Check for int64 overflow when computing uint64 diff

[fridrik01]

In #2171 we added the beacon_kit.state.payload_consensus_timestamp_diff metric for tracking the diff between the payload and consensus timestamps.

In that PR we ignored int64 overflow which this PR addresses. Here we explicitly check ahead of time if an overflow will happen and log an error if that is the case.

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 78.78788% with 7 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 26.65%. Comparing base (8ff5bd3) to head (e83e8d8).
Report is 6 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...ate-transition/pkg/core/state_processor_payload.go	50.00%	2 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️
mod/state-transition/pkg/core/metrics.go	70.00%	2 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #2181      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   26.56%   26.65%   +0.08%     
==========================================
  Files         363      363              
  Lines       16493    16520      +27     
  Branches       12       12              
==========================================
+ Hits         4382     4403      +21     
- Misses      11829    11833       +4     
- Partials      282      284       +2     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
mod/primitives/pkg/math/u64.go	100.00% <100.00%> (ø)
mod/state-transition/pkg/core/metrics.go	82.35% <70.00%> (-17.65%)	⬇️
...ate-transition/pkg/core/state_processor_payload.go	22.48% <50.00%> (+0.08%)	⬆️

[abi87]

How about instead of all of this we go though time.Duration?
Turn the timestamp into a time.Time objects and get diff as TimeA.Sub(TimeB)?

[fridrik01]

That I think would still result in us needing to deal with uint64 to int64 casting which would trigger gosec, so not any better than what's on main branch already.