Add support for building on 24.04

[reneradoi]

Currently it's not possible to update the base image to Ubuntu 24.04 in charmcraft.yaml because building with data-platform-workflows fails when collecting the bases. Example see draft PR in Opensearch:

collect-charm-bases --directory='.' --cache='true'
  shell: /usr/bin/bash -e {0}
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/opt/pipx_bin/collect-charm-bases", line 8, in <module>
    sys.exit(charm())
  File "/opt/pipx/venvs/data-platform-workflows-cli/lib/python[3](https://github.com/canonical/opensearch-operator/actions/runs/11599188033/job/32296773434?pr=495#step:5:3).10/site-packages/data_platform_workflows_cli/craft_tools/collect_bases.py", line 112, in charm
    collect(craft.Craft.CHARM)
  File "/opt/pipx/venvs/data-platform-workflows-cli/lib/python3.10/site-packages/data_platform_workflows_cli/craft_tools/collect_bases.py", line 87, in collect
    bases_ = get_bases(craft_=craft_, yaml_data=yaml_data)
  File "/opt/pipx/venvs/data-platform-workflows-cli/lib/python3.10/site-packages/data_platform_workflows_cli/craft_tools/collect_bases.py", line [4](https://github.com/canonical/opensearch-operator/actions/runs/11599188033/job/32296773434?pr=495#step:5:5)8, in get_bases
    bases = yaml_data["bases"]
KeyError: 'bases'

This is due to the breaking changes in charmcraft.yaml syntax for 24.04 (e.g. base and platforms instead of bases). Details see here: https://juju.is/docs/sdk/charmcraft-yaml#heading--bases

[syncronize-issues-to-jira]

Thank you for reporting us your feedback!

The internal ticket has been created: https://warthogs.atlassian.net/browse/DPE-5911.

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[carlcsaposs-canonical]

Blocked by #247

cc @taurus-forever