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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="description"
content="Speech-Driven 2D Facial Animation Based on a Two-Stage Generative Framework.">
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<title>Speech-Driven 2D Facial Animation Based on a Two-Stage Generative Framework</title>
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<div class="column has-text-centered">
<h1 class="title is-1 publication-title">Speech-Driven 2D Facial Animation Based on a Two-Stage Generative Framework</h1>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#">Brayan Bernardo de Souza</a>,</span>
<span class="author-block">
<a href="#">Paula Dornhofer Paro Costa</a>,</span>
</div>
<div class="is-size-5 publication-authors">
<span class="author-block">Dept. of Computer Engineering and Automation (DCA),</span>
<br/>
<span class="author-block">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)</span>
</div>
<div class="column has-text-centered">
<div class="publication-links">
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class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark"
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class="external-link button is-normal is-rounded is-dark">
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<span>arXiv</span>
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<section class="hero teaser">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<div class="hero-body">
<!-- <video id="teaser" autoplay muted loop playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/teaser.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video> -->
<h2 class="subtitle has-text-centered">
Our framework synthesizes talking head video from speech Portuguese audio.
</h2>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="hero is-light is-small">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<div id="results-carousel" class="carousel results-carousel">
<div class="item item-steve">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_1_Fala3_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-chair-tp">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_2_Fala2_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-shiba">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_3_Fala1_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-fullbody">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_6_Fala1_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-blueshirt">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_6_Fala2_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-mask">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_9_Fala2_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-coffee">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_10_Fala2_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_3.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-toby">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_11_Fala1_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-toby">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_12_Fala3_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-toby">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_15_Fala2_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_2.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-toby">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_17_Fala1_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-toby">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_18_Fala1_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-toby">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="100%">
<source src="./static/videos/ff_epoch_compare/Em3_20_Fala1_Neutra_CarolinaHolly_2.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-justified" style="margin-top: 20px;">
<p>
Videos 1. Test dataset. Synthesized talking head video samples extracted from the test dataset. The labels 320, 640, 1280, and 2560 represent the training epochs of the framework's first stage, which utilizes a Transformer-based model. The second stage model is fixed at the optimal epoch, 120. The label 'original_keypoints' indicates the ground truth landmarks used as input for the second stage framework. The final sample, without a label, is the real video sample.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="hero is-light is-small">
<div class="hero-body">
<div class="container">
<div id="results-carousel" class="carousel results-carousel">
<div class="item item-steve exploration">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="400px">
<source src="./static/videos/exploration/Em3_speed_1.webm"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-steve exploration">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="400px">
<source src="./static/videos/exploration/Em3_woman_1.webm"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-steve exploration">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="400px">
<source src="./static/videos/exploration/Em3_woman_2.webm"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-steve exploration">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="400px">
<source src="./static/videos/exploration/Em3_english_1.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-steve exploration">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="400px">
<source src="./static/videos/exploration/Em3_english_2.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
<div class="item item-steve exploration">
<video poster="" controls playsinline height="400px">
<source src="./static/videos/exploration/Em3_man.mp4"
type="video/mp4">
</video>
</div>
</div>
<div class="content has-text-justified" style="margin-top: 20px;">
<p>
Videos 2. Exploration Test. Synthesized talking head video samples extracted from YouTube speech videos.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section">
<div class="container is-max-desktop">
<!-- Abstract. -->
<div class="columns is-centered has-text-centered">
<div class="column is-four-fifths">
<h2 class="title is-3">Abstract</h2>
<div class="content has-text-justified">
<p>
Speech-driven facial animation, a technique employing speech signals as input, aims to generate realistic and expressive talking head animations. Despite advancements in talking head synthesis methods, challenges persist in terms of achieving precise control, robust generalization, and adaptability to various scenarios and speaker characteristics. Additionally, the majority of existing approaches are primarily tailored for a restricted range of languages, with English being the predominant focus.
</p>
<p>
This work introduces a novel two-stage architecture for Brazilian Portuguese talking head generation, combining the strengths of Transformers and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). In the first stage, the transformer-based model extracts rich contextual information from the audio speech input, generating facial landmarks. In the second stage, we employ a GAN-based framework to translate the facial representations into photorealistic video frames.
</p>
<p>
This framework separates the modeling of dynamic shape variations from the realistic appearance, partially addressing the challenge of generalization.
Moreover, it becomes possible to assign multiple appearances to the same speaker by adjusting the trained weights of the second stage.
Objective metrics were used to evaluate the synthesized facial speech, showing that it closely matches the ground-truth landmarks.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<!--/ Abstract. -->
<div class="columns is-centered" style="margin-top: 20px;">
<img src="./static/images/inference_1.png" alt="Framework Inference Overview" width="90%"/>
</div>
<div class="columns is-centered" style="margin-top: 20px;">
<div>
<span>
<b>Framework Overview: Inference</b>
</span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section class="section" id="BibTeX">
<div class="container is-max-desktop content">
<h2 class="title">BibTeX</h2>
<pre><code>
@inproceedings{bernardo-costa-2024-speech,
title = "A Speech-Driven Talking Head based on a Two-Stage Generative Framework",
author = "Bernardo, Brayan and
Costa, Paula",
editor = "Gamallo, Pablo and
Claro, Daniela and
Teixeira, Ant{\'o}nio and
Real, Livy and
Garcia, Marcos and
Oliveira, Hugo Gon{\c{c}}alo and
Amaro, Raquel",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese",
month = mar,
year = "2024",
address = "Santiago de Compostela, Galicia/Spain",
publisher = "Association for Computational Lingustics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.propor-1.64",
pages = "580--586",
}
<!-- @article{park2021nerfies,
author = {Park, Keunhong and Sinha, Utkarsh and Barron, Jonathan T. and Bouaziz, Sofien and Goldman, Dan B and Seitz, Steven M. and Martin-Brualla, Ricardo},
title = {Nerfies: Deformable Neural Radiance Fields},
journal = {ICCV},
year = {2021},
} -->
</code></pre>
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Encoding settings : cpuid=1111039 / frame-threads=4 / wpp / no-pmode / no-pme / no-psnr / no-ssim / log-level=2 / input-csp=1 / input-res=256x256 / interlace=0 / total-frames=0 / level-idc=0 / high-tier=1 / uhd-bd=0 / ref=3 / no-allow-non-conformance / no-repeat-headers / annexb / no-aud / no-hrd / info / hash=0 / no-temporal-layers / open-gop / min-keyint=25 / keyint=250 / gop-lookahead=0 / bframes=4 / b-adapt=2 / b-pyramid / bframe-bias=0 / rc-lookahead=20 / lookahead-slices=0 / scenecut=40 / hist-scenecut=0 / radl=0 / no-splice / no-intra-refresh / ctu=64 / min-cu-size=8 / no-rect / no-amp / max-tu-size=32 / tu-inter-depth=1 / tu-intra-depth=1 / limit-tu=0 / rdoq-level=0 / dynamic-rd=0.00 / no-ssim-rd / signhide / no-tskip / nr-intra=0 / nr-inter=0 / no-constrained-intra / strong-intra-smoothing / max-merge=3 / limit-refs=1 / no-limit-modes / me=1 / subme=2 / merange=57 / temporal-mvp / no-frame-dup / no-hme / weightp / no-weightb / no-analyze-src-pics / deblock=0:0 / sao / no-sao-non-deblock / rd=3 / selective-sao=4 / early-skip / rskip / no-fast-intra / no-tskip-fast / no-cu-lossless / b-intra / no-splitrd-skip / rdpenalty=0 / psy-rd=2.00 / psy-rdoq=0.00 / no-rd-refine / no-lossless / cbqpoffs=0 / crqpoffs=0 / rc=crf / crf=28.0 / qcomp=0.60 / qpstep=4 / stats-write=0 / stats-read=0 / ipratio=1.40 / pbratio=1.30 / aq-mode=2 / aq-strength=1.00 / cutree / zone-count=0 / no-strict-cbr / qg-size=32 / no-rc-grain / qpmax=69 / qpmin=0 / no-const-vbv / sar=1 / overscan=0 / videoformat=5 / range=1 / colorprim=2 / transfer=2 / colormatrix=5 / chromaloc=1 / chromaloc-top=1 / chromaloc-bottom=1 / display-window=0 / cll=0,0 / min-luma=0 / max-luma=255 / log2-max-poc-lsb=8 / vui-timing-info / vui-hrd-info / slices=1 / no-opt-qp-pps / no-opt-ref-list-length-pps / no-multi-pass-opt-rps / scenecut-bias=0.05 / hist-threshold=0.03 / no-opt-cu-delta-qp / no-aq-motion / no-hdr10 / no-hdr10-opt / no-dhdr10-opt / no-idr-recovery-sei / analysis-reuse-level=0 / analysis-save-reuse-level=0 / analysis-load-reuse-level=0 / scale-factor=0 / refine-intra=0 / refine-inter=0 / refine-mv=1 / refine-ctu-distortion=0 / no-limit-sao / ctu-info=0 / no-lowpass-dct / refine-analysis-type=0 / copy-pic=1 / max-ausize-factor=1.0 / no-dynamic-refine / no-single-sei / no-hevc-aq / no-svt / no-field / qp-adaptation-range=1.00 / scenecut-aware-qp=0conformance-window-offsets / right=0 / bottom=0 / decoder-max-rate=0 / no-vbv-live-multi-pass
Color range : Full
Matrix coefficients : BT.470 System B/G
Codec configuration box : hvcC
Audio
ID : 2
Format : MPEG Audio
Format version : Version 1
Format profile : Layer 3
Format settings : Joint stereo / MS Stereo
Codec ID : mp4a-6B
Duration : 13 s 9 ms
Source duration : 13 s 32 ms
Bit rate mode : Constant
Bit rate : 192 kb/s
Channel(s) : 2 channels
Sampling rate : 48.0 kHz
Compression mode : Lossy
Stream size : 305 KiB (81%)
Source stream size : 305 KiB (81%)
Writing library : LAME3.100
Default : Yes
Alternate group : 1 -->