README.md

An Interpreter for the Monkey Programming Language

An interpreter written in Rust for the monkey programming language described in the book "Writing An Interpreter In Go" (https://interpreterbook.com).

Installation

You can try the interpreter in most modern web-browsers that support web assembly at https://arjan-bal.github.io/monkey-interpreter-wasm.

Alternatively, to build and run the interpreter locally, install the rust compiler and build tool by following instruction on the official website. Then from the root of the cloned project run the following:

cd ./rust-interpreter
cargo run

Running unit tests

From the root of the repository run the following commands:

cd ./rust-interpreter
cargo test

Monkey Syntax

Here the main features of the monkey programming language with examples. Monkey is whitespace insensitive.

Variables

Monkey is a dynamically typed language. Variables in Monkey are immutable. To override the values, you need to declare a variable with the same name. Monkey supports the following data types:

• Booleans: Eg: let valid = true;
• Integers: Integers are 64 bit and signed. Eg: let a = 10; let b = -23;
• Strings: Eg: let myName = "Arjan";
• Functions: Yes, functions can be stored in variables and passed as parameters to other functions! Look at the section on function below. Eg: let add1 = fn (x) { x + 1; };
• Arrays: Arrays store a list of other variables. Eg: let arr = ["dog", 1, fn (x) { x + 1; }, false]; let a0 = arr[0];
• Hashes: Also known as hashmaps or dictionaries in other languages. They allow only strings, booleans and integers as keys. The values can be any variable. Eg: let person = { "name": "jake", "score": 12, yes: no, 2: 5 }; let candidateName = person["name"];
• null: This represents values that don't exist. Eg: let arr = [1, 2]; let a = arr[100]; Here a will be null.

Conditionals

If/else statements can be written as follows:

let score = 49;
let pass_marks = 51;
let result = if (score > pass_marks) {
  "pass"
} else {
  "fail"
};

Functions

Functions can take a fixed number of expressions/variables as parameters and return a single value using the return keyword. Eg:

let add = fn (a, b) {
  return a + b;
}

let sum = add(2, 2);
let message = add("hello ", "world");

If functions don't have an explicit return statement, the result of the last statement is returned as the implicit return values. Eg, the same add function can be written as:

let add = fn (a, b) {
  a + b;
};

or

let add = fn (a, b) {
  a + b
};

Closures

Functions can capture values in the enclosing scope. Eg:

let multiplier = fn (k) {
  return fn (val) {
    val * k
  }
};

let double = multiplier(2);
let four = double(2);

The value returned by the last statement is 10.

let a = 4;
let return_a = fn () {
  a
};
let a = 10;
return_a();

Higher order functions

In Monkey, we can pass functions as arguments to other functions.

let values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let predicate = fn (x) {
  x < 3
};

let filter_predicate = fn (predicate) {
  let filter = fn (arr, result, index) {
    let new_result = result;
    if (len(arr) < index + 1) {
      return new_result;
    }
    if (predicate(arr[index])) {
      let new_result = push(new_result, arr[index]);
    }
    filter(arr, new_result, index + 1)
  };
  filter
}
filter_predicate(predicate)(values, [], 0);

The value of the last statement is [1, 2] since those are the only elements that satisfy the predicate.

Here's another example that implements the map function for arrays using some builtin functions that are described later.

let map = fn(arr, f) {
  let iter = fn(arr, accumulated) {
    if (len(arr) == 0) {
      accumulated
    } else {
      iter(rest(arr), push(accumulated, f(first(arr))));
    }
  };
  iter(arr, []);
};

let a = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let double = fn(x) { x * 2 };
map(a, double);

The value of the last line is [2, 4, 6, 8].

Here's an implementation for a reduce function.

let reduce = fn(arr, initial, f) {
  let iter = fn(arr, result) {
    if (len(arr) == 0) {
      result
    } else {
      iter(rest(arr), f(result, first(arr)));
    }
  };
  iter(arr, initial);
};

let sum = fn(arr) {
  reduce(arr, 0, fn(initial, el) { initial + el });
};

sum([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);

The result of the list line is 15.

Builtin functions

Monkey has the following builtin functions:

• len(x): This takes a string or an array as a argument and returns its length. Eg: let size = len([1, true, false]); let size = len("abc");
• first: Returns the first element of an array. Eg: let one = first([1, 2, 3]);
• last(arr): Returns the last element of an array. Eg: let three = last([1, 2, 3]);
• rest(arr): Returns a sub-array that contains all the elements except the first. Eg: let arr1 = rest([1, 2, 3]); let arr2 = [2, 3];. Both arr1 and arr2 has the same values.
• push(arr, x): Returns an array with a new values added to the original array. Note that this doesn't change the original array, but returns an entirely new array. Eg: let arr = push([1, 2], 3);. The array would have the value [1, 2, 3].