', 'any'] as const
+
+-- let permissionsToCreate = []
+-- for (const entity of entities) {
+-- 	for (const action of actions) {
+-- 		for (const access of accesses) {
+-- 			permissionsToCreate.push({ entity, action, access })
+-- 		}
+-- 	}
+-- }
+-- await prisma.permission.createMany({ data: permissionsToCreate })
+-- console.timeEnd('🔑 Created permissions...')
+
+-- console.time('👑 Created roles...')
+-- await prisma.role.create({
+-- 	data: {
+-- 		name: 'admin',
+-- 		permissions: {
+-- 			connect: await prisma.permission.findMany({
+-- 				select: { id: true },
+-- 				where: { access: 'any' },
+-- 			}),
+-- 		},
+-- 	},
+-- })
+-- await prisma.role.create({
+-- 	data: {
+-- 		name: 'user',
+-- 		permissions: {
+-- 			connect: await prisma.permission.findMany({
+-- 				select: { id: true },
+-- 				where: { access: 'own' },
+-- 			}),
+-- 		},
+-- 	},
+-- })
+-- console.timeEnd('👑 Created roles...')
+
 INSERT INTO Permission VALUES('clnf2zvli0000pcou3zzzzome','create','user','own','',1696625465526,1696625465526);
 INSERT INTO Permission VALUES('clnf2zvll0001pcouly1310ku','create','user','any','',1696625465529,1696625465529);
 INSERT INTO Permission VALUES('clnf2zvll0002pcouka7348re','read','user','own','',1696625465530,1696625465530);
@@ -208,4 +255,4 @@ INSERT INTO _PermissionToRole VALUES('clnf2zvlo0006pcouyoptc5jp','clnf2zvlx000hp
 INSERT INTO _PermissionToRole VALUES('clnf2zvlp0008pcou9r0fhbm8','clnf2zvlx000hpcou5dfrbegs');
 INSERT INTO _PermissionToRole VALUES('clnf2zvlq000apcouxnspejs9','clnf2zvlx000hpcou5dfrbegs');
 INSERT INTO _PermissionToRole VALUES('clnf2zvlr000cpcouy1vp6oeg','clnf2zvlx000hpcou5dfrbegs');
-INSERT INTO _PermissionToRole VALUES('clnf2zvls000epcou4ts5ui8f','clnf2zvlx000hpcou5dfrbegs');
\ No newline at end of file
+INSERT INTO _PermissionToRole VALUES('clnf2zvls000epcou4ts5ui8f','clnf2zvlx000hpcou5dfrbegs');
diff --git a/prisma/seed.ts b/prisma/seed.ts
index 9f29df1f..f38edef3 100644
--- a/prisma/seed.ts
+++ b/prisma/seed.ts
@@ -17,50 +17,9 @@ async function seed() {
 	console.time(`🌱 Database has been seeded`)
 
 	console.time('🧹 Cleaned up the database...')
-	await cleanupDb(prisma)
+	await cleanupDb()
 	console.timeEnd('🧹 Cleaned up the database...')
 
-	console.time('🔑 Created permissions...')
-	const entities = ['user', 'note']
-	const actions = ['create', 'read', 'update', 'delete']
-	const accesses = ['own', 'any'] as const
-
-	let permissionsToCreate = []
-	for (const entity of entities) {
-		for (const action of actions) {
-			for (const access of accesses) {
-				permissionsToCreate.push({ entity, action, access })
-			}
-		}
-	}
-	await prisma.permission.createMany({ data: permissionsToCreate })
-	console.timeEnd('🔑 Created permissions...')
-
-	console.time('👑 Created roles...')
-	await prisma.role.create({
-		data: {
-			name: 'admin',
-			permissions: {
-				connect: await prisma.permission.findMany({
-					select: { id: true },
-					where: { access: 'any' },
-				}),
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	await prisma.role.create({
-		data: {
-			name: 'user',
-			permissions: {
-				connect: await prisma.permission.findMany({
-					select: { id: true },
-					where: { access: 'own' },
-				}),
-			},
-		},
-	})
-	console.timeEnd('👑 Created roles...')
-
 	const totalUsers = 5
 	console.time(`👤 Created ${totalUsers} users...`)
 	const noteImages = await getNoteImages()
diff --git a/tests/db-utils.ts b/tests/db-utils.ts
index b9bed247..5264125e 100644
--- a/tests/db-utils.ts
+++ b/tests/db-utils.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import fs from 'node:fs'
 import { faker } from '@faker-js/faker'
-import { type PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client'
 import bcrypt from 'bcryptjs'
+import Database from 'better-sqlite3'
 import { UniqueEnforcer } from 'enforce-unique'
 
 const uniqueUsernameEnforcer = new UniqueEnforcer()
@@ -115,23 +115,63 @@ export async function img({
 	}
 }
 
-export async function cleanupDb(prisma: PrismaClient) {
-	const tables = await prisma.$queryRaw<
-		{ name: string }[]
-	>`SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%' AND name NOT LIKE '_prisma_migrations';`
+let _migrationSqls: Array<Array<string>> | undefined
+async function getMigrationSqls() {
+	if (_migrationSqls) return _migrationSqls
+
+	const migrationSqls: Array<Array<string>> = []
+	const migrationPaths = (await fs.promises.readdir('prisma/migrations'))
+		.filter((dir) => dir !== 'migration_lock.toml')
+		.map((dir) => `prisma/migrations/${dir}/migration.sql`)
+
+	for (const path of migrationPaths) {
+		const sql = await fs.promises.readFile(path, 'utf8')
+		const statements = sql
+			.split(';')
+			.map((statement) => statement.trim())
+			.filter(Boolean)
+		migrationSqls.push(statements)
+	}
+
+	_migrationSqls = migrationSqls
+
+	return migrationSqls
+}
+
+export async function cleanupDb() {
+	const db = new Database(process.env.DATABASE_URL!.replace('file:', ''))
 
 	try {
 		// Disable FK constraints to avoid relation conflicts during deletion
-		await prisma.$executeRawUnsafe(`PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF`)
-		await prisma.$transaction([
-			// Delete all rows from each table, preserving table structures
-			...tables.map(({ name }) =>
-				prisma.$executeRawUnsafe(`DELETE from "${name}"`),
-			),
-		])
-	} catch (error) {
-		console.error('Error cleaning up database:', error)
+		db.exec('PRAGMA foreign_keys = OFF')
+
+		// Get all table names
+		const tables = db
+			.prepare(
+				`
+			SELECT name FROM sqlite_master 
+			WHERE type='table' AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%' AND name NOT LIKE '_prisma_migrations'
+		`,
+			)
+			.all() as { name: string }[]
+
+		// Delete tables except the ones that are excluded above
+		for (const { name } of tables) {
+			db.exec(`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS "${name}"`)
+		}
+
+		// Get migration SQLs and run each migration
+		const migrationSqls = await getMigrationSqls()
+		for (const statements of migrationSqls) {
+			// Run each sql statement in the migration
+			db.transaction(() => {
+				for (const statement of statements) {
+					db.exec(statement)
+				}
+			})()
+		}
 	} finally {
-		await prisma.$executeRawUnsafe(`PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON`)
+		db.exec('PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON')
+		db.close()
 	}
 }
diff --git a/tests/setup/db-setup.ts b/tests/setup/db-setup.ts
index ea66e14b..4ddaa591 100644
--- a/tests/setup/db-setup.ts
+++ b/tests/setup/db-setup.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ beforeAll(async () => {
 // we *must* use dynamic imports here so the process.env.DATABASE_URL is set
 // before prisma is imported and initialized
 afterEach(async () => {
-	const { prisma } = await import('#app/utils/db.server.ts')
-	await cleanupDb(prisma)
+	await cleanupDb()
 })
 
 afterAll(async () => {