__ __ High Octane Triage Analysis __
|| _||______ __ __________ _____ ||
|| \||___ \__| ____/ ______/___ / ____\ ||
==||=====|| | __/ |/ \ /==| / __ \ __\===]|
'======|| | \ | | \_ _| \ ___/| | ||
||____ /__|___|__/ / | \____]| | ||
=========''====\/=========/ /==|__|=====|__|======'
\ /
\/
The Binary Refinery™ is a collection of Python scripts that implement transformations of binary data such as compression and encryption.
We will often refer to it simply by refinery, which is also the name of the corresponding package.
The scripts are designed to exclusively read input from stdin and write output to stdout.
The main philosophy is that every script should be a unit in the sense that it does one job,
and individual units can be combined into pipelines with the piping operator | on the commandline to perform more complex tasks.
The project's main focus is malware triage,
and is an attempt to implement something like CyberChef on the commandline.
Make a Python virtual environment. You need Python 3.8 or later. Install refinery like this:
pip install binary-refinery[extended]
Run units with -h to learn how they work, grep through the docs or use the command binref to find them.
Watch the latest video if you want to see it in action.
But also, read the rest of this readme.
The help text that is displayed when executing a unit with the -h or --help switch is its main documentation.
The automatically generated documentation contains a compilation of that output for each unit at the top level,
but also contains the specification for the three fundamental concepts of the toolkit:
framing, multibin arguments, and meta variables.
Full-text search of the description and help text for every unit is also available on the command line,
via the provided binref command. In recognition of the fact that reference documentation can be somewhat dry,
there is an ongoing effort to produce a series of tutorials; I very much recommend to check them out.
On top of that, I collect additional resources (including some produced by third parties) below.
Note
Refinery is still in alpha and the interface can sometimes change, i.e. units and parameters can be removed or renamed. Hence, it can happen that specific command lines from older videos and blog posts don't work any more.
- [
2021/08] OALabs was kind enough to let me demo the toolkit in a feature video. In the video, I essentially work through the contents of the first tutorial. - [
2021/11] Johannes Bader wrote an amazing blog post about analyzing malspam with binary refinery. - [
2024/03] Malware Analysis For Hedgehogs made a video about unpacking an XWorm sample using refinery. - [
2024/11] the CyberYeti had me on stream presenting refinery. Showcases again include samples from the example section below and the tutorials.
The Binary Refinery is (c) 2019 Jesko Hüttenhain, and published under a 3-Clause BSD License. This repository also contains a copy of the full license text. If you want to do something with it that's not covered by this license, please feel free to contact the author.
The refinery requires at least Python 3.8. It is recommended to install it into its own virtual environment: The package can pull in a lot of dependencies, and installing it into your global Python is somewhat prone to version conflicts. Also, since the toolkit introduces a large number of new commands, there is a good chance that some of these will clash on some systems, and keeping them in their own separate virtual environment is one way to prevent that.
If you want to have all refinery commands available in your shell at all times (i.e. without having to switch to a custom virtual environment),
you also have the option to choose a prefix for the installation,
which will be put in front of every command shim that is installed.
For example, if you choose r. as your prefix, then the emit unit will be installed as the command r.emit.
An added benefit is that you can type r. and hammer Tab twice to get a list of all available refinery commands.
Note however that no prefix is assumed in documentation and it is a development goal of refinery to not clash on most systems.
The author does not use a prefix and provides this option as a safety blanket.
The most straightforward way to install and update refinery is via pip:
pip install -U binary-refinery
If you want to choose a prefix for all units, you can specify it via the environment variable REFINERY_PREFIX.
For example, the following command will install refinery into the current Python environment with prefix r. on Linux:
REFINERY_PREFIX=r. pip install -U binary-refineryOn Windows, you would have to run the following commands:
set REFINERY_PREFIX=r.
pip install -U binary-refinerySpecifying the special prefix ! will have the effect that no shell commands are created at all,
and binary refinery will be installed only as a library.
If you want to install the current refinery HEAD, you can repeat all of the above steps, specifying this repository instead of the pip package.
For example, the following will install the very latest refinery commit:
pip install -U git+git://github.com/binref/refinery.git
Finally, if you are using REMnux, you can use their refinery docker container.
The following is a summary of how well various shell environments are currently supported:
| Shell | Platform | State | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bash | Posix | 🔵 Good | Used occasionally by the author. |
| CMD | Windows | 🔵 Good | Used extensively by the author. |
| PowerShell | Windows | 🟡 Reasonable | It just works if the PowerShell version is at least 7.4. |
| Zsh | Posix | 🟠 Minor Issues | Following a discussion, there is a fix. |
| Fish | Posix | 🟠 Minor Issues | See issue #55 and discussion #22. |
If you are using a different shell and have some feedback to share, please let me know!
There are some units that have rather heavy-weight dependencies. For example, pcap is the only unit that requires a packet capture file parsing library. These libraries are not installed by default to keep the installation time for refinery at a reasonable level for first-time users. The corresponding units will tell you what to do when their dependency is missing:
$ emit archive.7z | xt7z -l
(13:37:00) failure in xt7z: dependency py7zr is missing; run pip install py7zr
You can then install these missing dependencies manually. If you do not want to be bothered by missing dependencies and don't mind a long refinery installation, you can install the package as follows:
pip install -U binary-refinery[all]
which will install all dependencies on top of the required ones. More precisely, there are the following extra categories available:
| Name | Included Dependencies |
|---|---|
all |
all dependencies for all refinery units |
arc |
all archiving-related dependencies (i.e. 7zip support) |
default |
recommended selection of reasonable dependencies, author's choice |
display |
the packages colorama and jsbeautifier |
extended |
an extended selection, excluding only the most heavyweight ones |
formats |
all dependencies related to parsing of various file formats |
office |
subset of formats; all office-related parsing dependencies |
python |
packages related to Python decompilation |
You can specify any combination of these to the installation to have some control over trading dependencies for capabilities.
Alternatively, you can clone this repository and use the scripts update.sh (on Linux) or update.ps1 (on Windows) to install the refinery package into a local virtual environment. The installation and update process for this method is to simply run the script:
- it pulls the repository,
- activates the virtual environment,
- uninstalls
binary-refinery, - and then installs
binary-refinery[all].
You can also generate all documentation locally.
To do so, execute the run-pdoc3.py script.
This will fail unless you run it from an environment where binary refinery has been installed as a Python package.
To run it, you have to specify the path of a virtual environment as the first command line argument to run-pdoc3.py,
which will cause the script to run itself again using the interpreter of that environment.
If you are certain that you want to run run-pdoc3.py,
there is a command line switch to force the script to run with the current default Python interpreter.
The script installs the pdoc3 package and uses it to generate an HTML documentation for the refinery package.
The documentation can then be found in the subdirectory html directly next to this readme file.
The tutorials are Jupyter notebooks which you can simply run and execute if your virtual environment has Jupyter installed. It's worth pointing out that Visual Studio Code has very comfortable support for Jupyter.
The units emit and dump play a special role: The former is for outputting data while the latter is for dumping data to the clipboard or to disk. As an example, consider the following pipeline:
emit M7EwMzVzBkI3IwNTczM3cyMg2wQA | b64 | zl | hex
Here, we emit the string M7EwMzVzBkI3IwNTczM3cyMg2wQA,
base64-decode it using b64,
zlib-decompress the result using zl,
and finally hex-decode the decompressed data.
Each unit performs the "decoding" operation of a certain transformation by default, but some of them also implement the reverse operation.
If they do, this is always done by providing the command line switch -R, or --reverse.
You can produce the above base64 string using the following command because hex, zl, and b64 all provide the reverse operation:
emit "Hello World" | hex -R | zl -R | b64 -R
Given a file packed.bin containing a base64 encoded payload buffer, the following pipeline extracts said payload to payload.bin:
emit packed.bin | carve -l -t1 b64 | b64 | dump payload.bin
The carve unit can be used to carve blocks of data out of the input buffer,
in this case it looks for base64 encoded data, sorts them by length (-l) and returns the first of these (-t1),
which carves the largest base64-looking chunk of data from packed.bin.
The data is then base64-decoded and dumped to the file payload.bin.
The unit pack, will pick all numeric expressions from a text buffer and turn them into their binary representation. A simple example is the pipeline
emit "0xBA 0xAD 0xC0 0xFF 0xEE" | pack | hex -R
which will output the string BAADC0FFEE.
Extract the largest piece of base64 encoded data from a BLOB and decode it:
emit file.exe | carve -ds b64
Carve a ZIP file from a buffer, pick a DLL from it, and display information about it:
emit file.bin | carve-zip | xtzip file.dll | pemeta
List PE file sections with their corresponding SHA-256 hash:
emit file.exe | vsect [| sha256 -t | cfmt {} {path} ]]
Recursively list all files in the current directory with their respective SHA-256 hash:
ef "**" [| sha256 -t | cfmt {} {path} ]]
Extract indicators from all files recursively enumerated inside the current directory:
ef "**" [| xtp -n6 ipv4 socket url email | dedup ]]
Convert the hard-coded IP address 0xC0A80C2A in network byte order to a readable format:
emit 0xC0A80C2A | pack -EB4 | pack -R [| sep . ]
Perform a single byte XOR brute force and attempt to extract a PE file payload in every iteration:
emit file.bin | rep 0x100 [| xor v:index | carve-pe -R | peek | dump {name} ]
Extract a RemCos C2 server:
emit c0019718c4d4538452affb97c70d16b7af3e4816d059010c277c4e579075c944 \
| perc SETTINGS [| put keylen cut::1 | rc4 cut::keylen | xtp socket ]
Extract an AgentTesla configuration:
emit fb47a566911905d37bdb464a08ca66b9078f18f10411ce019e9d5ab747571b40 \
| dnfields [| aes x::32 --iv x::16 -Q ]] \
| rex -M "((??email))\n(.*)\n(.*)\n:Zone" addr={1} pass={2} host={3}
Extract the PowerShell payload from a malicious XLS macro dropper:
emit 81a1fca7a1fb97fe021a1f2cf0bf9011dd2e72a5864aad674f8fea4ef009417b [ \
| xlxtr 9.5:11.5 15.15 12.5:14.5 [ \
| scope -n 3 | chop -t 5 [| sorted -a | snip 2: | sep ] \
| pack 10 | alu --dec -sN B-S ]] \
| dump payload.ps1
And get the domains for the next stage:
emit payload.ps1
| carve -sd b64 | zl | deob-ps1
| carve -sd b64 | zl | deob-ps1
| xtp -f domain
Extract the configuration of unpacked HawkEye samples:
emit ee790d6f09c2292d457cbe92729937e06b3e21eb6b212bf2e32386ba7c2ff22c \
| put cfg perc[RCDATA]:c:: [\
| xtp guid | pbkdf2 48 rep[8]:h:00 | cca eat:cfg | aes -Q x::32 --iv x::16 ] \
| dnds
Warzone RAT:
emit 4537fab9de768a668ab4e72ae2cce3169b7af2dd36a1723ddab09c04d31d61a5 \
| vsect .bss | struct I{key:{}}{} [\
| rc4 eat:key | struct I{host:{}}{port:H} {host:u16}:{port} ]
Extract payload from a shellcode loader and carve its c2:
emit 58ba30052d249805caae0107a0e2a5a3cb85f3000ba5479fafb7767e2a5a78f3 \
| rex yara:50607080.* [| struct LL{s:L}{} | xor -B2 accu[s]:@msvc | xtp url ]
Get the malicious VBA macros from a forgotten time when this was how it was done:
emit ee103f8d64cd8fa884ff6a041db2f7aa403c502f54e26337c606044c2f205394 \
| xtvba
And then extract the malicious downloader payload:
emit ee103f8d64cd8fa884ff6a041db2f7aa403c502f54e26337c606044c2f205394 \
| doctxt | repl drp:c: | carve -s b64 | rev | b64 | rev | ppjscript
Extract payload URLs from a malicious PDF document:
emit 066aec7b106f669e587b10b3e3c6745f11f1c116f7728002f30c072bd42d6253 \
| xt JS | csd string | csd string | url | xtp url [| urlfix ]]
Extract the payload URL from an equation editor exploit document:
emit e850f3849ea82980cf23844ad3caadf73856b2d5b0c4179847d82ce4016e80ee \
| officecrypt | xt oleObject | xt native | rex Y:E9[] | vstack -a=x32 -w=200 | xtp
Assume that data is a file which was encrypted with 256-bit AES in CBC mode.
The key was derived from the secret passphrase swordfish using the PBKDF2 key derivation routine using the salt s4lty.
The IV is prefixed to the buffer as the first 16 bytes.
It can be decrypted with the following pipeline:
emit data | aes --mode cbc --iv cut::16 pbkdf2[32,s4lty]:swordfish
Here, both cut:0:16 and pbkdf2[32,s4lty]:swordfish are multibin arguments that use a special handler.
In this case, cut:0:16 extracts the slice 0:16 (i.e. the first 16 bytes) from the input data - after application of this multibin handler,
the input data has the first 16 bytes removed and the argument iv is set to these exact 16 bytes.
The final argument specifies the 32 byte encryption key:
The handler pbkdf2[32,s4lty] on the other hand instructs refinery to create an instance of the pbkdf2 unit as if it had been given the command line parameters 32 and s4lty in this order and process the byte string swordfish with this unit.
As a simple test, the following pipeline will encrypt and decrypt a sample piece of text:
emit "Once upon a time, at the foot of a great mountain ..." ^
| aes pbkdf2[32,s4lty]:swordfish --iv md5:X -R | ccp md5:X ^
| aes pbkdf2[32,s4lty]:swordfish --iv cut:0:16