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| Command |
Description |
Up Down |
view command history |
| date |
display the current time and date |
| cal |
display a calendar of the current month |
| df |
see the current amount of free space on your disk drives |
| free |
display the amount of free memory |
| exit |
end a terminal session |
Ctrl-Alt-[F1-F6] |
open virtual terminals |
Alt-F7 |
return to the graphical desktop |
| printenv |
Print part or all of the environment |
| set |
Set shell options |
| export |
Export environment to subsequently executed programs |
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| Command |
Description |
| pwd |
Print name of current working directory |
| ls |
List directory contents |
| cd |
Change directory(-Last directory ~Home directory) |
| file |
determine a file’s type |
| less |
view text files |
| cp |
Copy files and directories |
| mv |
Move/rename files and directories |
| mkdir |
Create directories |
| rm |
Remove files and directories |
| ln |
Create hard and symbolic links |
| du -h --max-depth=1 |
Show directory size under current directory |
| Option |
Long Option |
Description |
| -a |
--all |
List all files, including hidden files |
| -d |
--directory |
list the contents of the directory, not the directory itself |
| -F |
--classify |
append an indicator character to the end of each listed name. For example, a '/' if the name is a directory. |
| -h |
--human-readable |
display file sizes in human readable format rather than in bytes |
| -l |
|
Display results in long format |
| -r |
--reverse |
Display the results in reverse order. Normally, ls display its results in ascending alphabetical order |
| -S |
|
Sort results by file size |
| -t |
|
Sort by modification time |
| Wildcard |
Meaning |
| * |
Matches any characters |
| ? |
Matches any single character |
| [characters] |
Matches any character that is a member of the set characters |
| [!characters] |
Matches any character that is not a member of the set characters |
| [[:class:]] |
Matches any character that is a member of the specified class |
- Commonly Used Character Classes
| Character Class |
Meaning |
| [:alnum:] |
Matches any alphanumeric character |
| [:alpha:] |
Matches any alphabetic character |
| [:digit:] |
Matches any numeral |
| [:lower:] |
Matches any lowercase letter |
| [:upper:] |
Matches any uppercase letter |
| Option |
Meaning |
| -a, --archive |
Copy the files and directories and all of their attributes, including ownerships and permissions |
| -i, --interactive |
Before overwriting an existing file, prompt the user for confirmation |
| -r, --recursive |
Recursively copy directories and their contents |
| -u, --update |
only copy files that either don't exist, or are newer than the existing corresponding files, in the destination directory |
| -v, --verbose |
Display informative messages as the copy is performed |
- mv Option includes [-i，-u，-v];rm Option includes [-i，-r，-v，-f];its meaning is similar to that in cp
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| Command |
Description |
| type |
Indicate how a command name is interpreted |
| which |
Display which executable program will be executed |
| man |
Display a command’s manual page |
| apropos |
Display a list of appropriate commands |
| info |
Display a command’s info entry |
| whatis |
Display a very brief description of a command |
| alias |
Create an alias for a command |
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| Command |
Description |
| > |
redirect standard output to another file (cover) |
| >> |
redirect standard output to another file(append) |
| 2> |
redirect standard errors to another file，standard input/output/errors are representated by file descriptor number 0/1/2 respectively |
| 2>&1 or &> |
redirect standard output and errors to another file |
| tee |
print to standard output(terminal) and file simultaneously |
| cat |
copies file to standard output |
| sort |
Sort lines of text |
| unique |
Report or omit repeated lines |
| wc |
Print newline, word, and byte counts for each file |
| grep |
Print lines matching a pattern，option -i ignore lowercase/capitalization |
| head |
Output the first part of a file，option -n to appoint line numbers |
| tail |
Output the last part of a file，option -n to appoint line numbers |
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| Key |
Action |
Ctrl-a |
Move cursor to the beginning of the line |
Ctrl-e |
Move cursor to the end of the line |
Ctrl-f |
Move cursor forward one character;same as the right arrow key |
Ctrl-b |
Move cursor backward one character;same as the left arrow key |
Alt-f |
Move cursor forward one word |
Alt-b |
Move cursor backward one word |
Ctrl-l |
Clear the screen and move the cursor to the top left corner. The clear command does the same thing |
| Key |
Action |
Ctrl-d |
Delete the character at the cursor location |
Ctrl-t |
Transpose(exchange)the character at the cursor location with the one preceding it |
Alt-t |
Transpose the word at the cursor location with the one preceding it |
Alt-l |
Convert the characters from the cursor location to the end of the word to lowercase |
Alt-u |
Convert the characters from the cursor location to the end of the word to uppercase |
| Key |
Action |
Ctrl-k |
Kill text from the cursor location to the end of line |
Ctrl-u |
Kill text from the cursor location to the beginning of the line |
Alt-d |
Kill text from the cursor location to the end of the current word |
Alt-Backspace |
Kill text from the cursor location to the beginning of the word. If the cursor is at the beginning of a word, kill the previous word |
Ctrl-y |
Yank text from the kill-ring and insert it at the cursor location |
| Key |
Action |
Alt-? |
Display list of possible completions，equals pressing the tab key a second time |
Alt-* |
Insert all possible completions |
| Key |
Action |
Ctrl-p |
Move to the previous history entry. Same action as the up arrow |
Ctrl-n |
Move to the next history entry. Same action as the down arrow |
Alt-< |
Move to the beginning (top) of the history list |
Alt-> |
Move to the end (bottom) of the history list, i.e., the current command line |
Ctrl-r |
Reverse incremental search. Searches incrementally from the current command line up the history list |
Alt-p |
Reverse search, non-incremental. With this key, type in the search string and press enter before the search is performed |
Alt-n |
Forward search, non-incremental |
Ctrl-o |
Execute the current item in the history list and advance to the next one |
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| Command |
Description |
| ps |
Report a snapshot of current processes |
| top |
Display tasks |
| jobs |
List active jobs |
| bg |
Place a job in the background |
| fg |
Place a job in the foreground |
| kill |
Send a signal to a process |
| killall |
Kill processes by name |
| shutdown |
Shutdown or reboot the system |
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For more detail information, please click Vim Totorial
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- Major Packaging System Families
| Packaging System |
Distributions (Partial Listing) |
| Debian Style (.deb) |
Debian, Ubuntu, Xandros, Linspire |
| Red Hat Style (.rpm) |
Fedora, CentOS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, OpenSUSE, Mandriva, PCLinuxOS |
| Distributions |
Low-Level Tools |
High-Level Tools |
| Debian-Style |
dpkg |
apt-get, aptitude |
| Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS |
rpm |
yum |
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
apt-get update; apt-cache search search_string |
| Red Hat |
yum search search_string |
- Package Installation Commands
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
apt-get update; apt-get install package_name |
| Red Hat |
yum install package_name |
- Low-Level Package Installation Commands
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
dpkg --install package_file |
| Red Hat |
rpm -i package_file |
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
apt-get remove package_name |
| Red Hat |
yum erase package_name |
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
apt-get update; apt-get upgrade |
| Red Hat |
yum update |
- Low-Level Package Upgrade Commands
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
dpkg --install package_file |
| Red Hat |
rpm -U package_file |
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
dpkg --list |
| Red Hat |
rpm -qa |
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
dpkg --status package_name |
| Red Hat |
rpm -q package_name |
- Package Information Commands
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
apt-cache show package_name |
| Red Hat |
yum info package_name |
- Package File Identification Commands
| Style |
Command(s) |
| Debian |
dpkg --search file_name |
| Red Hat |
rpm -qf file_name |
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| Command |
Description |
| locate |
Find files by name |
| updatedb |
update database |
| File Type |
Description |
| b |
Block special device file |
| c |
Character special device file |
| d |
Directory |
| f |
Regular file |
| l |
Symbolic link |
| Character |
Unit |
| b |
512 byte blocks. This is the default if no unit is specified |
| c |
Bytes |
| w |
Two byte words |
| k |
Kilobytes (Units of 1024 bytes) |
| M |
Megabytes (Units of 1048576 bytes) |
| G |
Gigabytes (Units of 1073741824 bytes) |
| Test |
Description |
| -cnewer file |
Match files or directories whose contents or attributes were last modified more recently than those of file |
| -ctime n |
Match files or directories whose contents or attributes were last modified n*24 hours ago |
| -empty |
Match empty files and directories |
| -iname pattern |
Like the -name test but case insensitive |
| -mmin n |
Match files or directories whose contents were modified n minutes ago |
| -mtime n |
Match files or directories whose contents were modified n*24 hours ago |
| -name pattern |
Match files and directories with the specified wild card pattern |
| -newer file |
Match files and directories whose contents were modified more recently than the specified file |
| -size (+/-) n |
Match files (larger/smaller) than size n |
| -type c |
Match files of type c |
| Operator |
Description |
| -and |
Match if the tests on both sides of the operator are true. May be shortened to -a. Note that when no operator is present, -and is implied by default |
| -or |
Match if a test on either side of the operator is true. May be shortened to -o |
| -not |
Match if the test following the operator is false. May be abbreviated with an exclamation point (!) |
| () |
Groups tests and operators together to form larger expressions. This is used to control the precedence of the logical evaluations。 |
| Action |
Description |
| -delete |
Delete the currently matching file |
| -ls |
Perform the equivalent of ls -dils on the matching file. Output is sent to standard output |
| -print |
Output the full pathname of the matching file to standard output. Default action |
| -quit |
Quit once a match has been made |
| Command |
Description |
find ~ -type d | wc -l |
search directories in Home and count lines |
find ~ -type f -name "*.JPG" -size +1M | wc -l |
look for all the regular files that match the wild card pattern “*.JPG” and are larger than one megabyte |
find ~ -type f -name '*.BAK' -delete |
delete files that have the file extension “.BAK” |
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-
gzip: compress/uncompress one or more files. It will replace the original file
| Option |
Description |
| -c |
Write output to standard output and keep original files. May also be specified with --stdout and --to-stdout |
| -d |
Decompress. This causes gzip to act like gunzip. May also be specified with --decompress or --uncompress |
| -f |
Force compression even if compressed version of the original file already exists. May also be specified with --force |
| -h |
Display usage information. May also be specified with --help |
| -l |
List compression statistics for each file compressed. May also be specified with --list |
| -r |
If one or more arguments on the command line are directories, recursively compress files contained within them. May also be specified with --recursive |
| -t |
Test the integrity of a compressed file. May also be specified with --test |
| -v |
Display verbose messages while compressing. May also be specified with --verbose |
| -number |
Set amount of compression. number is an integer in the range of 1 (fastest, least compression) to 9 (slowest, most compression). The values 1 and 9 may also be expressed as --fast and --best, respectively. The default value is 6 |
-
bzip2: similar to gzip, achieves higher levels of compression at the cost of compression speed，extension .bz2
-
zip: common compression tool for windows，extension .zip
| Command |
Description |
zip -r myfile.zip ./* |
Compress all the files and directories under the current directory to myfile.zip |
zip -d myfile.zip smart.txt |
Delete smart.txt from myfile.zip |
zip -m myfile.zip ./rpm_info.txt |
Add rpm_info.txt to myfile.zip |
unzip -o -d /home/sunny myfile.zip |
Uncompress myfile.zip to /home/sunny/,-o means override file without warning, -d specifies uncompress path |
-
tar: Archiving，short for tape archive，gathering up many files and bundling them together into a single large file, with extension .tar
| Mode |
Description |
| -c |
Create a new archive |
| -x |
Extract an archive |
| -r |
Append specified pathnames to the end of an archive |
| -t |
List the contents of an archive，can choose 1 from these 4 mode |
| -v |
Report file informations during processing |
| -f |
Specify archive name，must be set as the last option |
| Command |
Description |
tar -cf all.tar *.jpg |
Compress *.jpg to an archive named all.tar |
tar -rf all.tar *.gif |
Add *.gif to all.tar |
tar -tf all.tar |
List all files in all.tar |
tar -xf all.tar |
Uncompress all files in all.tar |
-
Conclusion
| Command |
Description |
tar –xvf file.tar |
Uncompress file.tar |
tar -xzvf file.tar.gz |
Uncompress tar.gz |
tar -xjvf file.tar.bz2 |
Uncompress tar.bz2 |
tar –xZvf file.tar.Z |
Uncompress tar.Z |
unrar e file.rar |
Uncompress file.rar |
unzip file.zip |
Uncompress file.zip |
tar –cvf jpg.tar *.jpg |
Archive *.jpg to jpg.tar |
tar –czf jpg.tar.gz *.jpg |
Archive *.jpg to jpg.tar，then compress it to jpg.tar.gz using gzip |
tar –cjf jpg.tar.bz2 *.jpg |
Archive *.jpg to jpg.tar，then compress it to jpg.tar.bz2 using bzip2 |
tar –cZf jpg.tar.Z *.jpg |
Archive *.jpg to jpg.tar，then compress it to jpg.tar.Z using compress |
rar a jpg.rar *.jpg |
Compress *.jpg to jpg.rar |
zip jpg.zip *.jpg |
Compress *.jpg to jpg.zip |
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-
sort: Sort lines of text files
| Option |
Long Option |
Description |
-b |
--ignore-leading-blanks |
Ignore leading spaces in lines and calculates sorting based on the first non-whitespace character on the line |
-f |
--ignore-case |
Makes sorting case insensitive |
-n |
--numeric-sort |
Performs sorting based on the numeric evaluation of a string |
-r |
--reverse |
Sort in reverse order |
-k |
--key=field1[,field2] |
Sort based on a key field located from field1 to field2 rather than the entire line |
-m |
--merge |
Merge multiple files into a single sorted result without performing any additional sorting |
-o |
--output=file |
Send sorted output to file rather than standard output |
-t |
--field-separator=char |
Define the field separator character. By default fields are separated by spaces or tabs |
-
uniq: Removes duplicate lines which are adjacent to each other
-
Common uniq Options
| Option |
Description |
-c |
Output a list of duplicate lines preceded by the number of times the line occurs |
-d |
Only output repeated lines, rather than unique lines |
-f n |
Ignore n leading fields in each line, and fields are separated by whitespace |
-i |
Ignore case during the line comparisons |
-s n |
Ignore the leading n characters of each line |
-u |
Only output unique lines. This is the default |
-
tr: Transliterate characters
echo "lowercase letters" | tr a-z A-Z outputs LOWERCASE LETTERSecho "lowercase letters" | tr [:lower:] A outputs AAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAtr -d '\r' < dos_file > unix_file converts MS-DOS text files to Unix style text
-
sed: stream editor
| Address |
Description |
n |
A line number where n is a positive integer |
$ |
The last line |
/regexp/ |
Lines matching a POSIX basic regular expression |
addr1,addr2 |
A range of lines from addr1 to addr2, inclusive. Addresses may be any of the single address forms above |
first~step |
Match the line represented by the number first, then each subsequent line at step intervals |
addr1,+n |
Match addr1 and the following n lines |
addr! |
Match all lines except addr, which may be any of the forms above |
| Command |
Description |
echo "front" | sed 's/front/back/' |
Replace front with back |
echo "front" | sed '2s/front/back/' |
Replace front with back in the second line, so output is still front |
sed -n '1,5p' distros.txt |
Print a range of lines, starting with line one and continuing to line five |
/etc/passwd | sed '/root/p' |
Search lines contain root in /etc/passwd |
/etc/passwd | sed '/root/d' |
Delete lines contain root in /etc/passwd and print other lines |
sed -i 's/\.$/\!/g' regular_express.txt |
Replace the last . of a line with ! in regular_express.txt |
sed -i '$a # This is a test' regular_express.txt |
Add # This is a test to the last line of regular_express.txt |
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For more detail information, please click conda Totorial
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