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2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web.html
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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Data and the Web: Past, Present and Future</title>
<meta name="description" content="An introduction to the history, current state, and future of data on the Web"/>
<meta property="dc:description" content="An introduction to the history, current state, and future of data on the Web"/>
<meta name="author" content="Tom Heath"/>
<meta property="dc:creator" content="Tom Heath"/>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/>
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent"/>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/css/reveal.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/css/theme/sky.css" id="theme">
<!-- For syntax highlighting -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal.js/css/zenburn.css">
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="lib/js/html5shiv.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
<style type="text/css">
body #odi-presentation {
background-color: #FFFFFF;
}
#odi-presentation .logo {
border: none;
box-shadow: none;
}
#odi-presentation table {
width: 100%;
}
#odi-presentation td, #odi-presentation th {
text-align: center;
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margin: 0.8em 0 0.8em 0;
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font-family: courier;
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#odi-presentation .red-box {
border: 2px red dashed; padding: 4px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body id="odi-presentation" style="color: #FFFFFF;">
<div class="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<section id="titlepage">
<!--<h1>From Data <strong>on</strong> the Web to Data <strong>in</strong> the Web</h1>-->
<h2>Data and the Web</h2>
<h2>Past, Present and Future</h2>
<p><img class="logo" src="brand/odi-logo-lg.png" alt="ODI" style="border:none;"/> <img class="logo" src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/summer-school.png" alt="Summer School Logo" style="border:none;"/> <img class="logo" src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/yahoo.png" alt="Yahoo! Logo" style="border:none;"/></p>
<p>Dr Tom Heath · Head of Research · Open Data Institute</p>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> · <a href="https://twitter.com/handle">@tommyh</a>
<hr>
<span>
<p>Slides at <a href="http://theodi.github.io/presentations/2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web.html">http://is.gd/76Or7O</a></p>
<p style="font-size: medium">Use arrows to navigate. Press 'f' for fullscreen. Press the <code>Escape</code> key to see all slides.</p>
</span>
</section>
<section id="overview"><h2>Overview</h2><ol><li>Introduction</li><li>A History of Data on the Web</li><li>Open Data</li><li>A Web of Open Data</li><li>Conclusions and Future Directions</li></ol></section>
<section id="intro">
<h2>== Part 1 ==</h2>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
</section>
<section id="odi">
<h2>The Open Data Institute</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>founded in 2012</strong><br/>by Tim Berners-Lee and Nigel Shadbolt</li>
<li><strong>non-profit, non-partisan company</strong><br/>limited by guarantee</li>
<li>dedicated to<br/><strong>unlocking supply of and demand for open data</strong><br/><strong>communicating its value</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<!-- <section>
<h2>ODI Funding</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li class="fragment">partly funded by, but <strong>independent</strong> from, government</li>
<li class="fragment">additional income from<br/><strong>philanthropic donations,<br/>membership programme,<br/>research grants, training</strong></li>
</ul>
</section> -->
<!-- <section>
<h2>ODI Members</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>Virgin Media</strong><br/>large cable telco</li>
<li><strong>Which?</strong><br/>large consumer organisation</li>
<li>another big UK telco</li>
<li>and recently...<br/><strong>Quanta Computer</strong></li>
<li>...plus many others</li>
</ul>
</section> -->
<section>
<h2>ODI Headquarters</h2>
<h3>Tech City in East London</h3>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/lovquist_5587608199_3d50f55ab6_o-cropped.jpg"/></p>
<p style="font-size:small">photo by <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/lovquist/5587608199/">Daniel Lövquist</a>, used under license <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/deed.en">CC BY-NC 2.0</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>ODI Ethos</h2>
<p>everything in the open</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://theodi.github.io/open-development">principles</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.leftronic.com/share/g/OqF269/#jphb3p/OqF269">dashboard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/theodi/">github</a></li>
<li><a href="https://pinboard.in/u:theodi/">pinboard</a></li>
<li>#theodi on irc.freenode.net</li>
<li><a href="http://theodi.github.io/open-development/talk">more info</a></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Why I Care about<br/>Data on the Web</h2>
<p class="fragment">allowing the web to reach its full potential</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>My Job Today</h2>
<h3>Laying the Foundations</h3>
</section>
<section id="history">
<h2>== Part 2 ==</h2>
<h2>A History of Data<br/>on the Web</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Web Vision</h2>
<!-- The system must achieve a critical usefulness early on. Existing hypertext systems have had to justify themselves solely on new data. -->
<p><blockquote>If...there was an existing base of data of personnel, for example, to which new data could be linked, the value of each new piece of data would be greater.</blockquote></p>
<p class="quote-source">— <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html">http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Web Vision</h2>
<p><blockquote>In 'news' articles, for example, one could use (in the text) a standard format for a reference to another article. This would be picked out by the hypertext gateway and used to generate a link to that note.</blockquote></p>
<!-- This sort of enhancement will allow greater integration between old and new systems. -->
<p class="quote-source">— <a href="http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html">http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html</a></p>
<!--
//We should work toward a universal linked information system//
-->
</section>
<section>
<h2>What Happened Next?</h2>
<p>the document web was such a revolution,<br/>we hardly worried about the data</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data on the Web:<br/>the Early Years</h2>
<p style="margin-top:1.4em"><strong>HTML + little bit more structure</strong></p>
<p>or</p>
<p><strong>the Web as a filesystem</strong></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>More Structure</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>POSH</strong><br/>Plain Old Semantic HTML</li>
<li><strong>Microformats</strong><br/>highly granular fragments of structured markup<br/>(not to be confused with microdata)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Examples of<br/>Microformats</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>rel="license"</strong><br/>
<pre class="code">
<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"
rel="license">cc by 2.0</a>
</pre>
</li>
<li>
<strong>geo</strong><br/>
<pre class="code">
<div class="geo">GEO:
<span class="latitude">37.386013</span>,
<span class="longitude">-122.082932</span>
</div>
</pre>
</li>
<li><strong>hCard, hCalendar, hProduct, hRecipe...</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Microformats</h2>
<p><strong>drivers</strong><br/>search engine optimisation, data reuse</p>
<p><strong>limitations</strong><br/>no underlying data model, unscalable process?</p>
</section>
<!-- at the other end of the spectrum -->
<section>
<h2>Web as a Filesystem</h2>
<p><strong>examples</strong><br/>CSV files, Excel spreadsheets, Database dumps</p>
<p><strong>drivers</strong><br/>sharing data, ease of distribution</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Web as a Filesystem</h2>
<h3>Limitations</h3>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>widespread use of compression</strong></li>
<li><strong>database dumps</strong><br/>proprietary formats<br/>SQL interpreter required in the user-agent?!</li>
<li><strong>CSV / JSON / XML</strong><br/>(see later slides)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Summary</h2>
<p>the historical picture is very fragmented</p>
<p>the demand for data over the web is indeniable</p>
<p>but data has been a second class citizen of the Web</p>
<p>how do we move forward?</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Guiding Principles</h2>
<p>web data must be accessible and usable at scale</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Accessible and Usable<br/>at Scale</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li class="fragment">accessible, findable</li>
<li class="fragment">usable – legally and technically</li>
<li class="fragment"><strong>at scale!</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Overview</h2>
<ol>
<li>Introduction</li>
<li>A History of Data on the Web</li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">Open Data</li>
<li style="font-weight:bold">A Web of Open Data</li>
<li>Conclusions and Future Directions</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section id="open-data"><h2>== Part 3 ==</h2><h2>Open Data</h2></section>
<!-- <section>
<h2>Open Data Definitions</h2>
<p><blockquote>A piece of data or content is open if anyone is free to use, reuse, and redistribute it — subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and/or share-alike.</blockquote></p>
<p class="quote-source">— <a href="http://opendefinition.org/">http://opendefinition.org/</a></p>
</section> -->
<section>
<h2>Open Data Definition</h2>
<p><blockquote>Open data is information that is<br/>available for anyone to use,<br/>for any purpose,<br/>at no cost</blockquote></p>
<p class="quote-source">— <a href="http://theodi.org/guide/what-open-data">http://theodi.org/guide/what-open-data</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Open Data</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>must be explicitly licensed</strong></li>
<li><strong>the license may impose additional conditions</strong><br/>e.g. attribution, share-alike</li>
<li><strong>!= all the data on the Web</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Why Does this Matter?</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li>web pages are a finished product<br/>— <strong>data is not</strong></li>
<li>value from data is dependent on<br/><strong>further processing</strong></li>
<li><strong>clarity about terms of use is critical</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Content and<br/>Database Licensing</h2>
<h3>A Brief Primer</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Content Licensing</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>Creative Commons</strong><br/>provides a range of open content licenses</li>
<li><strong>legal basis in copyright law</strong><br/>long-established, well understood,<br/>widely supported</li>
<li><strong>predicated on the notion of creative works</strong><br/>e.g. a book, painting, film script, blog post</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Database Licensing</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>much more complicated</strong><br/>and varied across jurisdictions</p>
<li><strong>what do we mean by database?</strong><br/>structure? contents? the collection?</p>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Licensing View<br/>of Databases</h2>
<ul>
<li>structure: covered by copyright</li>
<li>contents (individual entries)</li>
<ul>
<li>creative: see previous slide</li>
<li>factual: no protection for individual facts</li>
</ul>
<li>collection: some protection in some jurisdictions</li>
</ul>
<p class="quote-source">— source: <a href="http://opendefinition.org/guide/data/">http://opendefinition.org/guide/data/</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Open Licenses for Data</h2>
<p><a href="http://opendefinition.org/licenses/">http://opendefinition.org/licenses/</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>How do Licensing Choices affect <br/>the Data Ecosystem?</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Data Ecosystem</h2>
<p><a href="http://theodi.github.io/data-ecosystem-simulation/">simulation</a></p>
<img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/data-ecosystem.png" />
</section>
</section>
<!-- <section>
<h2>Open Data in the UK</h2>
<h3>Another (Brief) History Lesson</h3>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>the dark ages</strong> public data not open by default</li>
<li><strong>2006</strong> The Guardian newspaper<br/>launches "free our data" campaign</li>
<li><strong>2007-2009</strong> significant political moves</li>
<li><strong>2010</strong> data.gov.uk launched<br/>(similar initiatives elsewhere)</li>
<li><strong>2011</strong> ODI announced</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Open Data in the UK</h2>
<h3>Another (Brief) History Lesson</h3>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>2012</strong> cultural shift towards presumption to publish; ODI official launch</li>
<li><strong>2013</strong> "open is the new normal"</li>
<li><strong>2013</strong> World Bank open procurement</li>
<li><strong>2013</strong> G8 Open Data Charter</li>
<li>still some grey clouds<br/><a href="http://addressing.me/2013/the-address-mess/">http://addressing.me/2013/the-address-mess/</a></li>
<li>sources:
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Data_in_the_United_Kingdom">wikipedia</a>,
<a href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2013/06/15/remarks-world-bank-managing-director-closing-plenary-g8-conference">worldbank.org</a>,
<a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/open-data-charter">gov.uk</a>
</ul>
</section> -->
<section>
<h2>G8 Open Data Charter</h2>
<h3>Five principles</h3>
<ul>
<li>Open Data by Default</li>
<li>Quality and Quantity</li>
<li>Useable by All</li>
<li>Releasing Data for Improved Governance</li>
<li>Releasing Data for Innovation</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>The Business of<br/>Open Data</h2>
<p><strong>is selling data your primary business?</strong></p>
<p><strong>no</strong> => open data</p>
<p><strong>yes</strong> => open data, but may need to be more selective</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Business Reasons for <br/>Open Data</h2>
<ul>
<li>driving traffic to existing channels</li>
<li>open innovation</li>
<li>data quality improvements</li>
<li>transforming your own operations</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>An Example Use Case</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/prescribinganalytics.png" alt="Prescribing Analytics screenshot"/></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Open is Necessary but not Sufficient</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Break!</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Accessible and Usable<br/>at Scale</h2>
<p class="fragment"><strike>accessible</strike>, findable</p>
<p class="fragment">usable – <strike>legally</strike> and technically</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Related Issues</h2>
<ul>
<li>is the meaning of the data clear?
<li>can the meaning be discovered?</li>
<li>is this possible at web scale?</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="linked-data">
<h2>== Part 4 ==</h2>
<h2>A Web of Open Data</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>How Webby is<br/>Web Data?</h2>
<table style="margin-top:1.4em">
<col width="25%" />
<col width="25%" />
<col width="25%" />
<col width="25%" />
<tr>
<th>format</th>
<th>open standard?</th>
<th>native<br/>links?</th>
<th>context included?</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Excel</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>by convention</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV</td>
<td>yes</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>by convention</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>JSON</td>
<td>yes</td>
<td>no</td>
<td>maybe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>XML</td>
<td>yes</td>
<td>not really</td>
<td>maybe</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Web Data Formats<br/>without Native Links</h2>
<p>...are like HTML without the anchor tag <a></p>
<p>imagine implementing a browser without it!</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Universal Data Model for the Web?</h2>
<h3>Requirements</h3>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li>able to model tabular, tree-like, and key-value data</li>
<li>links as a first-class citizen</li>
<li>able to provide context to the data</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Modelling Everything<br/>as a Graph</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/nodes-edge.svg"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Modelling Everything<br/>as a Graph</h2>
<table class="code" style="margin-top: 1.4em;">
<col width="25%" />
<col width="25%" />
<col width="25%" />
<tr>
<th>id</th>
<th>name</th>
<th><span class="red-box">affiliation</span></th>
<th>location</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1</td>
<td><span class="red-box">Tom</span></td>
<td><span class="red-box">ODI</span></td>
<td>London</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</span></td>
<td>Peter</td>
<td>Yahoo!</td>
<td>Barcelona</td>
</tr>
</table>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Modelling Everything<br/>as a Graph</h2>
<p>
<pre class="code">
{
"speakers" :
[
{
"name" : "<span class="red-box">Tom</span>",
"<span class="red-box">affiliation</span>" : "<span class="red-box">ODI</span>",
"location" : "London"
},
{
"name" : "Peter",
"affiliation" : "Yahoo!",
"location" : "Barcelona"
}
]
}</pre>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Modelling Everything<br/>as a Graph</h2>
<pre class="code">
<speakers>
<speaker>
<name><span class="red-box">Tom</span></name>
<<span class="red-box">affiliation</span>><span class="red-box">ODI</span></affiliation>
<location>London</location>
</speaker>
<speaker>
<name>Peter</name>
<affiliation>Yahoo!</affiliation>
<location>Barcelona</location>
</speaker>
</speakers></pre>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Universal Data Model for the Web?</h2>
<h3>Requirements</h3>
<ul>
<li><strike>able to model tabular, tree-like, key-value data</strike></li>
<li>links as a first-class citizen</li>
<li>able to provide context</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Links as a<br/>Second-class Citizen</h2>
<pre class="code" style="margin-top:1.8em">
| name | homepage |
| tom | http://tomheath.com/ |
</pre>
<pre class="code">
{
"name" : "tom",
"homepage" : "http://tomheath.com/"
}
</pre>
<pre class="code">
<name>Tom</name>
<homepage>http://tomheath.com/</homepage>
</pre>
<p class="fragment"><strong>what should a browser do with each of these?</strong></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>RDF: A Universal Data Model for the Web</h2>
<!-- <p>an RDF <strong>graph</strong> consists of one or more RDF <strong>triples</strong></p> -->
</section>
<section>
<h2>RDF Basics</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>a graph-based data model</strong><br/>data modelled as the connections between things</li>
<li>an RDF graph consists of one or more<br/><strong>RDF triples</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Subject, Predicate,<br/>Object</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/s-p-o.svg"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Subject, Predicate,<br/>Object</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/nodes-edge.svg"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Where's the Web?!?</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>An RDF Triple</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/triple-with-uris.svg"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>With Abbreviated URI</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/predicate-abbr.svg"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Resources vs Literals</h2>
<p><img src="2013-06-bangalore-yahoo-ss-data-and-the-web/resource-literal.svg"></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>RDF Serialisations</h2>
<ul>
<li><strong>there are many ways to serialise RDF data</strong></li>
<li>n-triples, turtle, RDFa, RDF/XML, (JSON-LD)</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>n-triples</h2>
<p>
<pre class="code">
<http://tomheath.com/id/me> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> .
<http://tomheath.com/id/me> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/homepage> <http://tomheath.com/> .
<http://tomheath.com/id/me> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Tom Heath" .
</pre>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>turtle</h2>
<p>
<pre class="code">
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
<http://tomheath.com/id/me>
rdf:type foaf:Person ;
foaf:homepage <http://tomheath.com/> ;
foaf:name "Tom Heath" .
</pre>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>RDF<span style="text-transform:lowercase">a</span></h2>
<p>
<pre class="code">
<div xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#"
xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"
<div class="description" about="http://tomheath.com/id/me" typeof="foaf:Person">
<div rel="foaf:homepage" resource="http://tomheath.com/"/>
<div property="foaf:name" content="Tom Heath"/>
</div>
</div>
</pre>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>RDF/XML</h2>
<p>
<pre class="code">
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/">
<rdf:Description rdf:about="http://tomheath.com/id/me">
<rdf:type rdf:resource="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person"/>
<foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://tomheath.com/"/>
<foaf:name>Tom Heath</foaf:name>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</pre>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Linked Data Principles</h2>
<h3>Data in the Web!</h3>
<ol>
<li>Use URIs as names for things</li>
<li>Use HTTP URIs so people can look up those names</li>
<li>When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information</li>
<li>Include links to other URIs, so they can discover more things</li>
</ol>
<p class="quote-source"><a href="http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html">http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html</a></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Outgoing Links</h2>
<p>
<pre class="code">
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> .
<http://tomheath.com/id/me>
rdf:type foaf:Person ;
foaf:homepage <http://tomheath.com/> ;
foaf:name "Tom Heath" ;
foaf:based_near <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Old_Street_Roundabout> .
</pre>
</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data Modelling</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>Vocabularies</strong><br/>RDF Schema</li>
<li><strong>Ontologies</strong><br/>OWL</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>schema.org vs<br/>a web of vocabularies</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Linked Data Provides</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li>context – meaning, provenance, etc</li>
<li>a data discovery mechanism</li>
<li>painless data merging</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>A Universal Data Model for the Web?</h2>
<h3>Requirements</h3>
<ul>
<li><strike>able to model tabular, tree-like, key-value data</strike></li>
<li><strike>links as a first-class citizen</strike></li>
<li><strike>able to provide context</strike></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Distributed Data<br/>Management</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li>reduces duplication of effort</li>
<li>provides authority, traceability</li>
<li>enables all the other things<br/>that make the Web powerful</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>(Don't get too hung up<br/>on applications)</h3>
</section>
<section id="future">
<h2>== Part 5 ==</h2>
<h2>Future Directions and Research Challenges</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Web of Data Outlook</h2>
<h3>What Happens Next?</h3>
<ul>
<li><em>always</em> debate about the technology stack</li>
<li>but the trends are indisputable</li>
<li>this is the best technology stack available</li>
<li>still evolving</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Research Challenges</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data Discovery</h2>
<p><strong>appropriate granularity?</strong></p>
<p><strong>meaningful definitions of collections?</strong><br/>(theoretical and practical)</p>
<p><strong>prioritising discovery?</strong></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Data Comprehension</h2>
<p><strong>profiling</strong></p>
<p><strong>summarisation</strong></p>
<p><strong>indexing</strong></p>
<p><strong>ranking</strong></p>
<p><strong>cognitive architecture?</strong></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Automated Data Linking</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>pay-as-you-go data integration</strong></li>
<li><strong>natural limits on degree of interlinking?</strong></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Miscellaneous</h2>
<ul class="centred-list">
<li><strong>tabular and statistical data in the graph?</strong></li>
<li><strong>what role for sparql?</strong></li>
<li><strong>what place for reasoning?</strong></li>
<li><strong>expressing licenses</strong></li>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Questions?</h3><br>
<p>Dr Tom Heath · Open Data Institute</p>
<img class="logo" src="brand/odi-logo-lg.png" alt="ODI" style="border:none;"><br>
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a> · <a href="http://twitter.com/tommyh">@tommyh</a>
</section>
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