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<title>S24ShahXenotransplantation - Streamline</title>
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The Rivers Streamline
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Home
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<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text02">About</span>
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<span>Instagram</span>
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<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-main-content">
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<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-oarticle">
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-blog-info">
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-heading">
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text07">
A Cold-Weather Skincare Routine, Backed by Chemistry
</span>
</div>
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-short-info">
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-aauthor">
<img
alt="ImageI2101"
src="https://media.licdn.com/dms/image/D4E03AQG1nzF2uoTvcw/profile-displayphoto-shrink_100_100/0/1696547465492?e=1717632000&v=beta&t=8f4dnK3TuZ1RzblIvjhrR6TYNGcY0fBTeEMw6ZLfaAU"
class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-image"
/>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text08">
Lily Shah '25
</span>
</div>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text09">
Spring 2024
</span>
</div>
</div>
<img
alt="Image2101"
src="https://www.thestatesman.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PIG-TRANSPLANT.jpg"
loading="lazy"
class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-image1"
/>
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-para"></div>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text10">
Introduction
</span>
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-para1">
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text11">
<span class="AMainArticleText">
There is a worldwide shortage of donated human organs
for transplant. About seventeen people die waiting on
transplant lists every day. In this human organ
shortage, people have developed new medical advances to
address this issue, one being xenotransplantation. This
is a promising new treatment that entails the
transplantation of an organ from a nonhuman animal into
a human. This treatment could significantly increase the
number of organs for transplant, leading to less
life-threatening waiting, cost for care, and exposure to
further disease from immunocompromised states.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text13" />
<br class="AMainArticleText" />
<span class="AMainArticleText">
Xenotransplantation has been performed with a
57-year-old patient, David Bennett, with
life-threatening heart disease. This was the first
successful transplant of a pig's heart into a human. To
make this transplant a success the pig heart had ten
genetic modifications. Newer technologies such as gene
editing and cloning have allowed altered pig organs to
be less likely rejected in the human body. However,
slight genetic variations in pigs can be detrimental to
humans, making xenotransplants dangerous. The patient
died two months after the transplant knowing death was a
likely outcome, but this treatment is still an exciting,
viable new possibility.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text16" />
<br />
</span>
</div>
<img
alt="Image2101"
src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/qc6xgb4VXl0/maxresdefault.jpg"
loading="lazy"
class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-image2"
/>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text18">
<span class="AMainArticleText">
In addition to this, on March 16th 2024, the world’s first
genetically edited pig kidney was transplanted into a 62
year old man, Richard Slayman, with end stage kidney
disease at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). The
kidney had 69 genetic modifications and was edited using
CRISPR-Cas9 technology to remove dangerous pig genes and
add specific human genes to make it more compatible to the
recipient. Additionally, scientists eliminated porcine
endogenous retroviruses in the pig donor to remove the
risk of infection in humans. Slayman saw this treatment as
a way “to provide hope for the thousands of people who
need a transplant to survive.” This treatment was offered
under compassionate use protocol by the FDA, and if it is
a success will greatly increase how fast
xenotransplantation can become a widely offered option.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text20" />
<br class="AMainArticleText" />
<span class="AMainArticleText">
Other approaches being used to meet the never-ending need
for organ transplants include organoids and presumed
consent. Organoids are small three-dimensional tissue
cultures that are grown from stem cells. They can be
manipulated to copy the complexity of an organ or to
express parts of it such as producing only certain types
of cells. Eventually, continued developments in this field
might facilitate the end of the organ shortage. They also
provide insight into human development and disease and
allow scientists to see how medicines interact with
organoids to open new approaches to personalized medicine.
</span>
<br class="AMainArticleText" />
</span>
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-quote">
<span
class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text24 ArticlequoteRegular"
>
"under what conditions, if any, can xenotransplantation be
an ethically appropriate treatment?"
</span>
</div>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text25">
<span class="AMainArticleText">
A few governments have attempted to address the shortage
of organs donated for transplant by legislation that
presumes consent to the use of a patient’s organ for
transplant. It is an “opt out” system rather than
explicitly choosing to donate by “opting in.” Presumed
consent means that unless the deceased has expressed that
they do not want to be an organ donor then consent will be
assumed. Several countries such as Spain, Sweden,
Portugal, and Austria have legalized presumed consent.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text27" />
<br class="AMainArticleText" />
<span class="AMainArticleText">
While these two developing fields are important and
intriguing on their own, in this paper I will focus on
xenotransplantation: under what conditions, if any, can
xenotransplantation be an ethically appropriate treatment?
</span>
<br class="AMainArticleText" />
</span>
<img
alt="Image2101"
src="https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/03-Xenotransplantation-surgery-.png"
class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-image3"
/>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text31">
<span>Relevant Facts</span>
<br />
</span>
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-para2">
<span
class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text34 AMainArticleText"
>
<span>
Xenotransplantation is any treatment that entails the
transplantation, implantation, or infusion into a human
recipient of either live cells, tissues, or organs from
a nonhuman animal source. For example, pig-to-human
xenotransplantation requires breeding genetically
specific pigs, raising them in controlled conditions,
and killing them to harvest their organs. Experiments
led to the use of specifically pig organs, as pigs offer
advantages over primates for transplants because they
are easier to raise and become adult human size in
merely six months.
</span>
<br />
<br />
<span>
The American Medical Association has specific guidelines
for physicians and researchers when it comes to this
treatment. The AMA states that such professionals have
an obligation to contribute to efforts to increase the
supply of organs available for transplantation, but they
must protect the interests of patients and the welfare
of the public. The doctors and researchers need to
follow certain guidelines to protect the patients and
make sure they understand the nature of this
experimental treatment. Requirements include,
encouraging education and public discussion of
xenotransplantation because of the unique risks,
ensuring that research is well funded to ensure lifelong
surveillance of xenotransplant recipients, that
recruitment is selective to patients with serious or
life-threatening conditions, and if there is
participation by individuals who lack decision-making
capacity, important measures are taken to protect their
interests.
</span>
<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-oconclusion">
<div class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-para3">
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text40">
Sources:
</span>
<span class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-link">
<a
href="https://example.com"
target="_blank"
rel="noreferrer noopener"
>
O’Reilly, “Xenotransplantation and the AMA Code of
Medical Ethics,” American Medical Association.
</a>
<br />
<br />
<span>
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research,
“Xenotransplantation,” U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, March 3, 2021,
https://www.fda.gov/vaccin
</span>
<br />
<br />
<span>
Rabin, “In a First, Man Receives a Heart From a
Genetically Altered Pig,” The New York Times.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text47" />
<br />
<span>
Kevin B. O’Reilly, “Xenotransplantation and the AMA Code
of Medical Ethics,” American Medical Association, August
21, 2017
https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/ethics/xenotransplantation-and-ama-code-medical-ethics.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text50" />
<br />
<span>
Brandon Chase, “World’s First Genetically-Edited Pig
Kidney Transplant into Living Recipient Performed at
Massachusetts General Hospital,” Massachusetts General
Hospital.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text53" />
<br />
<span>
Javier Barbuzano, “Organoids: A New Window into Disease,
Development and Discovery,” Harvard Stem Cell Institute
(HSCI), November 7, 2017,
https://hsci.harvard.edu/organoids.
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text56" />
<br />
<span>
Simon Bramhall, “Presumed Consent for Organ Donation: A
Case Against,” National Library of Medicine, May 2011
</span>
<br />
<br />
<span>
Roni Caryn Rabin, “In a First, Man Receives a Heart From
a Genetically Altered Pig,” The New York Times, January
10, 2022,
</span>
<br />
<br />
<span>
Rabin, “In a First, Man Receives a Heart From a
Genetically Altered Pig,” The New York Times.
</span>
<br />
<br />
<span>
Brandon Chase, “World’s First Genetically-Edited Pig
Kidney Transplant into Living Recipient Performed at
Massachusetts General Hospital,” Massachusetts General
Hospital, March 21, 2024,
</span>
<br class="s24-shah-xenotransplantation-text68" />
<br />
<span>
Penn Medicine, “6 Quick Facts About Organ Donation,”
Penn Medicine, March 21, 2023,
</span>
<br />
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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