From 3a1efa7988eb89df1cb36b556f9675ba531c6802 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gregorydemay <112856886+gregorydemay@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 11 Jul 2024 17:10:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] basic ethereum (#931)

* init basic_ethereum

* hello world

* canister init

* initiate tecdsa key

* derive Ethereum address

* transaction count

* create and sign transaction

* send transaction

* CI

* lint

* basic wallet

* state module

* ecdsa module

* simplify errors

* README

* Apply suggestions from code review

Fix typos and apply minor suggestions

Co-authored-by: Thomas Locher <thomas.locher@dfinity.org>

* use --ic instead of --network ic

* add Wei alias

* inline keccak

* rename constant

* method estimate_transaction_fees

* improve error message

* improve README address tied to principal

* fix typo

---------

Co-authored-by: Thomas Locher <thomas.locher@dfinity.org>
---
 .github/CODEOWNERS                            |    1 +
 .../workflows/rust-basic-ethereum-example.yml |   63 +
 rust/basic_bitcoin/README.md                  |    2 +-
 rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.lock                | 3981 +++++++++++++++++
 rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.toml                |   25 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/README.md                 |  178 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/basic_ethereum.did        |   53 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/dfx.json                  |   37 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/rust-toolchain.toml       |    4 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/src/ecdsa.rs              |   55 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/src/ethereum_wallet.rs    |  113 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/src/lib.rs                |  222 +
 rust/basic_ethereum/src/state.rs              |   94 +
 13 files changed, 4827 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/rust-basic-ethereum-example.yml
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/README.md
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/basic_ethereum.did
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/dfx.json
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/rust-toolchain.toml
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/src/ecdsa.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/src/ethereum_wallet.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/basic_ethereum/src/state.rs

diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
index 68b2ed3c6..748b4f796 100644
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@
 
 /rust/basic_bitcoin/ @dfinity/execution
 /rust/basic_dao/ @dfinity/testing-verification
+/rust/basic_ethereum/ @dfinity/cross-chain-team
 /rust/canister-info/ @dfinity/testing-verification
 /rust/canister_logs/ @dfinity/execution
 /rust/composite_query/ @dfinity/execution
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-basic-ethereum-example.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-basic-ethereum-example.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ba5c8ccb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-basic-ethereum-example.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+name: rust-basic-ethereum
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - rust/basic_ethereum/**
+      - .github/workflows/provision-darwin.sh
+      - .github/workflows/provision-linux.sh
+      - .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
+      - .github/workflows/rust-basic-ethereum-example.yml
+      - .ic-commit
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  rust-basic-ethereum-darwin:
+    runs-on: macos-12
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - name: Provision Darwin
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-darwin.sh
+      - name: Provision PocketIC Darwin
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
+      - name: Build Basic Ethereum Darwin
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/basic_ethereum
+          cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release
+          popd
+      - name: Lint Basic Ethereum Darwin
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/basic_ethereum
+          cargo fmt --all -- --check && cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+          popd
+      - name: Test Basic Ethereum Darwin
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/basic_ethereum
+          cargo test
+          popd
+  rust-basic-ethereum-linux:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - name: Provision Linux
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-linux.sh
+      - name: Provision PocketIC Linux
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
+      - name: Build Basic Ethereum Linux
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/basic_ethereum
+          cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release
+          popd
+      - name: Lint Basic Ethereum Linux
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/basic_ethereum
+          cargo fmt --all -- --check && cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+          popd
+      - name: Test Basic Ethereum Linux
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/basic_ethereum
+          cargo test
+          popd
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/basic_bitcoin/README.md b/rust/basic_bitcoin/README.md
index 93af88a82..1e5ab0c07 100644
--- a/rust/basic_bitcoin/README.md
+++ b/rust/basic_bitcoin/README.md
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ keywords: [advanced, rust, bitcoin, btc, integration, bitcoin integration]
 [View this sample's code on GitHub](https://github.com/dfinity/examples/tree/master/rust/basic_bitcoin)
 
 ## Overview 
-This tutorial will walk you through how to deploy a sample [canister smart contract](/docs/current/developer-docs/multi-chain/bitcoin/overview) **that can send and receive Bitcoin** on the Internet Computer.
+This tutorial will walk you through how to deploy a sample [canister smart contract](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/multi-chain/bitcoin/overview) **that can send and receive Bitcoin** on the Internet Computer.
 
 ## Architecture
 
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.lock b/rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7cc70636f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.lock
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diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.toml b/rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9c3b3d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+[package]
+name = "basic_ethereum"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+alloy-consensus = "0.1.3"
+alloy-eips = "0.1.3"
+alloy-primitives = "0.7.6"
+candid = "0.10"
+evm-rpc-canister-types = "0.1.2"
+# transitive dependency: ic-crypto-ecdsa-secp256k1 -> k256 -> ecdsa -> elliptic-curve -> crypto-bigint -> rand_core -> getrandom
+# See https://forum.dfinity.org/t/module-imports-function-wbindgen-describe-from-wbindgen-placeholder-that-is-not-exported-by-the-runtime/11545/8
+getrandom = { version = "*", default-features = false, features = ["custom"] }
+ic-cdk = "0.15"
+ic-crypto-ecdsa-secp256k1 = { git = "https://github.com/dfinity/ic", tag = "release-2024-06-26_23-01-base", package = "ic-crypto-ecdsa-secp256k1" }
+ic-crypto-extended-bip32 = { git = "https://github.com/dfinity/ic", tag = "release-2024-06-26_23-01-base", package = "ic-crypto-extended-bip32" }
+ic-crypto-sha3 = { git = "https://github.com/dfinity/ic", tag = "release-2024-06-26_23-01-base", package = "ic-crypto-sha3" }
+ic-ethereum-types = { git = "https://github.com/dfinity/ic", tag = "release-2024-06-26_23-01-base", package = "ic-ethereum-types" }
+serde = "1.0"
+serde_bytes = "0.11.15"
+num-traits = "0.2.19"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/README.md b/rust/basic_ethereum/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d20e7c569
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+---
+keywords: [ advanced, rust, ethereum, eth, integration, ethereum integration ]
+---
+
+# Basic Ethereum
+
+[View this sample's code on GitHub](https://github.com/dfinity/examples/tree/master/rust/basic_ethereum)
+
+## Overview
+
+This tutorial will walk you through how to deploy a
+sample [canister smart contract](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/multi-chain/ethereum/overview)
+**that can send and receive Ether (ETH)** on the Internet Computer.
+
+## Architecture
+
+This example internally leverages
+the [threshold ECDSA](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/smart-contracts/encryption/t-ecdsa)
+and [HTTPs outcalls](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/smart-contracts/advanced-features/https-outcalls/https-outcalls-overview)
+features of the Internet Computer.
+
+For a deeper understanding of the ICP < > ETH integration, see
+the [Ethereum integration overview](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/multi-chain/ethereum/overview).
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+* [x] Install the [IC SDK](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/setup/install/index.mdx).
+
+## Step 1: Building and deploying sample code
+
+### Clone the smart contract
+
+To clone and build the smart contract in **Rust**:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://github.com/dfinity/examples
+cd examples/rust/basic_ethereum
+git submodule update --init --recursive
+```
+
+**If you are using MacOS, you'll need to install Homebrew and run `brew install llvm` to be able to compile the example.
+**
+
+### Acquire cycles to deploy
+
+Deploying to the Internet Computer
+requires [cycles](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/setup/cycles) (the equivalent of "gas" in
+other blockchains). You can get free cycles from
+the [cycles faucet](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/setup/cycles/cycles-faucet.md).
+
+### Deploy the smart contract to the Internet Computer
+
+```bash
+dfx deploy --ic basic_ethereum --argument '(opt record {ethereum_network = opt variant {Sepolia}; ecdsa_key_name = opt variant {TestKey1}})'
+```
+
+#### What this does
+
+- `dfx deploy` tells the command line interface to `deploy` the smart contract
+- `--ic` tells the command line to deploy the smart contract to the mainnet ICP blockchain
+- `--argument (opt record {ethereum_network = opt variant {Sepolia}; ecdsa_key_name = opt variant {TestKey1}})`
+  initializes the smart contract with the provided arguments:
+    - `ethereum_network = opt variant {Sepolia}`: the canister uses
+      the [Ethereum Testnet Sepolia](https://github.com/ethereum-lists/chains/blob/master/_data/chains/eip155-11155111.json)
+      network.
+    - `ecdsa_key_name = opt variant {TestKey1}`: the canister uses a test key for signing via threshold ECDSA that is
+      available on the ICP mainnet.
+      See [signing messages](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/smart-contracts/encryption/signing-messages#signing-messages-1)
+      for more details.
+
+If successful, you should see an output that looks like this:
+
+```bash
+Deploying: basic_ethereum
+Building canisters...
+...
+Deployed canisters.
+URLs:
+Candid:
+    basic_ethereum: https://a4gq6-oaaaa-aaaab-qaa4q-cai.raw.icp0.io/?id=<YOUR-CANISTER-ID>
+```
+
+Your canister is live and ready to use! You can interact with it using either the command line or using the Candid UI,
+which is the link you see in the output above.
+
+In the output above, to see the Candid Web UI for your ethereum canister, you would use the
+URL `https://a4gq6-oaaaa-aaaab-qaa4q-cai.raw.icp0.io/?id=<YOUR-CANISTER-ID>`. You should see the methods specified in the Candid file `basic_ethereum.did`.
+
+## Step 2: Generating an Ethereum address
+
+An Ethereum address can be derived from an ECDSA public key. To derive a user's specific address, identified on the IC
+by a principal, the canister uses its own threshold ECDSA public key to derive a new public key deterministically for
+each requested principal. To retrieve your Ethereum address, you can call the `ethereum_address` method on the
+previously deployed canister:
+
+```shell
+dfx canister --ic call basic_ethereum ethereum_address
+```
+
+This will return an Ethereum address such as `("0x378a452B20d1f06008C06c581b1656BdC5313c0C")` that is tied to your
+principal. Your address will be different. You can view such addresses on any Ethereum block explorer such as [Etherscan](https://etherscan.io/).
+
+If you want to send some ETH to someone else, you can also use the above method to enquire about their Ethereum address
+given their IC principal:
+
+```shell
+dfx canister --ic call basic_ethereum ethereum_address '(opt principal "hkroy-sm7vs-yyjs7-ekppe-qqnwx-hm4zf-n7ybs-titsi-k6e3k-ucuiu-uqe")'
+```
+
+This will return a different Ethereum address as the one above, such
+as `("0x8d68f7B3cdb40A2E77071077658b01A9EA4B040F")`.
+
+## Step 3: Receiving ETH
+
+Now that you have your Ethereum address, let us send some (Sepolia) ETH to it:
+
+1. Get some Sepolia ETH if you don't have any. You can for example use [this faucet](https://www.alchemy.com/faucets/ethereum-sepolia).
+2. Send some Sepolia ETH to the address you obtained in the previous step. You can use any Ethereum wallet (e.g.,
+   Metamask) to do so.
+
+Once the transaction has at least one confirmation, which can take a few seconds,
+you'll be able to see it in your Ethereum address's balance, which should be visible in an Ethereum block explorer,
+e.g., https://sepolia.etherscan.io/address/0x378a452b20d1f06008c06c581b1656bdc5313c0c.
+
+## Step 4: Sending ETH
+
+You can send ETH using the `send_eth` endpoint on your canister, specifying an Ethereum destination address and an
+amount in the smallest unit (Wei). For example, to send 1 Wei to `0xdd2851Cdd40aE6536831558DD46db62fAc7A844d`, run the following command:
+
+```shell
+dfx canister --ic call basic_ethereum send_eth '("0xdd2851Cdd40aE6536831558DD46db62fAc7A844d", 1)'
+```
+
+The `send_eth` endpoint sends ETH by executing the following steps:
+
+1. Retrieving the transaction count for the sender's address at `Latest` block height. This is necessary because
+   Ethereum transactions for a given sender's address are ordered by a `nonce`, which is a monotonically incrementally
+   increasing non-negative counter.
+2. Estimating the current transaction fees. For simplicity, the current gas fees are hard-coded with a generous limit. A
+   real world application would dynamically fetch the latest transaction fees, for example using
+   the [`eth_feeHistory`](https://github.com/internet-computer-protocol/evm-rpc-canister/blob/3cce151d4c1338d83e6741afa354ccf11dff41e8/candid/evm_rpc.did#L254)
+   method in the [EVM-RPC canister](https://github.com/internet-computer-protocol/evm-rpc-canister/tree/main).
+3. Building an Ethereum transaction ([EIP-1559](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1559)) to send the specified amount
+   to the given receiver's address.
+4. Signing the Ethereum transaction using
+   the [sign_with_ecdsa API](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/smart-contracts/encryption/signing-messages).
+5. Sending the signed transaction to the Ethereum network using
+   the [`eth_sendRawTransaction`](https://github.com/internet-computer-protocol/evm-rpc-canister/blob/3cce151d4c1338d83e6741afa354ccf11dff41e8/candid/evm_rpc.did#L261)
+   method in the [EVM-RPC canister](https://github.com/internet-computer-protocol/evm-rpc-canister/tree/main).
+
+The `send_eth` endpoint returns the hash of the transaction sent to the Ethereum network, which can for example be used
+to track the transaction on an Ethereum blockchain explorer.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+In this tutorial, you were able to:
+
+* Deploy a canister smart contract on the ICP blockchain that can receive and send ETH.
+* Use a cycles faucet to deploy the canister to ICP blockchain on the mainnet for free.
+* Connect the canister to the Ethereum Sepolia testnet.
+* Send the canister some Sepolia ETH.
+* Use the canister to send ETH to another Ethereum address.
+
+Additional examples regarding the ICP < > ETH integration can be
+found [here](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/multi-chain/examples#ethereum--evm-examples).
+
+## Security considerations and best practices
+
+If you base your application on this example, we recommend you familiarize yourself with and adhere to
+the [security best practices](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/references/security/) for developing on the
+Internet Computer. This example may not implement all the best practices.
+
+For example, the following aspects are particularly relevant for this app:
+
+* [Certify query responses if they are relevant for security](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/references/security/general-security-best-practices#certify-query-responses-if-they-are-relevant-for-security),
+  since the app offers a method to read balances, for example.
+* [Use a decentralized governance system like SNS to make a canister have a decentralized controller](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/references/security/rust-canister-development-security-best-practices#use-a-decentralized-governance-system-like-sns-to-make-a-canister-have-a-decentralized-controller),
+  since decentralized control may be essential for canisters holding ETH on behalf of users.
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/basic_ethereum.did b/rust/basic_ethereum/basic_ethereum.did
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..723e6d14f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/basic_ethereum.did
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+type InitArg = record {
+    // The canister will interact with this Ethereum network.
+    ethereum_network : opt EthereumNetwork;
+
+    // The name of the ECDSA key to use.
+    ecdsa_key_name : opt EcdsaKeyName;
+};
+
+type EthereumNetwork = variant {
+    // The public Ethereum mainnet.
+    Mainnet;
+    // The public Ethereum Sepolia testnet.
+    Sepolia;
+};
+
+type EcdsaKeyName = variant {
+    // For local development with `dfx`
+    TestKeyLocalDevelopment;
+    // For testing with the Internet Computer's test key.
+    TestKey1;
+    // For running the canister in a production environment using the Internet Computer's production key.
+    ProductionKey1;
+};
+
+type BlockTag = variant {
+    Earliest;
+    Safe;
+    Finalized;
+    Latest;
+    Number : nat;
+    Pending;
+};
+
+// Base unit of ETH, i.e., 1 ETH = 10^18 Wei.
+type Wei = nat;
+
+service : (opt InitArg) -> {
+    // Returns the Ethereum address to which the owner should send ETH
+    // before sending the amount to another address via the canister using the [send_eth]
+    // endpoint.
+    //
+    // If the owner is not set, it defaults to the caller's principal.
+    ethereum_address : (owner: opt principal) -> (text);
+
+    // Returns the transaction count for the Ethereum address derived for the given principal.
+    //
+    // If the owner is not set, it defaults to the caller's principal.
+    transaction_count : (owner: opt principal, block_height: opt BlockTag) -> (nat);
+
+    // Sends the given amount of ETH in base unit (Wei) to the given Ethereum address.
+    // Returns the transaction hash
+    send_eth : (to: text, amount: Wei) -> (text);
+}
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/dfx.json b/rust/basic_ethereum/dfx.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7c00231b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/dfx.json
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+{
+  "canisters": {
+    "basic_ethereum": {
+      "candid": "basic_ethereum.did",
+      "package": "basic_ethereum",
+      "type": "custom",
+      "build": [
+        "cargo build --no-default-features --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release"
+      ],
+      "wasm": "target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/basic_ethereum.wasm",
+      "metadata": [
+        {
+          "name": "candid:service"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "evm_rpc": {
+      "type": "custom",
+      "candid": "https://github.com/internet-computer-protocol/evm-rpc-canister/releases/download/release-2024-05-23/evm_rpc.did",
+      "wasm": "https://github.com/internet-computer-protocol/evm-rpc-canister/releases/download/release-2024-05-23/evm_rpc.wasm.gz",
+      "remote": {
+        "id": {
+          "ic": "7hfb6-caaaa-aaaar-qadga-cai"
+        }
+      },
+      "specified_id": "7hfb6-caaaa-aaaar-qadga-cai",
+      "init_arg": "(record { nodesInSubnet = 28 })"
+    }
+  },
+  "defaults": {
+    "build": {
+      "args": "",
+      "packtool": ""
+    }
+  },
+  "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust/basic_ethereum/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e541981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.77"
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
+components = ["rustfmt", "clippy"]
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/src/ecdsa.rs b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/ecdsa.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e2a42388f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/ecdsa.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use ic_cdk::api::management_canister::ecdsa::EcdsaPublicKeyResponse;
+use ic_crypto_ecdsa_secp256k1::PublicKey;
+use ic_crypto_extended_bip32::{DerivationPath, ExtendedBip32DerivationResult};
+use ic_ethereum_types::Address;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct EcdsaPublicKey {
+    public_key: PublicKey,
+    chain_code: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl EcdsaPublicKey {
+    pub fn derive_new_public_key(
+        &self,
+        derivation_path: &DerivationPath,
+    ) -> ExtendedBip32DerivationResult<Self> {
+        derivation_path
+            .public_key_derivation(
+                &self.public_key.serialize_sec1(/*compressed=*/ true),
+                &self.chain_code,
+            )
+            .map(|output| Self {
+                public_key: PublicKey::deserialize_sec1(&output.derived_public_key)
+                    .expect("BUG: invalid public key"),
+                chain_code: output.derived_chain_code,
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<PublicKey> for EcdsaPublicKey {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &PublicKey {
+        &self.public_key
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<EcdsaPublicKeyResponse> for EcdsaPublicKey {
+    fn from(value: EcdsaPublicKeyResponse) -> Self {
+        EcdsaPublicKey {
+            public_key: PublicKey::deserialize_sec1(&value.public_key)
+                .expect("BUG: invalid public key"),
+            chain_code: value.chain_code,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&EcdsaPublicKey> for Address {
+    fn from(value: &EcdsaPublicKey) -> Self {
+        let key_bytes = value.as_ref().serialize_sec1(/*compressed=*/ false);
+        debug_assert_eq!(key_bytes[0], 0x04);
+        let hash = ic_crypto_sha3::Keccak256::hash(&key_bytes[1..]);
+        let mut addr = [0u8; 20];
+        addr[..].copy_from_slice(&hash[12..32]);
+        Address::new(addr)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/src/ethereum_wallet.rs b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/ethereum_wallet.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b5399060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/ethereum_wallet.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//! A demo of a very bare-bones ethereum "wallet".
+//!
+//! The wallet here showcases how Ethereum addresses can be computed
+//! and how Ethereum transactions can be signed. It is missing several
+//! pieces that any production-grade wallet would have, such as error handling, access-control, caching, etc.
+
+use crate::ecdsa::EcdsaPublicKey;
+use crate::state::{lazy_call_ecdsa_public_key, read_state};
+use candid::Principal;
+use ic_crypto_ecdsa_secp256k1::{PublicKey, RecoveryId};
+use ic_ethereum_types::Address;
+use serde_bytes::ByteBuf;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub struct EthereumWallet {
+    owner: Principal,
+    derived_public_key: EcdsaPublicKey,
+}
+
+impl AsRef<PublicKey> for EthereumWallet {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &PublicKey {
+        self.derived_public_key.as_ref()
+    }
+}
+
+impl EthereumWallet {
+    pub async fn new(owner: Principal) -> Self {
+        let derived_public_key = derive_public_key(&owner, &lazy_call_ecdsa_public_key().await);
+        Self {
+            owner,
+            derived_public_key,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn ethereum_address(&self) -> Address {
+        Address::from(&self.derived_public_key)
+    }
+
+    pub async fn sign_with_ecdsa(&self, message_hash: [u8; 32]) -> ([u8; 64], RecoveryId) {
+        use ic_cdk::api::management_canister::ecdsa::SignWithEcdsaArgument;
+
+        let derivation_path = derivation_path(&self.owner);
+        let key_id = read_state(|s| s.ecdsa_key_id());
+        let (result,) =
+            ic_cdk::api::management_canister::ecdsa::sign_with_ecdsa(SignWithEcdsaArgument {
+                message_hash: message_hash.to_vec(),
+                derivation_path,
+                key_id,
+            })
+            .await
+            .expect("failed to sign with ecdsa");
+        let signature_length = result.signature.len();
+        let signature = <[u8; 64]>::try_from(result.signature).unwrap_or_else(|_| {
+            panic!(
+                "BUG: invalid signature from management canister. Expected 64 bytes but got {} bytes",
+                signature_length
+            )
+        });
+        let recovery_id = self.compute_recovery_id(&message_hash, &signature);
+        if recovery_id.is_x_reduced() {
+            ic_cdk::trap("BUG: affine x-coordinate of r is reduced which is so unlikely to happen that it's probably a bug");
+        }
+        (signature, recovery_id)
+    }
+
+    fn compute_recovery_id(&self, message_hash: &[u8], signature: &[u8]) -> RecoveryId {
+        use alloy_primitives::hex;
+
+        assert!(
+            self.as_ref()
+                .verify_signature_prehashed(message_hash, signature),
+            "failed to verify signature prehashed, digest: {:?}, signature: {:?}, public_key: {:?}",
+            hex::encode(message_hash),
+            hex::encode(signature),
+            hex::encode(self.as_ref().serialize_sec1(true)),
+        );
+        self.as_ref()
+            .try_recovery_from_digest(message_hash, signature)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+                panic!(
+                    "BUG: failed to recover public key {:?} from digest {:?} and signature {:?}: {:?}",
+                    hex::encode(self.as_ref().serialize_sec1(true)),
+                    hex::encode(message_hash),
+                    hex::encode(signature),
+                    e
+                )
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+fn derive_public_key(owner: &Principal, public_key: &EcdsaPublicKey) -> EcdsaPublicKey {
+    use ic_crypto_extended_bip32::{DerivationIndex, DerivationPath};
+    let derivation_path = DerivationPath::new(
+        derivation_path(owner)
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(DerivationIndex)
+            .collect(),
+    );
+    public_key
+        .derive_new_public_key(&derivation_path)
+        .expect("BUG: failed to derive an ECDSA public key")
+}
+
+fn derivation_path(owner: &Principal) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
+    const SCHEMA_V1: u8 = 1;
+    [
+        ByteBuf::from(vec![SCHEMA_V1]),
+        ByteBuf::from(owner.as_slice().to_vec()),
+    ]
+    .iter()
+    .map(|x| x.to_vec())
+    .collect()
+}
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/src/lib.rs b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..49695fa57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+mod ecdsa;
+mod ethereum_wallet;
+mod state;
+
+use crate::ethereum_wallet::EthereumWallet;
+use crate::state::{init_state, read_state};
+use alloy_consensus::{SignableTransaction, TxEip1559, TxEnvelope};
+use alloy_primitives::{hex, Signature, TxKind, U256};
+use candid::{CandidType, Deserialize, Nat, Principal};
+use evm_rpc_canister_types::{
+    BlockTag, EvmRpcCanister, GetTransactionCountArgs, GetTransactionCountResult,
+    MultiGetTransactionCountResult,
+};
+use ic_cdk::api::management_canister::ecdsa::{EcdsaCurve, EcdsaKeyId};
+use ic_cdk::{init, update};
+use ic_ethereum_types::Address;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+pub const EVM_RPC_CANISTER_ID: Principal =
+    Principal::from_slice(b"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x30\x00\xCC\x01\x01"); // 7hfb6-caaaa-aaaar-qadga-cai
+pub const EVM_RPC: EvmRpcCanister = EvmRpcCanister(EVM_RPC_CANISTER_ID);
+
+#[init]
+pub fn init(maybe_init: Option<InitArg>) {
+    if let Some(init_arg) = maybe_init {
+        init_state(init_arg)
+    }
+}
+
+#[update]
+pub async fn ethereum_address(owner: Option<Principal>) -> String {
+    let caller = validate_caller_not_anonymous();
+    let owner = owner.unwrap_or(caller);
+    let wallet = EthereumWallet::new(owner).await;
+    wallet.ethereum_address().to_string()
+}
+
+#[update]
+pub async fn transaction_count(owner: Option<Principal>, block: Option<BlockTag>) -> Nat {
+    let caller = validate_caller_not_anonymous();
+    let owner = owner.unwrap_or(caller);
+    let wallet = EthereumWallet::new(owner).await;
+    let rpc_services = read_state(|s| s.evm_rpc_services());
+    let args = GetTransactionCountArgs {
+        address: wallet.ethereum_address().to_string(),
+        block: block.unwrap_or(BlockTag::Finalized),
+    };
+    let (result,) = EVM_RPC
+        .eth_get_transaction_count(rpc_services, None, args.clone(), 2_000_000_000_u128)
+        .await
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            panic!(
+                "failed to get transaction count for {:?}, error: {:?}",
+                args, e
+            )
+        });
+    match result {
+        MultiGetTransactionCountResult::Consistent(consistent_result) => match consistent_result {
+            GetTransactionCountResult::Ok(count) => count,
+            GetTransactionCountResult::Err(error) => {
+                ic_cdk::trap(&format!("failed to get transaction count for {:?}, error: {:?}",args, error))
+            }
+        },
+        MultiGetTransactionCountResult::Inconsistent(inconsistent_results) => {
+            ic_cdk::trap(&format!("inconsistent results when retrieving transaction count for {:?}. Received results: {:?}", args, inconsistent_results))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[update]
+pub async fn send_eth(to: String, amount: Nat) -> String {
+    use alloy_eips::eip2718::Encodable2718;
+
+    let caller = validate_caller_not_anonymous();
+    let _to_address = Address::from_str(&to).unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+        ic_cdk::trap(&format!("failed to parse the recipient address: {:?}", e))
+    });
+    let chain_id = read_state(|s| s.ethereum_network().chain_id());
+    let nonce = nat_to_u64(transaction_count(Some(caller), Some(BlockTag::Latest)).await);
+    let (gas_limit, max_fee_per_gas, max_priority_fee_per_gas) = estimate_transaction_fees();
+
+    let transaction = TxEip1559 {
+        chain_id,
+        nonce,
+        gas_limit,
+        max_fee_per_gas,
+        max_priority_fee_per_gas,
+        to: TxKind::Call(to.parse().expect("failed to parse recipient address")),
+        value: nat_to_u256(amount),
+        access_list: Default::default(),
+        input: Default::default(),
+    };
+
+    let wallet = EthereumWallet::new(caller).await;
+    let tx_hash = transaction.signature_hash().0;
+    let (raw_signature, recovery_id) = wallet.sign_with_ecdsa(tx_hash).await;
+    let signature = Signature::from_bytes_and_parity(&raw_signature, recovery_id.is_y_odd())
+        .expect("BUG: failed to create a signature");
+    let signed_tx = transaction.into_signed(signature);
+
+    let raw_transaction_hash = *signed_tx.hash();
+    let mut tx_bytes: Vec<u8> = vec![];
+    TxEnvelope::from(signed_tx).encode_2718(&mut tx_bytes);
+    let raw_transaction_hex = format!("0x{}", hex::encode(&tx_bytes));
+    ic_cdk::println!(
+        "Sending raw transaction hex {} with transaction hash {}",
+        raw_transaction_hex,
+        raw_transaction_hash
+    );
+    // The canister is sending a signed statement, meaning a malicious provider could only affect availability.
+    // For demonstration purposes, the canister uses a single provider to send the signed transaction,
+    // but in production multiple providers (e.g., using a round-robin strategy) should be used to avoid a single point of failure.
+    let single_rpc_service = read_state(|s| s.single_evm_rpc_service());
+    let (result,) = EVM_RPC
+        .eth_send_raw_transaction(
+            single_rpc_service,
+            None,
+            raw_transaction_hex.clone(),
+            2_000_000_000_u128,
+        )
+        .await
+        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
+            panic!(
+                "failed to send raw transaction {}, error: {:?}",
+                raw_transaction_hex, e
+            )
+        });
+    ic_cdk::println!(
+        "Result of sending raw transaction {}: {:?}. \
+    Due to the replicated nature of HTTPs outcalls, an error such as transaction already known or nonce too low could be reported, \
+    even though the transaction was successfully sent. \
+    Check whether the transaction appears on Etherscan or check that the transaction count on \
+    that address at latest block height did increase.",
+        raw_transaction_hex,
+        result
+    );
+
+    raw_transaction_hash.to_string()
+}
+
+fn estimate_transaction_fees() -> (u128, u128, u128) {
+    /// Standard gas limit for an Ethereum transfer to an EOA.
+    /// Other transactions, in particular ones interacting with a smart contract (e.g., ERC-20), would require a higher gas limit.
+    const GAS_LIMIT: u128 = 21_000;
+
+    /// Very crude estimates of max_fee_per_gas and max_priority_fee_per_gas.
+    /// A real world application would need to estimate this more accurately by for example fetching the fee history from the last 5 blocks.
+    const MAX_FEE_PER_GAS: u128 = 50_000_000_000;
+    const MAX_PRIORITY_FEE_PER_GAS: u128 = 1_500_000_000;
+    (GAS_LIMIT, MAX_FEE_PER_GAS, MAX_PRIORITY_FEE_PER_GAS)
+}
+
+#[derive(CandidType, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct InitArg {
+    pub ethereum_network: Option<EthereumNetwork>,
+    pub ecdsa_key_name: Option<EcdsaKeyName>,
+}
+
+#[derive(CandidType, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum EthereumNetwork {
+    Mainnet,
+    #[default]
+    Sepolia,
+}
+
+impl EthereumNetwork {
+    pub fn chain_id(&self) -> u64 {
+        match self {
+            EthereumNetwork::Mainnet => 1,
+            EthereumNetwork::Sepolia => 11155111,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(CandidType, Deserialize, Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
+pub enum EcdsaKeyName {
+    #[default]
+    TestKeyLocalDevelopment,
+    TestKey1,
+    ProductionKey1,
+}
+
+impl From<&EcdsaKeyName> for EcdsaKeyId {
+    fn from(value: &EcdsaKeyName) -> Self {
+        EcdsaKeyId {
+            curve: EcdsaCurve::Secp256k1,
+            name: match value {
+                EcdsaKeyName::TestKeyLocalDevelopment => "dfx_test_key",
+                EcdsaKeyName::TestKey1 => "test_key_1",
+                EcdsaKeyName::ProductionKey1 => "key_1",
+            }
+            .to_string(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn validate_caller_not_anonymous() -> Principal {
+    let principal = ic_cdk::caller();
+    if principal == Principal::anonymous() {
+        panic!("anonymous principal is not allowed");
+    }
+    principal
+}
+
+fn nat_to_u64(nat: Nat) -> u64 {
+    use num_traits::cast::ToPrimitive;
+    nat.0
+        .to_u64()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| ic_cdk::trap(&format!("Nat {} doesn't fit into a u64", nat)))
+}
+
+fn nat_to_u256(value: Nat) -> U256 {
+    let value_bytes = value.0.to_bytes_be();
+    assert!(
+        value_bytes.len() <= 32,
+        "Nat does not fit in a U256: {}",
+        value
+    );
+    let mut value_u256 = [0u8; 32];
+    value_u256[32 - value_bytes.len()..].copy_from_slice(&value_bytes);
+    U256::from_be_bytes(value_u256)
+}
diff --git a/rust/basic_ethereum/src/state.rs b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/state.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..897dbc61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/basic_ethereum/src/state.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+use crate::ecdsa::EcdsaPublicKey;
+use crate::{EcdsaKeyName, EthereumNetwork, InitArg};
+use evm_rpc_canister_types::{EthMainnetService, EthSepoliaService, RpcServices};
+use ic_cdk::api::management_canister::ecdsa::EcdsaKeyId;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+thread_local! {
+    pub static STATE: RefCell<State> = RefCell::default();
+}
+
+pub fn init_state(init_arg: InitArg) {
+    STATE.with(|s| *s.borrow_mut() = State::from(init_arg));
+}
+
+pub fn read_state<R>(f: impl FnOnce(&State) -> R) -> R {
+    STATE.with(|s| f(s.borrow().deref()))
+}
+
+pub fn mutate_state<F, R>(f: F) -> R
+where
+    F: FnOnce(&mut State) -> R,
+{
+    STATE.with(|s| f(s.borrow_mut().deref_mut()))
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct State {
+    ethereum_network: EthereumNetwork,
+    ecdsa_key_name: EcdsaKeyName,
+    ecdsa_public_key: Option<EcdsaPublicKey>,
+}
+
+impl State {
+    pub fn ecdsa_key_id(&self) -> EcdsaKeyId {
+        EcdsaKeyId::from(&self.ecdsa_key_name)
+    }
+
+    pub fn ethereum_network(&self) -> EthereumNetwork {
+        self.ethereum_network
+    }
+
+    pub fn evm_rpc_services(&self) -> RpcServices {
+        match self.ethereum_network {
+            EthereumNetwork::Mainnet => RpcServices::EthMainnet(None),
+            EthereumNetwork::Sepolia => RpcServices::EthSepolia(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn single_evm_rpc_service(&self) -> RpcServices {
+        match self.ethereum_network {
+            EthereumNetwork::Mainnet => {
+                RpcServices::EthMainnet(Some(vec![EthMainnetService::Ankr]))
+            }
+            EthereumNetwork::Sepolia => {
+                RpcServices::EthSepolia(Some(vec![EthSepoliaService::Ankr]))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<InitArg> for State {
+    fn from(init_arg: InitArg) -> Self {
+        State {
+            ethereum_network: init_arg.ethereum_network.unwrap_or_default(),
+            ecdsa_key_name: init_arg.ecdsa_key_name.unwrap_or_default(),
+            ..Default::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub async fn lazy_call_ecdsa_public_key() -> EcdsaPublicKey {
+    use ic_cdk::api::management_canister::ecdsa::{ecdsa_public_key, EcdsaPublicKeyArgument};
+
+    if let Some(ecdsa_pk) = read_state(|s| s.ecdsa_public_key.clone()) {
+        return ecdsa_pk;
+    }
+    let key_id = read_state(|s| s.ecdsa_key_id());
+    let (response,) = ecdsa_public_key(EcdsaPublicKeyArgument {
+        canister_id: None,
+        derivation_path: vec![],
+        key_id,
+    })
+    .await
+    .unwrap_or_else(|(error_code, message)| {
+        ic_cdk::trap(&format!(
+            "failed to get canister's public key: {} (error code = {:?})",
+            message, error_code,
+        ))
+    });
+    let pk = EcdsaPublicKey::from(response);
+    mutate_state(|s| s.ecdsa_public_key = Some(pk.clone()));
+    pk
+}