From 01b1e4d85824d6b2c5360eae1a5cc8e2c04a0f76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: gregorydemay <112856886+gregorydemay@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 2024 17:06:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH] Example with guards and asynchronous code for Rust canisters
 (#877)

* Infrastructure

* integration test

* examples with various futures

* add dfx support

* temp with made up future

* clean-up

* use same state field for single/multi items test

* clean-up

* doc

* added Github workflow file

* provision  pocket-ic server

* use same version as locally

* added guard against parallel processing

* upgrade PocketIc

* added test against parallel processing.

* simplify provisioning of PocketIC and added Linting

* fix

* fix order of CI steps

* ensure items are not in processing when reset

* add ownership
---
 .github/CODEOWNERS                            |    1 +
 .../workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh   |   30 +
 .github/workflows/rust-guards-example.yml     |   63 +
 rust/guards/Cargo.lock                        | 1915 +++++++++++++++++
 rust/guards/Cargo.toml                        |   17 +
 rust/guards/README.md                         |  102 +
 rust/guards/dfx.json                          |   25 +
 rust/guards/guards.did                        |   14 +
 rust/guards/rust-toolchain.toml               |    4 +
 rust/guards/src/lib.rs                        |  164 ++
 rust/guards/tests/tests.rs                    |  189 ++
 11 files changed, 2524 insertions(+)
 create mode 100755 .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/rust-guards-example.yml
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/Cargo.lock
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/README.md
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/dfx.json
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/guards.did
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/rust-toolchain.toml
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 rust/guards/tests/tests.rs

diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
index 2adcfd5cd..c22a578af 100644
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@
 /rust/dip721-nft-container/ @dfinity/sdk
 /rust/encrypted-notes-dapp-vetkd/ @dfinity/dept-crypto-library
 /rust/encrypted-notes-dapp/ @dfinity/div-Crypto
+/rust/guards/ @dfinity/cross-chain-team
 /rust/hello/ @dfinity/sdk
 /rust/icp_transfer/ @dfinity/growth
 /rust/image-classification/ @dfinity/runtime
diff --git a/.github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh b/.github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
new file mode 100755
index 000000000..5fd8468a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -ex
+
+POCKET_IC_SERVER_VERSION=${POCKET_IC_SERVER_VERSION:=4.0.0}
+POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH=${POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH:="${HOME}/bin/pocket-ic-server"}
+
+if [[ $OSTYPE == "linux-gnu"* ]] || [[ $RUNNER_OS == "Linux" ]]
+then
+    PLATFORM=linux
+elif [[ $OSTYPE == "darwin"* ]] || [[ $RUNNER_OS == "macOS" ]]
+then
+    PLATFORM=darwin
+else
+    echo "OS not supported: ${OSTYPE:-$RUNNER_OS}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+if [ ! -f "$POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH" ]; then
+  echo "Downloading PocketIC."
+  mkdir -p "$(dirname "${POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH}")"
+  curl -sSL "https://github.com/dfinity/pocketic/releases/download/${POCKET_IC_SERVER_VERSION}/pocket-ic-x86_64-${PLATFORM}.gz" -o "${POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH}".gz
+  gunzip "${POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH}.gz"
+  chmod +x "${POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH}"
+else
+    echo "PocketIC server already exists, skipping download."
+fi
+
+# Set environment variables.
+echo "POCKET_IC_BIN=${POCKET_IC_SERVER_PATH}" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.github/workflows/rust-guards-example.yml b/.github/workflows/rust-guards-example.yml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8d0313b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/rust-guards-example.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+name: rust-guards
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - master
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - rust/guards/**
+      - .github/workflows/provision-darwin.sh
+      - .github/workflows/provision-linux.sh
+      - .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
+      - .github/workflows/rust-guards-example.yml
+      - .ic-commit
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+  cancel-in-progress: true
+jobs:
+  rust-guards-darwin:
+    runs-on: macos-12
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - name: Provision Darwin
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-darwin.sh
+      - name: Provision PocketIC Darwin
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
+      - name: Build Guards Darwin
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/guards
+          cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release
+          popd
+      - name: Lint Guards Darwin
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/guards
+          cargo fmt --all -- --check && cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+          popd
+      - name: Test Guards Darwin
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/guards
+          cargo test
+          popd
+  rust-guards-linux:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v1
+      - name: Provision Linux
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-linux.sh
+      - name: Provision PocketIC Linux
+        run: bash .github/workflows/provision-pocket-ic-server.sh
+      - name: Build Guards Linux
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/guards
+          cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release
+          popd
+      - name: Lint Guards Linux
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/guards
+          cargo fmt --all -- --check && cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings
+          popd
+      - name: Test Guards Linux
+        run: |
+          pushd rust/guards
+          cargo test
+          popd
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/guards/Cargo.lock b/rust/guards/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8be0cbcb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,1915 @@
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diff --git a/rust/guards/Cargo.toml b/rust/guards/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0166dcbb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+[package]
+name = "ic-fun-with-guards"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+candid = "0.10"
+ic-cdk = "0.13"
+scopeguard = "1.2.0"
+serde = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+assert_matches = "1.5.0"
+pocket-ic = "3.1.0"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/guards/README.md b/rust/guards/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8fc09fb5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+# Guards and Async Code
+
+## Summary
+
+This example canister shows some advanced behaviour between guards and asynchronous code. This example is meant for Rust
+canister developers that are already familiar
+with [asynchronous code](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/smart-contracts/advanced-features/async-code/)
+and the security best-practices related
+to [inter-canister calls and rollbacks](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/security/rust-canister-development-security-best-practices#inter-canister-calls-and-rollbacks).
+
+## Guard to Maintain Invariants
+
+This example canister stores a bunch of items on the heap, where each item is simply modelled as a `String`. One
+invariant that the canister aims at maintaining is that each item is **processed at most once**, where processing an
+item involves some asynchronous code. A concrete example of such a setting would be a minter canister processing minting
+requests by contacting a ledger canister, where crucially double minting should be avoided.
+
+One tricky part in this scenario is that an item can therefore only be marked as processed after the asynchronous code
+has completed, meaning in the callback. As mentioned in
+the [security best-practices](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/security/rust-canister-development-security-best-practices#securely-handle-traps-in-callbacks),
+it's not always feasible to guarantee that the callback will not trap, which in that case would break the invariant due
+to the state being rollbacked.
+
+The standard solution to maintain such an invariant, despite a potential panic in the callback is to use a guard.
+However, this example canister shows that it's also crucially important that the declaration of the guard happens in
+another message than the callback, which is the case for true asynchronous code (e.g. inter-canister calls, `raw_rand`,
+etc.). It's in particular not enough to `await` a function that's declared to be `async`, since if the future can polled
+until completion directly, everything will be executed in a single message.
+
+## Automated Integration Tests
+
+To run the integration tests under `tests/` install [PocketIC server](https://github.com/dfinity/pocketic) and then run
+
+```shell
+cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release && cargo test
+```
+
+## Manual Testing with `dfx`
+
+### Setup
+
+Start `dfx`
+
+```shell
+dfx start --background
+```
+
+and then proceed to deploying the canister
+
+```shell
+dfx deploy
+```
+
+You should now be able to query the canister, e.g., to check if an item is processed
+
+```shell
+dfx canister call guards is_item_processed 'mint'
+```
+
+which should return `(null)` since the canister currently has an empty state.
+
+### Test
+
+As an example, we show how the behaviour tested in `should_process_single_item_and_mark_it_as_processed` can be tested
+manually.
+
+Set the item `"mint"` to be processed:
+
+```shell
+dfx canister call guards set_non_processed_items 'vec { "mint" }'
+```
+
+As a sanity check, ensure that the item is not yet processed:
+
+```shell
+dfx canister call guards is_item_processed 'mint'
+```
+
+should return `(opt false)`.
+
+Process the item by calling the *panicking* callback:
+
+```shell
+dfx canister call guards process_single_item_with_panicking_callback  '("mint", variant { TrueAsyncCall })'
+```
+
+Since the queried endpoint panicks on purpose, expect some error message similar to
+
+```text
+2024-05-29 11:54:39.817800 UTC: [Canister bkyz2-fmaaa-aaaaa-qaaaq-cai] Panicked at 'panicking callback!', src/lib.rs:47:5
+Error: Failed update call.
+Caused by: Failed update call.
+  The replica returned a rejection error: reject code CanisterError, reject message Canister bkyz2-fmaaa-aaaaa-qaaaq-cai trapped explicitly: Panicked at 'panicking callback!', src/lib.rs:47:5, error code None
+```
+
+Ensure that the guard was executed to ensure that the item is marked as processed despite the previous panic
+
+```shell
+dfx canister call guards is_item_processed 'mint'
+```
+
+should return `(opt true)`.
diff --git a/rust/guards/dfx.json b/rust/guards/dfx.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a602eb7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/dfx.json
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+{
+  "canisters": {
+    "guards": {
+      "candid": "guards.did",
+      "package": "ic-fun-with-guards",
+      "type": "custom",
+      "build": [
+        "cargo build --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --release"
+      ],
+      "wasm": "target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/ic_fun_with_guards.wasm",
+      "metadata": [
+        {
+          "name": "candid:service"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "defaults": {
+    "build": {
+      "args": "",
+      "packtool": ""
+    }
+  },
+  "version": 1
+}
diff --git a/rust/guards/guards.did b/rust/guards/guards.did
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e7c7ff62c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/guards.did
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+type FutureType = variant {
+    TrueAsyncCall;
+    FalseAsyncCall;
+};
+
+service : () -> {
+   is_item_processed : (text) -> (opt bool) query;
+
+   set_non_processed_items: (vec text) -> ();
+
+   process_single_item_with_panicking_callback: (text, FutureType) -> ();
+
+   process_all_items_with_panicking_callback: (text, FutureType) -> ();
+}
diff --git a/rust/guards/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust/guards/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e541981d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[toolchain]
+channel = "1.77"
+targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"]
+components = ["rustfmt", "clippy"]
diff --git a/rust/guards/src/lib.rs b/rust/guards/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5223f15b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+use crate::parallel_guard::ParallelProcessingGuard;
+use candid::{CandidType, Deserialize};
+use ic_cdk::{query, update};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::collections::{BTreeMap, BTreeSet};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct State {
+    /// Bunch of items, where the boolean value indicates whether this item was processed.
+    items: BTreeMap<String, bool>,
+    /// Items that are currently being processed.
+    processing_items: BTreeSet<String>,
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    static STATE: RefCell<State> = RefCell::new(State::default());
+}
+
+#[update]
+async fn process_single_item_with_panicking_callback(
+    item_to_process: String,
+    future_type: FutureType,
+) {
+    let _prevent_parallel_calls_guard = ensure_not_in_processing(item_to_process.clone());
+    ensure_not_processed(&item_to_process);
+    let _process_item_only_once_guard = scopeguard::guard((), |_| {
+        STATE.with(|state| {
+            state
+                .borrow_mut()
+                .items
+                .entry(item_to_process)
+                .and_modify(|v| *v = true);
+        });
+    });
+
+    // Call and await future. There are 2 scenarios to consider.
+    // 1) The future cannot be polled until completion.
+    // The future returns a result of type `futures::task::Poll::Pending` indicating that it's not ready yet.
+    // In that case, the state will be committed and execution will yield, terminating the execution of that first message.
+    // Execution will then continue in a second message, when the future is ready.
+    // That means that the panic at the end will only revert the state changes occurring in the second message.
+    // The Rust ic_cdk will during `call_on_cleanup` call `Drop` on any variables that still in scope at the end of the first message,
+    // hence the guard will be executed and not reverted.
+    //
+    // 2) The future can be polled until completion.
+    // The future returns a result of type `futures::task::Poll::Ready` and in that case execution will continue without yielding.
+    // Everything will be executed in a single message and any state modification will be dropped due to the panic occurring at the end.
+    // In that case, the guard is ineffective
+    future_type.call().await;
+
+    panic!("panicking callback!")
+}
+
+#[update]
+async fn process_all_items_with_panicking_callback(
+    panicking_item: String,
+    future_type: FutureType,
+) {
+    let items: Vec<String> = STATE.with(|state| state.borrow().items.keys().cloned().collect());
+    for item in items {
+        let _prevent_parallel_calls_guard = ensure_not_in_processing(item.clone());
+        ensure_not_processed(&item);
+        let _process_item_only_once_guard = scopeguard::guard((), |_| {
+            STATE.with(|state| {
+                state
+                    .borrow_mut()
+                    .items
+                    .entry(item.clone())
+                    .and_modify(|v| *v = true);
+            });
+        });
+        // Note that this is the callback of the previous item. Similarly to the above method,
+        // the same 2 scenarios apply and whether the guard is effective or not depends on whether
+        // the future was polled until completion in a single message.
+        if item == panicking_item {
+            panic!("panicking callback!");
+        }
+        future_type.call().await;
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(CandidType, Deserialize, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum FutureType {
+    TrueAsyncCall,
+    FalseAsyncCall,
+}
+
+impl FutureType {
+    pub async fn call(&self) {
+        match self {
+            FutureType::TrueAsyncCall => {
+                let _ = ic_cdk::api::management_canister::main::raw_rand().await;
+            }
+            FutureType::FalseAsyncCall => {
+                //NOP
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[query]
+fn is_item_processed(item: String) -> Option<bool> {
+    STATE.with(|state| state.borrow().items.get(&item).cloned())
+}
+
+#[update]
+fn set_non_processed_items(values: Vec<String>) {
+    ensure_none_in_processing();
+    STATE.with(|state| {
+        state.borrow_mut().items = values.into_iter().map(|item| (item, false)).collect();
+    });
+}
+
+fn ensure_not_processed(item: &str) {
+    if let Some(true) = is_item_processed(item.to_string()) {
+        panic!("ERROR: Item '{}' already processed!", item);
+    }
+}
+
+fn ensure_not_in_processing(item: String) -> ParallelProcessingGuard {
+    ParallelProcessingGuard::new(item).expect("ERROR: Item already in processing!")
+}
+
+fn ensure_none_in_processing() {
+    STATE.with(|state| {
+        assert_eq!(
+            state.borrow().processing_items,
+            BTreeSet::default(),
+            "ERROR: Items already in processing!"
+        );
+    });
+}
+
+mod parallel_guard {
+    use crate::STATE;
+
+    pub struct ParallelProcessingGuard {
+        item: String,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    pub enum ParallelProcessingGuardError {
+        AlreadyProcessing,
+    }
+
+    impl ParallelProcessingGuard {
+        pub fn new(item: String) -> Result<Self, ParallelProcessingGuardError> {
+            STATE.with(|state| {
+                if !state.borrow_mut().processing_items.insert(item.clone()) {
+                    return Err(ParallelProcessingGuardError::AlreadyProcessing);
+                }
+                Ok(Self { item })
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for ParallelProcessingGuard {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            STATE.with(|state| {
+                state.borrow_mut().processing_items.remove(&self.item);
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/guards/tests/tests.rs b/rust/guards/tests/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..781331844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/guards/tests/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+use assert_matches::assert_matches;
+use candid::{CandidType, Decode, Encode, Principal};
+use ic_cdk::api::management_canister::main::CanisterId;
+use pocket_ic::common::rest::RawMessageId;
+use pocket_ic::{ErrorCode, PocketIc, UserError, WasmResult};
+
+pub const CANISTER_WASM: &[u8] =
+    include_bytes!("../target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/ic_fun_with_guards.wasm");
+
+#[test]
+fn should_process_single_item_and_mark_it_as_processed() {
+    let canister = CanisterSetup::default();
+    canister.set_non_processed_items(&["mint"]);
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint"), Some(false));
+
+    canister.process_single_item_with_panicking_callback("mint", &FutureType::TrueAsyncCall);
+
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint"), Some(true));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_process_single_item_but_fail_to_mark_it_as_processed() {
+    let canister = CanisterSetup::default();
+    canister.set_non_processed_items(&["mint"]);
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint"), Some(false));
+
+    canister.process_single_item_with_panicking_callback("mint", &FutureType::FalseAsyncCall);
+
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint"), Some(false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_process_all_items_and_mark_the_first_one_as_processed() {
+    let canister = CanisterSetup::default();
+    canister.set_non_processed_items(&["mint1", "mint2", "mint3"]);
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint1"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint2"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint3"), Some(false));
+
+    canister.process_all_items_with_panicking_callback("mint2", &FutureType::TrueAsyncCall);
+
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint1"), Some(true));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint2"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint3"), Some(false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_process_all_items_but_fail_to_mark_the_first_one_as_processed() {
+    let canister = CanisterSetup::default();
+    canister.set_non_processed_items(&["mint1", "mint2", "mint3"]);
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint1"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint2"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint3"), Some(false));
+
+    canister.process_all_items_with_panicking_callback("mint2", &FutureType::FalseAsyncCall);
+
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint1"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint2"), Some(false));
+    assert_eq!(canister.is_item_processed("mint3"), Some(false));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn should_prevent_parallel_processing() {
+    let canister = CanisterSetup::default();
+    canister.set_non_processed_items(&["mint"]);
+
+    let process_item_1 = canister
+        .submit_process_single_item_with_panicking_callback("mint", &FutureType::TrueAsyncCall)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let process_item_2 = canister
+        .submit_process_single_item_with_panicking_callback("mint", &FutureType::TrueAsyncCall)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let result_1 = canister.env.await_call(process_item_1);
+    let result_2 = canister.env.await_call(process_item_2);
+
+    assert_matches!((result_1, result_2),
+        (Err(UserError { code, description }), _) | (_, Err(UserError { code, description }))
+            if code == ErrorCode::CanisterCalledTrap && description.contains("ERROR: Item already in processing!"));
+}
+
+pub struct CanisterSetup {
+    env: PocketIc,
+    canister_id: CanisterId,
+}
+
+impl CanisterSetup {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let env = PocketIc::new();
+        let canister_id = env.create_canister();
+        env.add_cycles(canister_id, u128::MAX);
+        env.install_canister(canister_id, CANISTER_WASM.to_vec(), vec![], None);
+        Self { env, canister_id }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_item_processed(&self, item: &str) -> Option<bool> {
+        match self
+            .env
+            .query_call(
+                self.canister_id,
+                Principal::anonymous(),
+                "is_item_processed",
+                Encode!(&item).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .expect("failed to get value")
+        {
+            WasmResult::Reply(bytes) => Decode!(&bytes, Option<bool>).unwrap(),
+            WasmResult::Reject(e) => {
+                panic!("Failed to get value: {:?}", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_non_processed_items(&self, values: &[&str]) {
+        let values = values.iter().map(|s| s.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let result = self
+            .env
+            .update_call(
+                self.canister_id,
+                Principal::anonymous(),
+                "set_non_processed_items",
+                Encode!(&values).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .expect("failed to set non-processed items");
+        assert_matches!(result, WasmResult::Reply(_));
+    }
+
+    pub fn process_single_item_with_panicking_callback(
+        &self,
+        item: &str,
+        future_type: &FutureType,
+    ) {
+        let res = self
+            .env
+            .update_call(
+                self.canister_id,
+                Principal::anonymous(),
+                "process_single_item_with_panicking_callback",
+                Encode!(&item, &future_type).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .expect_err("process_single_item_with_panicking_callback should panic");
+        assert_eq!(res.code, ErrorCode::CanisterCalledTrap);
+        assert!(res.description.contains("panicking callback!"));
+    }
+
+    pub fn submit_process_single_item_with_panicking_callback(
+        &self,
+        item: &str,
+        future_type: &FutureType,
+    ) -> Result<RawMessageId, UserError> {
+        self.env.submit_call(
+            self.canister_id,
+            Principal::anonymous(),
+            "process_single_item_with_panicking_callback",
+            Encode!(&item, &future_type).unwrap(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn process_all_items_with_panicking_callback(
+        &self,
+        panicking_item: &str,
+        future_type: &FutureType,
+    ) {
+        let res = self
+            .env
+            .update_call(
+                self.canister_id,
+                Principal::anonymous(),
+                "process_all_items_with_panicking_callback",
+                Encode!(&panicking_item, &future_type).unwrap(),
+            )
+            .expect_err("process_all_items_with_panicking_callback should panic");
+        assert_eq!(res.code, ErrorCode::CanisterCalledTrap);
+        assert!(res.description.contains("panicking callback!"));
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for CanisterSetup {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(CandidType, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum FutureType {
+    TrueAsyncCall,
+    FalseAsyncCall,
+}