lodash.js

/**
 * @license
 * Lo-Dash 2.2.1 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
 * Build: `lodash underscore exports="amd,commonjs,global,node" -o ./dist/lodash.underscore.js`
 * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
 * Based on Underscore.js 1.5.2 <http://underscorejs.org/LICENSE>
 * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud and Investigative Reporters & Editors
 * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
 */
;(function() {

  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
  var undefined;

  /** Used to generate unique IDs */
  var idCounter = 0;

  /** Used internally to indicate various things */
  var indicatorObject = {};

  /** Used to prefix keys to avoid issues with `__proto__` and properties on `Object.prototype` */
  var keyPrefix = +new Date + '';

  /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
  var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;

  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;

  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;

  /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
  var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
      arrayClass = '[object Array]',
      boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
      dateClass = '[object Date]',
      funcClass = '[object Function]',
      numberClass = '[object Number]',
      objectClass = '[object Object]',
      regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
      stringClass = '[object String]';

  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
  var objectTypes = {
    'boolean': false,
    'function': true,
    'object': true,
    'number': false,
    'string': false,
    'undefined': false
  };

  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
  var stringEscapes = {
    '\\': '\\',
    "'": "'",
    '\n': 'n',
    '\r': 'r',
    '\t': 't',
    '\u2028': 'u2028',
    '\u2029': 'u2029'
  };

  /** Used as a reference to the global object */
  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;

  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;

  /** Detect free variable `module` */
  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;

  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports` */
  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;

  /** Detect free variable `global` from Node.js or Browserified code and use it as `root` */
  var freeGlobal = objectTypes[typeof global] && global;
  if (freeGlobal && (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal)) {
    root = freeGlobal;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.indexOf` without support for binary searches
   * or `fromIndex` constraints.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
   * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
   */
  function baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
    var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
        length = array ? array.length : 0;

    while (++index < length) {
      if (array[index] === value) {
        return index;
      }
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` elements, stable sorting
   * them in ascending order.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
   * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
   * @returns {number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
   */
  function compareAscending(a, b) {
    var ac = a.criteria,
        bc = b.criteria;

    // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
    if (ac !== bc) {
      if (ac > bc || typeof ac == 'undefined') {
        return 1;
      }
      if (ac < bc || typeof bc == 'undefined') {
        return -1;
      }
    }
    // The JS engine embedded in Adobe applications like InDesign has a buggy
    // `Array#sort` implementation that causes it, under certain circumstances,
    // to return the same value for `a` and `b`.
    // See https://github.com/jashkenas/underscore/pull/1247
    return a.index - b.index;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
   * string literals.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} match The matched character to escape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
   */
  function escapeStringChar(match) {
    return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
  }

  /**
   * A no-operation function.
   *
   * @private
   */
  function noop() {
    // no operation performed
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Used for `Array` method references.
   *
   * Normally `Array.prototype` would suffice, however, using an array literal
   * avoids issues in Narwhal.
   */
  var arrayRef = [];

  /** Used for native method references */
  var objectProto = Object.prototype;

  /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
  var oldDash = root._;

  /** Used to detect if a method is native */
  var reNative = RegExp('^' +
    String(objectProto.valueOf)
      .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
      .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
  );

  /** Native method shortcuts */
  var ceil = Math.ceil,
      floor = Math.floor,
      hasOwnProperty = objectProto.hasOwnProperty,
      now = reNative.test(now = Date.now) && now || function() { return +new Date; },
      push = arrayRef.push,
      toString = objectProto.toString,
      unshift = arrayRef.unshift;

  /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
  var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = toString.bind) && nativeBind,
      nativeCreate = reNative.test(nativeCreate = Object.create) && nativeCreate,
      nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
      nativeIsFinite = root.isFinite,
      nativeIsNaN = root.isNaN,
      nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
      nativeMax = Math.max,
      nativeMin = Math.min,
      nativeRandom = Math.random,
      nativeSlice = arrayRef.slice;

  /** Detect various environments */
  var isIeOpera = reNative.test(root.attachEvent),
      isV8 = nativeBind && !/\n|true/.test(nativeBind + isIeOpera);

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Creates a `lodash` object which wraps the given value to enable intuitive
   * method chaining.
   *
   * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
   * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
   * and `unshift`
   *
   * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
   * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
   *
   * The chainable wrapper functions are:
   * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
   * `compose`, `concat`, `countBy`, `createCallback`, `curry`, `debounce`,
   * `defaults`, `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`, `flatten`, `forEach`,
   * `forEachRight`, `forIn`, `forInRight`, `forOwn`, `forOwnRight`, `functions`,
   * `groupBy`, `indexBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`, `invoke`, `keys`,
   * `map`, `max`, `memoize`, `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`, `once`, `pairs`,
   * `partial`, `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `pull`, `push`, `range`, `reject`,
   * `remove`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`,
   * `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `transform`, `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`,
   * `unzip`, `values`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`, and `zip`
   *
   * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
   * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `findIndex`,
   * `findKey`, `findLast`, `findLastIndex`, `findLastKey`, `has`, `identity`,
   * `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`, `isElement`,
   * `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`, `isNull`, `isNumber`,
   * `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`, `isUndefined`, `join`,
   * `lastIndexOf`, `mixin`, `noConflict`, `parseInt`, `pop`, `random`, `reduce`,
   * `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`, `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`,
   * `template`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
   *
   * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
   * provided, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
   *
   * Explicit chaining can be enabled by using the `_.chain` method.
   *
   * @name _
   * @constructor
   * @category Chaining
   * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
   * @example
   *
   * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
   *
   * // returns an unwrapped value
   * wrapped.reduce(function(sum, num) {
   *   return sum + num;
   * });
   * // => 6
   *
   * // returns a wrapped value
   * var squares = wrapped.map(function(num) {
   *   return num * num;
   * });
   *
   * _.isArray(squares);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isArray(squares.value());
   * // => true
   */
  function lodash(value) {
    return (value instanceof lodash)
      ? value
      : new lodashWrapper(value);
  }

  /**
   * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {*} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
   * @param {boolean} chainAll A flag to enable chaining for all methods
   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
   */
  function lodashWrapper(value, chainAll) {
    this.__chain__ = !!chainAll;
    this.__wrapped__ = value;
  }
  // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
  lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;

  /**
   * An object used to flag environments features.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Object
   */
  var support = {};

  (function() {
    var object = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 };

    /**
     * Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8).
     *
     * @memberOf _.support
     * @type boolean
     */
    support.fastBind = nativeBind && !isV8;

    /**
     * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects correctly.
     *
     * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
     * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
     * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
     * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
     * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
     *
     * @memberOf _.support
     * @type boolean
     */
    support.spliceObjects = (arrayRef.splice.call(object, 0, 1), !object[0]);
  }(1));

  /**
   * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
   * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
   * delimiters.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Object
   */
  lodash.templateSettings = {

    /**
     * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type RegExp
     */
    'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

    /**
     * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type RegExp
     */
    'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

    /**
     * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type RegExp
     */
    'interpolate': reInterpolate,

    /**
     * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type string
     */
    'variable': ''
  };

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.createCallback` without support for creating
   * "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callbacks.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {*} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
   * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
   * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
   */
  function baseCreateCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
    if (typeof func != 'function') {
      return identity;
    }
    // exit early if there is no `thisArg`
    if (typeof thisArg == 'undefined') {
      return func;
    }
    switch (argCount) {
      case 1: return function(value) {
        return func.call(thisArg, value);
      };
      case 2: return function(a, b) {
        return func.call(thisArg, a, b);
      };
      case 3: return function(value, index, collection) {
        return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
      };
      case 4: return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
        return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
      };
    }
    return bind(func, thisArg);
  }

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.flatten` without support for callback
   * shorthands or `thisArg` binding.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
   * @param {boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to restrict flattening to a single level.
   * @param {boolean} [isArgArrays=false] A flag to restrict flattening to arrays and `arguments` objects.
   * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to start from.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
   */
  function baseFlatten(array, isShallow, isArgArrays, fromIndex) {
    var index = (fromIndex || 0) - 1,
        length = array ? array.length : 0,
        result = [];

    while (++index < length) {
      var value = array[index];

      if (value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number'
          && (isArray(value) || isArguments(value))) {
        // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
        if (!isShallow) {
          value = baseFlatten(value, isShallow, isArgArrays);
        }
        var valIndex = -1,
            valLength = value.length,
            resIndex = result.length;

        result.length += valLength;
        while (++valIndex < valLength) {
          result[resIndex++] = value[valIndex];
        }
      } else if (!isArgArrays) {
        result.push(value);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.isEqual`, without support for `thisArg` binding,
   * that allows partial "_.where" style comparisons.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {*} a The value to compare.
   * @param {*} b The other value to compare.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
   * @param {Function} [isWhere=false] A flag to indicate performing partial comparisons.
   * @param {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `a` objects.
   * @param {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `b` objects.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
   */
  function baseIsEqual(a, b, stackA, stackB) {
    if (a === b) {
      return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
    }
    var type = typeof a,
        otherType = typeof b;

    if (a === a &&
        !(a && objectTypes[type]) &&
        !(b && objectTypes[otherType])) {
      return false;
    }
    if (a == null || b == null) {
      return a === b;
    }
    var className = toString.call(a),
        otherClass = toString.call(b);

    if (className != otherClass) {
      return false;
    }
    switch (className) {
      case boolClass:
      case dateClass:
        return +a == +b;

      case numberClass:
        return a != +a
          ? b != +b
          : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);

      case regexpClass:
      case stringClass:
        return a == String(b);
    }
    var isArr = className == arrayClass;
    if (!isArr) {
      if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, '__wrapped__ ') || b instanceof lodash) {
        return baseIsEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b, stackA, stackB);
      }
      if (className != objectClass) {
        return false;
      }
      var ctorA = a.constructor,
          ctorB = b.constructor;

      if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
            isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
            isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
          )) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    stackA || (stackA = []);
    stackB || (stackB = []);

    var length = stackA.length;
    while (length--) {
      if (stackA[length] == a) {
        return stackB[length] == b;
      }
    }
    var result = true,
        size = 0;

    stackA.push(a);
    stackB.push(b);

    if (isArr) {
      size = b.length;
      result = size == a.length;

      if (result) {
        while (size--) {
          if (!(result = baseIsEqual(a[size], b[size], stackA, stackB))) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      return result;
    }
    forIn(b, function(value, key, b) {
      if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
        size++;
        return !(result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && baseIsEqual(a[key], value, stackA, stackB)) && indicatorObject;
      }
    });

    if (result) {
      forIn(a, function(value, key, a) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
          return !(result = --size > -1) && indicatorObject;
        }
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * The base implementation of `_.uniq` without support for callback shorthands
   * or `thisArg` binding.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
   * @param {boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that `array` is sorted.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function called per iteration.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
   */
  function baseUniq(array, isSorted, callback) {
    var index = -1,
        indexOf = getIndexOf(),
        length = array ? array.length : 0,
        result = [],
        seen = callback ? [] : result;

    while (++index < length) {
      var value = array[index],
          computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;

      if (isSorted
            ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
            : indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
          ) {
        if (callback) {
          seen.push(computed);
        }
        result.push(value);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that aggregates a collection, creating an object composed
   * of keys generated from the results of running each element of the collection
   * through a callback. The given `setter` function sets the keys and values
   * of the composed object.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Function} setter The setter function.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new aggregator function.
   */
  function createAggregator(setter) {
    return function(collection, callback, thisArg) {
      var result = {};
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

      var index = -1,
          length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

      if (typeof length == 'number') {
        while (++index < length) {
          var value = collection[index];
          setter(result, value, callback(value, index, collection), collection);
        }
      } else {
        forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
          setter(result, value, callback(value, key, collection), collection);
        });
      }
      return result;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that, when called, either curries or invokes `func`
   * with an optional `this` binding and partially applied arguments.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Function|string} func The function or method name to reference.
   * @param {number} bitmask The bitmask of method flags to compose.
   *  The bitmask may be composed of the following flags:
   *  1 - `_.bind`
   *  2 - `_.bindKey`
   *  4 - `_.curry`
   *  8 - `_.curry` (bound)
   *  16 - `_.partial`
   *  32 - `_.partialRight`
   * @param {Array} [partialArgs] An array of arguments to prepend to those
   *  provided to the new function.
   * @param {Array} [partialRightArgs] An array of arguments to append to those
   *  provided to the new function.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
   * @param {number} [arity] The arity of `func`.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
   */
  function createBound(func, bitmask, partialArgs, partialRightArgs, thisArg, arity) {
    var isBind = bitmask & 1,
        isBindKey = bitmask & 2,
        isCurry = bitmask & 4,
        isCurryBound = bitmask & 8,
        isPartial = bitmask & 16,
        isPartialRight = bitmask & 32,
        key = func;

    if (!isBindKey && !isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    if (isPartial && !partialArgs.length) {
      bitmask &= ~16;
      isPartial = partialArgs = false;
    }
    if (isPartialRight && !partialRightArgs.length) {
      bitmask &= ~32;
      isPartialRight = partialRightArgs = false;
    }
    // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
    // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
    if (isBind && !(isBindKey || isCurry || isPartialRight) &&
        (support.fastBind || (nativeBind && isPartial))) {
      if (isPartial) {
        var args = [thisArg];
        push.apply(args, partialArgs);
      }
      var bound = isPartial
        ? nativeBind.apply(func, args)
        : nativeBind.call(func, thisArg);
    }
    else {
      bound = function() {
        // `Function#bind` spec
        // http://es5.github.io/#x15.3.4.5
        var args = arguments,
            thisBinding = isBind ? thisArg : this;

        if (isCurry || isPartial || isPartialRight) {
          args = nativeSlice.call(args);
          if (isPartial) {
            unshift.apply(args, partialArgs);
          }
          if (isPartialRight) {
            push.apply(args, partialRightArgs);
          }
          if (isCurry && args.length < arity) {
            bitmask |= 16 & ~32;
            return createBound(func, (isCurryBound ? bitmask : bitmask & ~3), args, null, thisArg, arity);
          }
        }
        if (isBindKey) {
          func = thisBinding[key];
        }
        if (this instanceof bound) {
          // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
          thisBinding = createObject(func.prototype);

          // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
          // http://es5.github.io/#x13.2.2
          var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
          return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
        }
        return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
      };
    }
    return bound;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a new object with the specified `prototype`.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Object} prototype The prototype object.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the new object.
   */
  function createObject(prototype) {
    return isObject(prototype) ? nativeCreate(prototype) : {};
  }
  // fallback for browsers without `Object.create`
  if (!nativeCreate) {
    createObject = function(prototype) {
      if (isObject(prototype)) {
        noop.prototype = prototype;
        var result = new noop;
        noop.prototype = null;
      }
      return result || {};
    };
  }

  /**
   * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} match The matched character to escape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped character.
   */
  function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
    return htmlEscapes[match];
  }

  /**
   * Gets the appropriate "indexOf" function. If the `_.indexOf` method is
   * customized, this method returns the custom method, otherwise it returns
   * the `baseIndexOf` function.
   *
   * @private
   * @returns {Function} Returns the "indexOf" function.
   */
  function getIndexOf() {
    var result = (result = lodash.indexOf) === indexOf ? baseIndexOf : result;
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {string} match The matched character to unescape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped character.
   */
  function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
    return htmlUnescapes[match];
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => false
   */
  function isArguments(value) {
    return value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
      toString.call(value) == argsClass || false;
  }
  // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
  if (!isArguments(arguments)) {
    isArguments = function(value) {
      return value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
        hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') || false;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is an array.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => true
   */
  var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
    return value && typeof value == 'object' && typeof value.length == 'number' &&
      toString.call(value) == arrayClass || false;
  };

  /**
   * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` which produces an array of the
   * given object's own enumerable property names.
   *
   * @private
   * @type Function
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property names.
   */
  var shimKeys = function(object) {
    var index, iterable = object, result = [];
    if (!iterable) return result;
    if (!(objectTypes[typeof object])) return result;
      for (index in iterable) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {
          result.push(index);
        }
      }
    return result
  };

  /**
   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of an object.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property names.
   * @example
   *
   * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
   * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   */
  var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
    if (!isObject(object)) {
      return [];
    }
    return nativeKeys(object);
  };

  /**
   * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
   *
   * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
   * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
   * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
   * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
   */
  var htmlEscapes = {
    '&': '&amp;',
    '<': '&lt;',
    '>': '&gt;',
    '"': '&quot;',
    "'": '&#x27;'
  };

  /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
  var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);

  /** Used to match HTML entities and HTML characters */
  var reEscapedHtml = RegExp('(' + keys(htmlUnescapes).join('|') + ')', 'g'),
      reUnescapedHtml = RegExp('[' + keys(htmlEscapes).join('') + ']', 'g');

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
   * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
   * sources. If a callback is provided it will be executed to produce the
   * assigned values. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with two
   * arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @alias extend
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
   * @param {...Object} [source] The source objects.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
   * @example
   *
   * _.assign({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
   *
   * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
   *   return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
   * });
   *
   * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
   * defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
   */
  function assign(object) {
    if (!object) {
      return object;
    }
    for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
      var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
      if (iterable) {
        for (var key in iterable) {
          object[key] = iterable[key];
        }
      }
    }
    return object;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true` nested objects will also
   * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a callback
   * is provided it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If the
   * callback returns `undefined` cloning will be handled by the method instead.
   * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to clone.
   * @param {boolean} [deep=false] Specify a deep clone.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the cloned value.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
   * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
   * // => true
   *
   * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
   * deep[0] === stooges[0];
   * // => false
   *
   * _.mixin({
   *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
   *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
   *   })
   * });
   *
   * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
   * clone.childNodes.length;
   * // => 0
   */
  function clone(value) {
    return isObject(value)
      ? (isArray(value) ? nativeSlice.call(value) : assign({}, value))
      : value;
  }

  /**
   * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
   * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
   * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
   * @param {...Object} [source] The source objects.
   * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with `_.reduce` without using its
   *  `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
   * @example
   *
   * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
   * _.defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
   */
  function defaults(object) {
    if (!object) {
      return object;
    }
    for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
      var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
      if (iterable) {
        for (var key in iterable) {
          if (typeof object[key] == 'undefined') {
            object[key] = iterable[key];
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return object;
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over own and inherited enumerable properties of an object,
   * executing the callback for each property. The callback is bound to `thisArg`
   * and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit
   * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
   * @example
   *
   * function Dog(name) {
   *   this.name = name;
   * }
   *
   * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
   *   console.log('Woof, woof!');
   * };
   *
   * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
   *   console.log(key);
   * });
   * // => logs 'bark' and 'name' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   */
  var forIn = function(collection, callback) {
    var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
    if (!iterable) return result;
    if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
      for (index in iterable) {
        if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;
      }
    return result
  };

  /**
   * Iterates over own enumerable properties of an object, executing the callback
   * for each property. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by
   * explicitly returning `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
   *   console.log(key);
   * });
   * // => logs '0', '1', and 'length' (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   */
  var forOwn = function(collection, callback) {
    var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
    if (!iterable) return result;
    if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
      for (index in iterable) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {
          if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;
        }
      }
    return result
  };

  /**
   * Creates a sorted array of property names of all enumerable properties,
   * own and inherited, of `object` that have function values.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias methods
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property names that have function values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.functions(_);
   * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
   */
  function functions(object) {
    var result = [];
    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
      if (isFunction(value)) {
        result.push(key);
      }
    });
    return result.sort();
  }

  /**
   * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
   * instead of an inherited property.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to check.
   * @param {string} property The property to check for.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
   * // => true
   */
  function has(object, property) {
    return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given object.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
   * @example
   *
   *  _.invert({ 'first': 'moe', 'second': 'larry' });
   * // => { 'moe': 'first', 'larry': 'second' }
   */
  function invert(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = keys(object),
        length = props.length,
        result = {};

    while (++index < length) {
      var key = props[index];
      result[object[key]] = key;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isBoolean(null);
   * // => false
   */
  function isBoolean(value) {
    return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a date.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isDate(new Date);
   * // => true
   */
  function isDate(value) {
    return value ? (typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == dateClass) : false;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isElement(document.body);
   * // => true
   */
  function isElement(value) {
    return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
   * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
   * "empty".
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Array|Object|string} value The value to inspect.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isEmpty({});
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isEmpty('');
   * // => true
   */
  function isEmpty(value) {
    if (!value) {
      return true;
    }
    if (isArray(value) || isString(value)) {
      return !value.length;
    }
    for (var key in value) {
      if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
   * equivalent to each other. If a callback is provided it will be executed
   * to compare values. If the callback returns `undefined` comparisons will
   * be handled by the method instead. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
   * invoked with two arguments; (a, b).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} a The value to compare.
   * @param {*} b The other value to compare.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
   * var copy = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
   *
   * moe == copy;
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isEqual(moe, copy);
   * // => true
   *
   * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
   * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
   *
   * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
   *   var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
   *       aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
   *       bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
   *
   *   return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
   * });
   * // => true
   */
  function isEqual(a, b) {
    return baseIsEqual(a, b);
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
   *
   * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite` which will return true for
   * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.5.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isFinite(-101);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isFinite('10');
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isFinite(true);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isFinite('');
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isFinite(Infinity);
   * // => false
   */
  function isFinite(value) {
    return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isFunction(_);
   * // => true
   */
  function isFunction(value) {
    return typeof value == 'function';
  }
  // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
  if (isFunction(/x/)) {
    isFunction = function(value) {
      return typeof value == 'function' && toString.call(value) == funcClass;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
   * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isObject({});
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isObject(1);
   * // => false
   */
  function isObject(value) {
    // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
    // http://es5.github.io/#x8
    // and avoid a V8 bug
    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
    return !!(value && objectTypes[typeof value]);
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
   *
   * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN` which will return `true` for
   * `undefined` and other non-numeric values. See http://es5.github.io/#x15.1.2.4.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isNaN(NaN);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
   * // => true
   *
   * isNaN(undefined);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isNaN(undefined);
   * // => false
   */
  function isNaN(value) {
    // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
    // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
    return isNumber(value) && value != +value;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is `null`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isNull(null);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isNull(undefined);
   * // => false
   */
  function isNull(value) {
    return value === null;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a number.
   *
   * Note: `NaN` is considered a number. See http://es5.github.io/#x8.5.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
   * // => true
   */
  function isNumber(value) {
    return typeof value == 'number' || toString.call(value) == numberClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
   * // => true
   */
  function isRegExp(value) {
    return (value && objectTypes[typeof value]) ? toString.call(value) == regexpClass : false;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a string.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isString('moe');
   * // => true
   */
  function isString(value) {
    return typeof value == 'string' || toString.call(value) == stringClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {*} value The value to check.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isUndefined(void 0);
   * // => true
   */
  function isUndefined(value) {
    return typeof value == 'undefined';
  }

  /**
   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
   * property names. If a callback is provided it will be executed for each
   * property of `object` omitting the properties the callback returns truey
   * for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
   * (value, key, object).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The source object.
   * @param {Function|...string|string[]} [callback] The properties to omit or the
   *  function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
   * @example
   *
   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   *
   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
   *   return typeof value == 'number';
   * });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   */
  function omit(object) {
    var indexOf = getIndexOf(),
        props = baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1),
        result = {};

    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
      if (indexOf(props, key) < 0) {
        result[key] = value;
      }
    });
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a two dimensional array of an object's key-value pairs,
   * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
   * @example
   *
   * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 });
   * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40]] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   */
  function pairs(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = keys(object),
        length = props.length,
        result = Array(length);

    while (++index < length) {
      var key = props[index];
      result[index] = [key, object[key]];
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
   * property names. If a callback is provided it will be executed for each
   * property of `object` picking the properties the callback returns truey
   * for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
   * (value, key, object).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The source object.
   * @param {Function|...string|string[]} [callback] The function called per
   *  iteration or property names to pick, specified as individual property
   *  names or arrays of property names.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
   * @example
   *
   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, 'name');
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   *
   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, function(value, key) {
   *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
   * });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   */
  function pick(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1),
        length = props.length,
        result = {};

    while (++index < length) {
      var prop = props[index];
      if (prop in object) {
        result[prop] = object[prop];
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of property values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
   * // => [1, 2, 3] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   */
  function values(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = keys(object),
        length = props.length,
        result = Array(length);

    while (++index < length) {
      result[index] = object[props[index]];
    }
    return result;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Checks if a given value is present in a collection using strict equality
   * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used as the
   * offset from the end of the collection.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias include
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {*} target The value to check for.
   * @param {number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
   * // => true
   *
   * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
   * // => true
   */
  function contains(collection, target) {
    var indexOf = getIndexOf(),
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
        result = false;
    if (length && typeof length == 'number') {
      result = indexOf(collection, target) > -1;
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value) {
        return (result = value === target) && indicatorObject;
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
   * each element of `collection` through the callback. The corresponding value
   * of each key is the number of times the key was returned by the callback.
   * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
   * (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
   * @example
   *
   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
   *
   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
   *
   * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
   * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
   */
  var countBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
    (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
  });

  /**
   * Checks if the given callback returns truey value for **all** elements of
   * a collection. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias all
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if all elements passed the callback check,
   *  else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
   * // => false
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.every(stooges, 'age');
   * // => true
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.every(stooges, { 'age': 50 });
   * // => false
   */
  function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var result = true;
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
          break;
        }
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        return !(result = !!callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over elements of a collection, returning an array of all elements
   * the callback returns truey for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
   * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias select
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
   * @example
   *
   * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
   * // => [2, 4, 6]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.filter(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.filter(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
   */
  function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var result = [];
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = collection[index];
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          result.push(value);
        }
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          result.push(value);
        }
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over elements of a collection, returning the first element that
   * the callback returns truey for. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
   * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias detect, findWhere
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.find([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) {
   *   return num % 2 == 0;
   * });
   * // => 2
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.find(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
   * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.find(food, 'organic');
   * // => { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' }
   */
  function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = collection[index];
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          return value;
        }
      }
    } else {
      var result;
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          result = value;
          return indicatorObject;
        }
      });
      return result;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that
   * has the given properties. When checking `properties`, this method
   * performs a deep comparison between values to determine if they are
   * equivalent to each other.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
   * @returns {*} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
   * @example
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * _.findWhere(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
   * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
   */
  function findWhere(object, properties) {
    return where(object, properties, true);
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over elements of a collection, executing the callback for each
   * element. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
   * (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early by
   * explicitly returning `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias each
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
   * @example
   *
   * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(function(num) { console.log(num); }).join(',');
   * // => logs each number and returns '1,2,3'
   *
   * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { console.log(num); });
   * // => logs each number and returns the object (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   */
  function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        if (callback(collection[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) {
          break;
        }
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, callback);
    }
  }

  /**
   * This method is like `_.forEach` except that it iterates over elements
   * of a `collection` from right to left.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias eachRight
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array|Object|string} Returns `collection`.
   * @example
   *
   * _([1, 2, 3]).forEachRight(function(num) { console.log(num); }).join(',');
   * // => logs each number from right to left and returns '3,2,1'
   */
  function forEachRight(collection, callback) {
    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (length--) {
        if (callback(collection[length], length, collection) === false) {
          break;
        }
      }
    } else {
      var props = keys(collection);
      length = props.length;
      forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
        key = props ? props[--length] : --length;
        return callback(collection[key], key, collection) === false && indicatorObject;
      });
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
   * each element of a collection through the callback. The corresponding value
   * of each key is an array of the elements responsible for generating the key.
   * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
   * (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
   * @example
   *
   * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
   * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
   *
   * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
   * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
   * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
   */
  var groupBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
    (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
  });

  /**
   * Creates an object composed of keys generated from the results of running
   * each element of the collection through the given callback. The corresponding
   * value of each key is the last element responsible for generating the key.
   * The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments;
   * (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
   * @example
   *
   * var keys = [
   *   { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 },
   *   { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 }
   * ];
   *
   * _.indexBy(keys, 'dir');
   * // => { 'left': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'right': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
   *
   * _.indexBy(keys, function(key) { return String.fromCharCode(key.code); });
   * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
   *
   * _.indexBy(stooges, function(key) { this.fromCharCode(key.code); }, String);
   * // => { 'a': { 'dir': 'left', 'code': 97 }, 'd': { 'dir': 'right', 'code': 100 } }
   */
  var indexBy = createAggregator(function(result, value, key) {
    result[key] = value;
  });

  /**
   * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`
   * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
   * will be provided to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function it
   * will be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|string} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
   *  the function invoked per iteration.
   * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to invoke the method with.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
   * @example
   *
   * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
   * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
   *
   * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
   * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
   */
  function invoke(collection, methodName) {
    var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2),
        index = -1,
        isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);

    forEach(collection, function(value) {
      result[++index] = (isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args);
    });
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of values by running each element in the collection
   * through the callback. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
   * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias collect
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
   * @example
   *
   * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
   * // => [3, 6, 9]
   *
   * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
   * // => [3, 6, 9] (property order is not guaranteed across environments)
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.map(stooges, 'name');
   * // => ['moe', 'larry']
   */
  function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      var result = Array(length);
      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
      }
    } else {
      result = [];
      forOwn(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
        result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves the maximum value of a collection. If the collection is empty or
   * falsey `-Infinity` is returned. If a callback is provided it will be executed
   * for each value in the collection to generate the criterion by which the value
   * is ranked. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the maximum value.
   * @example
   *
   * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
   * // => 8
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
   * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.max(stooges, 'age');
   * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
   */
  function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var computed = -Infinity,
        result = computed;

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (!callback && typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = collection[index];
        if (value > result) {
          result = value;
        }
      }
    } else {
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        var current = callback(value, index, collection);
        if (current > computed) {
          computed = current;
          result = value;
        }
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves the minimum value of a collection. If the collection is empty or
   * falsey `Infinity` is returned. If a callback is provided it will be executed
   * for each value in the collection to generate the criterion by which the value
   * is ranked. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the minimum value.
   * @example
   *
   * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
   * // => 2
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * _.min(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.min(stooges, 'age');
   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
   */
  function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var computed = Infinity,
        result = computed;

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (!callback && typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = collection[index];
        if (value < result) {
          result = value;
        }
      }
    } else {
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

      forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        var current = callback(value, index, collection);
        if (current < computed) {
          computed = current;
          result = value;
        }
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the `collection`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {string} property The property to pluck.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
   * // => ['moe', 'larry']
   */
  function pluck(collection, property) {
    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      var result = Array(length);
      while (++index < length) {
        result[index] = collection[index][property];
      }
    }
    return result || map(collection, property);
  }

  /**
   * Reduces a collection to a value which is the accumulated result of running
   * each element in the collection through the callback, where each successive
   * callback execution consumes the return value of the previous execution. If
   * `accumulator` is not provided the first element of the collection will be
   * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The callback is bound to `thisArg`
   * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias foldl, inject
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
   * @example
   *
   * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
   *   return sum + num;
   * });
   * // => 6
   *
   * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
   *   result[key] = num * 3;
   *   return result;
   * }, {});
   * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
   */
  function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
    if (!collection) return accumulator;
    var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
    callback = baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection.length;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      if (noaccum) {
        accumulator = collection[++index];
      }
      while (++index < length) {
        accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        accumulator = noaccum
          ? (noaccum = false, value)
          : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
      });
    }
    return accumulator;
  }

  /**
   * This method is like `_.reduce` except that it iterates over elements
   * of a `collection` from right to left.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias foldr
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the accumulated value.
   * @example
   *
   * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
   * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
   * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
   */
  function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
    var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
    callback = baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
    forEachRight(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
      accumulator = noaccum
        ? (noaccum = false, value)
        : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection);
    });
    return accumulator;
  }

  /**
   * The opposite of `_.filter` this method returns the elements of a
   * collection that the callback does **not** return truey for.
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that failed the callback check.
   * @example
   *
   * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
   * // => [1, 3, 5]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.reject(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.reject(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
   */
  function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
    return filter(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
      return !callback(value, index, collection);
    });
  }

  /**
   * Retrieves a random element or `n` random elements from a collection.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to sample.
   * @param {number} [n] The number of elements to sample.
   * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with functions, like `_.map`,
   *  without using their `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
   * @returns {Array} Returns the random sample(s) of `collection`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4]);
   * // => 2
   *
   * _.sample([1, 2, 3, 4], 2);
   * // => [3, 1]
   */
  function sample(collection, n, guard) {
    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
    if (typeof length != 'number') {
      collection = values(collection);
    }
    if (n == null || guard) {
      return collection ? collection[random(length - 1)] : undefined;
    }
    var result = shuffle(collection);
    result.length = nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), result.length);
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of shuffled values, using a version of the Fisher-Yates
   * shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to shuffle.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
   * @example
   *
   * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
   * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
   */
  function shuffle(collection) {
    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);

    forEach(collection, function(value) {
      var rand = random(++index);
      result[index] = result[rand];
      result[rand] = value;
    });
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
   * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to inspect.
   * @returns {number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
   * @example
   *
   * _.size([1, 2]);
   * // => 2
   *
   * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
   * // => 3
   *
   * _.size('curly');
   * // => 5
   */
  function size(collection) {
    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
    return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if the callback returns a truey value for **any** element of a
   * collection. The function returns as soon as it finds a passing value and
   * does not iterate over the entire collection. The callback is bound to
   * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias any
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if any element passed the callback check,
   *  else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
   * // => true
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.some(food, 'organic');
   * // => true
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.some(food, { 'type': 'meat' });
   * // => false
   */
  function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var result;
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        if ((result = callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
          break;
        }
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        return (result = callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
      });
    }
    return !!result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
   * running each element in a collection through the callback. This method
   * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order
   * of equal elements. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
   * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
   * @example
   *
   * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
   * // => [3, 1, 2]
   *
   * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
   * // => [3, 1, 2]
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.sortBy(['banana', 'strawberry', 'apple'], 'length');
   * // => ['apple', 'banana', 'strawberry']
   */
  function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
        result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);

    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
      result[++index] = {
        'criteria': callback(value, key, collection),
        'index': index,
        'value': value
      };
    });

    length = result.length;
    result.sort(compareAscending);
    while (length--) {
      result[length] = result[length].value;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Converts the `collection` to an array.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to convert.
   * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
   * @example
   *
   * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
   * // => [2, 3, 4]
   */
  function toArray(collection) {
    if (isArray(collection)) {
      return nativeSlice.call(collection);
    }
    if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
      return map(collection);
    }
    return values(collection);
  }

  /**
   * Performs a deep comparison of each element in a `collection` to the given
   * `properties` object, returning an array of all elements that have equivalent
   * property values.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|string} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that have the given properties.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 30, 'quotes': ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!'] },
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40, 'quotes': ['Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!'] }
   * ];
   *
   * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40, 'quotes': ['Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!'] }]
   *
   * _.where(stooges, { 'quotes': ['Poifect!'] });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'curly', 'age': 30, 'quotes': ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!'] }]
   */
  function where(collection, properties, first) {
    return (first && isEmpty(properties))
      ? undefined
      : (first ? find : filter)(collection, properties);
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Creates an array with all falsey values removed. The values `false`, `null`,
   * `0`, `""`, `undefined`, and `NaN` are all falsey.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
   * // => [1, 2, 3]
   */
  function compact(array) {
    var index = -1,
        length = array ? array.length : 0,
        result = [];

    while (++index < length) {
      var value = array[index];
      if (value) {
        result.push(value);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array excluding all values of the provided arrays using strict
   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
   * @param {...Array} [array] The arrays of values to exclude.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
   * // => [1, 3, 4]
   */
  function difference(array) {
    var index = -1,
        indexOf = getIndexOf(),
        length = array.length,
        flattened = baseFlatten(arguments, true, true, 1),
        result = [];

    while (++index < length) {
      var value = array[index];
      if (indexOf(flattened, value) < 0) {
        result.push(value);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the first element or first `n` elements of an array. If a callback
   * is provided elements at the beginning of the array are returned as long
   * as the callback returns truey. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and
   * invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias head, take
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
   * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback] The function called
   *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
   *  object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
   *  style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the first element(s) of `array`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => 1
   *
   * _.first([1, 2, 3], 2);
   * // => [1, 2]
   *
   * _.first([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
   *   return num < 3;
   * });
   * // => [1, 2]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.first(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true }]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.first(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
   */
  function first(array, callback, thisArg) {
    var n = 0,
        length = array ? array.length : 0;

    if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
      var index = -1;
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
        n++;
      }
    } else {
      n = callback;
      if (n == null || thisArg) {
        return array ? array[0] : undefined;
      }
    }
    return nativeSlice.call(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), length));
  }

  /**
   * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `isShallow`
   * is truey, the array will only be flattened a single level. If a callback
   * is provided each element of the array is passed through the callback before
   * flattening. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index, array).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
   * @param {boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to restrict flattening to a single level.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
   * @example
   *
   * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
   * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
   *
   * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
   * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'quotes': ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!'] },
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'quotes': ['Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!'] }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.flatten(stooges, 'quotes');
   * // => ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!', 'Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!']
   */
  function flatten(array, isShallow) {
    return baseFlatten(array, isShallow);
  }

  /**
   * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the array is already sorted
   * providing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
   * @param {boolean|number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true`
   *  to perform a binary search on a sorted array.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
   * // => 1
   *
   * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
   * // => 4
   *
   * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
   * // => 2
   */
  function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
    if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
      var length = array ? array.length : 0;
      fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0);
    } else if (fromIndex) {
      var index = sortedIndex(array, value);
      return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
    }
    return baseIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex);
  }

  /**
   * Gets all but the last element or last `n` elements of an array. If a
   * callback is provided elements at the end of the array are excluded from
   * the result as long as the callback returns truey. The callback is bound
   * to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
   * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback=1] The function called
   *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
   *  object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
   *  style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => [1, 2]
   *
   * _.initial([1, 2, 3], 2);
   * // => [1]
   *
   * _.initial([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
   *   return num > 1;
   * });
   * // => [1]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.initial(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false }]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.initial(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
   */
  function initial(array, callback, thisArg) {
    var n = 0,
        length = array ? array.length : 0;

    if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
      var index = length;
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
        n++;
      }
    } else {
      n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : callback || n;
    }
    return nativeSlice.call(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, length - n), length));
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of unique values present in all provided arrays using
   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {...Array} [array] The arrays to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of composite values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
   * // => [1, 2]
   */
  function intersection(array) {
    var args = arguments,
        argsLength = args.length,
        index = -1,
        indexOf = getIndexOf(),
        length = array ? array.length : 0,
        result = [];

    outer:
    while (++index < length) {
      var value = array[index];
      if (indexOf(result, value) < 0) {
        var argsIndex = argsLength;
        while (--argsIndex) {
          if (indexOf(args[argsIndex], value) < 0) {
            continue outer;
          }
        }
        result.push(value);
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the last element or last `n` elements of an array. If a callback is
   * provided elements at the end of the array are returned as long as the
   * callback returns truey. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
   * with three arguments; (value, index, array).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
   * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback] The function called
   *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
   *  object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
   *  style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {*} Returns the last element(s) of `array`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => 3
   *
   * _.last([1, 2, 3], 2);
   * // => [2, 3]
   *
   * _.last([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
   *   return num > 1;
   * });
   * // => [2, 3]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.last(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.last(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }, { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
   */
  function last(array, callback, thisArg) {
    var n = 0,
        length = array ? array.length : 0;

    if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
      var index = length;
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
        n++;
      }
    } else {
      n = callback;
      if (n == null || thisArg) {
        return array ? array[length - 1] : undefined;
      }
    }
    return nativeSlice.call(array, nativeMax(0, length - n));
  }

  /**
   * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
   * as the offset from the end of the collection.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to search.
   * @param {*} value The value to search for.
   * @param {number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
   * // => 4
   *
   * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
   * // => 1
   */
  function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
    var index = array ? array.length : 0;
    if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
      index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
    }
    while (index--) {
      if (array[index] === value) {
        return index;
      }
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
   * `start` up to but not including `end`. If `start` is less than `stop` a
   * zero-length range is created unless a negative `step` is specified.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {number} [start=0] The start of the range.
   * @param {number} end The end of the range.
   * @param {number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
   * @example
   *
   * _.range(10);
   * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
   *
   * _.range(1, 11);
   * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
   *
   * _.range(0, 30, 5);
   * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
   *
   * _.range(0, -10, -1);
   * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
   *
   * _.range(1, 4, 0);
   * // => [1, 1, 1]
   *
   * _.range(0);
   * // => []
   */
  function range(start, end, step) {
    start = +start || 0;
    step =  (+step || 1);

    if (end == null) {
      end = start;
      start = 0;
    }
    // use `Array(length)` so engines, like Chakra and V8, avoid slower modes
    // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
    var index = -1,
        length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
        result = Array(length);

    while (++index < length) {
      result[index] = start;
      start += step;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * The opposite of `_.initial` this method gets all but the first element or
   * first `n` elements of an array. If a callback function is provided elements
   * at the beginning of the array are excluded from the result as long as the
   * callback returns truey. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
   * with three arguments; (value, index, array).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias drop, tail
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to query.
   * @param {Function|Object|number|string} [callback=1] The function called
   *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
   *  object is provided it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
   *  style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => [2, 3]
   *
   * _.rest([1, 2, 3], 2);
   * // => [3]
   *
   * _.rest([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
   *   return num < 3;
   * });
   * // => [3]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.rest(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false }]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.rest(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
   */
  function rest(array, callback, thisArg) {
    if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
      var n = 0,
          index = -1,
          length = array ? array.length : 0;

      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
      while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
        n++;
      }
    } else {
      n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : nativeMax(0, callback);
    }
    return nativeSlice.call(array, n);
  }

  /**
   * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which a value
   * should be inserted into a given sorted array in order to maintain the sort
   * order of the array. If a callback is provided it will be executed for
   * `value` and each element of `array` to compute their sort ranking. The
   * callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
   * @param {*} value The value to evaluate.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {number} Returns the index at which `value` should be inserted
   *  into `array`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
   * // => 2
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
   * // => 2
   *
   * var dict = {
   *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
   * };
   *
   * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
   *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
   * });
   * // => 2
   *
   * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
   *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
   * }, dict);
   * // => 2
   */
  function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
    var low = 0,
        high = array ? array.length : low;

    // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
    callback = callback ? createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
    value = callback(value);

    while (low < high) {
      var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
      (callback(array[mid]) < value)
        ? low = mid + 1
        : high = mid;
    }
    return low;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of unique values, in order, of the provided arrays using
   * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {...Array} [array] The arrays to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of composite values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
   * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
   */
  function union(array) {
    return baseUniq(baseFlatten(arguments, true, true));
  }

  /**
   * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of an array using strict equality
   * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the array is sorted, providing
   * `true` for `isSorted` will use a faster algorithm. If a callback is provided
   * each element of `array` is passed through the callback before uniqueness
   * is computed. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index, array).
   *
   * If a property name is provided for `callback` the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is provided for `callback` the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias unique
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to process.
   * @param {boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that `array` is sorted.
   * @param {Function|Object|string} [callback=identity] The function called
   *  per iteration. If a property name or object is provided it will be used
   *  to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
   * @example
   *
   * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
   * // => [1, 2, 3]
   *
   * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
   * // => [1, 2, 3]
   *
   * _.uniq(['A', 'b', 'C', 'a', 'B', 'c'], function(letter) { return letter.toLowerCase(); });
   * // => ['A', 'b', 'C']
   *
   * _.uniq([1, 2.5, 3, 1.5, 2, 3.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
   * // => [1, 2.5, 3]
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
   * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
   */
  function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
    // juggle arguments
    if (typeof isSorted != 'boolean' && isSorted != null) {
      thisArg = callback;
      callback = !(thisArg && thisArg[isSorted] === array) ? isSorted : null;
      isSorted = false;
    }
    if (callback != null) {
      callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 3);
    }
    return baseUniq(array, isSorted, callback);
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array excluding all provided values using strict equality for
   * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
   * @param {...*} [value] The values to exclude.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of filtered values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
   * // => [2, 3, 4]
   */
  function without(array) {
    return difference(array, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array of grouped elements, the first of which contains the first
   * elements of the given arrays, the second of which contains the second
   * elements of the given arrays, and so on.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias unzip
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {...Array} [array] Arrays to process.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
   * @example
   *
   * _.zip(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
   * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]
   */
  function zip() {
    var index = -1,
        length = max(pluck(arguments, 'length')),
        result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);

    while (++index < length) {
      result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Provide
   * either a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`
   * or two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias object
   * @category Arrays
   * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
   * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
   *  corresponding values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.zipObject(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40]);
   * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 }
   */
  function zipObject(keys, values) {
    var index = -1,
        length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
        result = {};

    while (++index < length) {
      var key = keys[index];
      if (values) {
        result[key] = values[index];
      } else if (key) {
        result[key[0]] = key[1];
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Creates a function that executes `func`, with  the `this` binding and
   * arguments of the created function, only after being called `n` times.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {number} n The number of times the function must be called before
   *  `func` is executed.
   * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
   * @example
   *
   * var saves = ['profile', 'settings'];
   *
   * var done = _.after(saves.length, function() {
   *   console.log('Done saving!');
   * });
   *
   * _.forEach(saves, function(type) {
   *   asyncSave({ 'type': type, 'complete': done });
   * });
   * // => logs 'Done saving!', after all saves have completed
   */
  function after(n, func) {
    if (!isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    return function() {
      if (--n < 1) {
        return func.apply(this, arguments);
      }
    };
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
   * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
   * provided to the bound function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
   * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to be partially applied.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
   * @example
   *
   * var func = function(greeting) {
   *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
   * };
   *
   * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
   * func();
   * // => 'hi moe'
   */
  function bind(func, thisArg) {
    return arguments.length > 2
      ? createBound(func, 17, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2), null, thisArg)
      : createBound(func, 1, null, null, thisArg);
  }

  /**
   * Binds methods of an object to the object itself, overwriting the existing
   * method. Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
   * of method names. If no method names are provided all the function properties
   * of `object` will be bound.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
   * @param {...string} [methodName] The object method names to
   *  bind, specified as individual method names or arrays of method names.
   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
   * @example
   *
   * var view = {
   *  'label': 'docs',
   *  'onClick': function() { console.log('clicked ' + this.label); }
   * };
   *
   * _.bindAll(view);
   * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
   * // => logs 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
   */
  function bindAll(object) {
    var funcs = arguments.length > 1 ? baseFlatten(arguments, true, false, 1) : functions(object),
        index = -1,
        length = funcs.length;

    while (++index < length) {
      var key = funcs[index];
      object[key] = createBound(object[key], 1, null, null, object);
    }
    return object;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that is the composition of the provided functions,
   * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
   * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
   * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {...Function} [func] Functions to compose.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
   * @example
   *
   * var realNameMap = {
   *   'curly': 'jerome'
   * };
   *
   * var format = function(name) {
   *   name = realNameMap[name.toLowerCase()] || name;
   *   return name.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + name.slice(1).toLowerCase();
   * };
   *
   * var greet = function(formatted) {
   *   return 'Hiya ' + formatted + '!';
   * };
   *
   * var welcome = _.compose(greet, format);
   * welcome('curly');
   * // => 'Hiya Jerome!'
   */
  function compose() {
    var funcs = arguments,
        length = funcs.length;

    while (length--) {
      if (!isFunction(funcs[length])) {
        throw new TypeError;
      }
    }
    return function() {
      var args = arguments,
          length = funcs.length;

      while (length--) {
        args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
      }
      return args[0];
    };
  }

  /**
   * Produces a callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
   * name the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
   * If `func` is an object the created callback will return `true` for elements
   * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {*} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
   * @param {number} [argCount] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
   * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
   * _.createCallback = _.wrap(_.createCallback, function(func, callback, thisArg) {
   *   var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(callback);
   *   return !match ? func(callback, thisArg) : function(object) {
   *     return match[2] == 'gt' ? object[match[1]] > match[3] : object[match[1]] < match[3];
   *   };
   * });
   *
   * _.filter(stooges, 'age__gt45');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }]
   */
  function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
    var type = typeof func;
    if (func == null || type == 'function') {
      return baseCreateCallback(func, thisArg, argCount);
    }
    // handle "_.pluck" style callback shorthands
    if (type != 'object') {
      return function(object) {
        return object[func];
      };
    }
    var props = keys(func);
    return function(object) {
      var length = props.length,
          result = false;

      while (length--) {
        if (!(result = object[props[length]] === func[props[length]])) {
          break;
        }
      }
      return result;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
   * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked.
   * Provide an options object to indicate that `func` should be invoked on
   * the leading and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls
   * to the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
   *
   * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true` `func` will be called
   * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is
   * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
   * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
   * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
   * @param {boolean} [options.leading=false] Specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
   * @param {number} [options.maxWait] The maximum time `func` is allowed to be delayed before it's called.
   * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
   * @example
   *
   * // avoid costly calculations while the window size is in flux
   * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 150);
   * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
   *
   * // execute `sendMail` when the click event is fired, debouncing subsequent calls
   * jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 300, {
   *   'leading': true,
   *   'trailing': false
   * });
   *
   * // ensure `batchLog` is executed once after 1 second of debounced calls
   * var source = new EventSource('/stream');
   * source.addEventListener('message', _.debounce(batchLog, 250, {
   *   'maxWait': 1000
   * }, false);
   */
  function debounce(func, wait, options) {
    var args,
        maxTimeoutId,
        result,
        stamp,
        thisArg,
        timeoutId,
        trailingCall,
        lastCalled = 0,
        maxWait = false,
        trailing = true;

    if (!isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    wait = nativeMax(0, wait) || 0;
    if (options === true) {
      var leading = true;
      trailing = false;
    } else if (isObject(options)) {
      leading = options.leading;
      maxWait = 'maxWait' in options && (nativeMax(wait, options.maxWait) || 0);
      trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
    }
    var delayed = function() {
      var remaining = wait - (now() - stamp);
      if (remaining <= 0) {
        if (maxTimeoutId) {
          clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
        }
        var isCalled = trailingCall;
        maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
        if (isCalled) {
          lastCalled = now();
          result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
        }
      } else {
        timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, remaining);
      }
    };

    var maxDelayed = function() {
      if (timeoutId) {
        clearTimeout(timeoutId);
      }
      maxTimeoutId = timeoutId = trailingCall = undefined;
      if (trailing || (maxWait !== wait)) {
        lastCalled = now();
        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
      }
    };

    return function() {
      args = arguments;
      stamp = now();
      thisArg = this;
      trailingCall = trailing && (timeoutId || !leading);

      if (maxWait === false) {
        var leadingCall = leading && !timeoutId;
      } else {
        if (!maxTimeoutId && !leading) {
          lastCalled = stamp;
        }
        var remaining = maxWait - (stamp - lastCalled);
        if (remaining <= 0) {
          if (maxTimeoutId) {
            maxTimeoutId = clearTimeout(maxTimeoutId);
          }
          lastCalled = stamp;
          result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
        }
        else if (!maxTimeoutId) {
          maxTimeoutId = setTimeout(maxDelayed, remaining);
        }
      }
      if (!timeoutId && wait !== maxWait) {
        timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
      }
      if (leadingCall) {
        result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
      }
      return result;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
   * Additional arguments will be provided to `func` when it is invoked.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
   * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to invoke the function with.
   * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
   * @example
   *
   * _.defer(function() { console.log('deferred'); });
   * // returns from the function before 'deferred' is logged
   */
  function defer(func) {
    if (!isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1);
    return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
  }

  /**
   * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
   * will be provided to `func` when it is invoked.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
   * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
   * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to invoke the function with.
   * @returns {number} Returns the timer id.
   * @example
   *
   * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
   * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
   * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
   */
  function delay(func, wait) {
    if (!isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2);
    return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
   * provided it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
   * based on the arguments provided to the memoized function. By default, the
   * first argument provided to the memoized function is used as the cache key.
   * The `func` is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
   * The result cache is exposed as the `cache` property on the memoized function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
   * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
   * @example
   *
   * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
   *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
   * });
   *
   * var data = {
   *   'moe': { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   'curly': { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
   * };
   *
   * // modifying the result cache
   * var stooge = _.memoize(function(name) { return data[name]; }, _.identity);
   * stooge('curly');
   * // => { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
   *
   * stooge.cache.curly.name = 'jerome';
   * stooge('curly');
   * // => { 'name': 'jerome', 'age': 60 }
   */
  function memoize(func, resolver) {
    var cache = {};
    return function() {
      var key = resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : keyPrefix + arguments[0];
      return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
        ? cache[key]
        : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
    };
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
   * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
   * with the `this` binding of the created function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
   * @example
   *
   * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
   * initialize();
   * initialize();
   * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
   */
  function once(func) {
    var ran,
        result;

    if (!isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    return function() {
      if (ran) {
        return result;
      }
      ran = true;
      result = func.apply(this, arguments);

      // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
      func = null;
      return result;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
   * `partial` arguments prepended to those provided to the new function. This
   * method is similar to `_.bind` except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
   * @param {...*} [arg] Arguments to be partially applied.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
   * @example
   *
   * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
   * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
   * hi('moe');
   * // => 'hi moe'
   */
  function partial(func) {
    return createBound(func, 16, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func` function
   * at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. Provide an options object to
   * indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge
   * of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function will
   * return the result of the last `func` call.
   *
   * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true` `func` will be called
   * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is
   * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
   * @param {number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
   * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
   * @param {boolean} [options.leading=true] Specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
   * @param {boolean} [options.trailing=true] Specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
   * @example
   *
   * // avoid excessively updating the position while scrolling
   * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
   * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
   *
   * // execute `renewToken` when the click event is fired, but not more than once every 5 minutes
   * jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
   *   'trailing': false
   * }));
   */
  function throttle(func, wait, options) {
    var leading = true,
        trailing = true;

    if (!isFunction(func)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    if (options === false) {
      leading = false;
    } else if (isObject(options)) {
      leading = 'leading' in options ? options.leading : leading;
      trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
    }
    options = {};
    options.leading = leading;
    options.maxWait = wait;
    options.trailing = trailing;

    return debounce(func, wait, options);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that provides `value` to the wrapper function as its
   * first argument. Additional arguments provided to the function are appended
   * to those provided to the wrapper function. The wrapper is executed with
   * the `this` binding of the created function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Functions
   * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
   * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
   * @example
   *
   * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello ' + name; };
   * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
   *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
   * });
   * hello();
   * // => 'before, hello moe, after'
   */
  function wrap(value, wrapper) {
    if (!isFunction(wrapper)) {
      throw new TypeError;
    }
    return function() {
      var args = [value];
      push.apply(args, arguments);
      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
    };
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
   * corresponding HTML entities.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {string} string The string to escape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the escaped string.
   * @example
   *
   * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
   * // => 'Moe, Larry &amp; Curly'
   */
  function escape(string) {
    return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
  }

  /**
   * This method returns the first argument provided to it.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {*} value Any value.
   * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
   * @example
   *
   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
   * moe === _.identity(moe);
   * // => true
   */
  function identity(value) {
    return value;
  }

  /**
   * Adds function properties of a source object to the `lodash` function and
   * chainable wrapper.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
   * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.mixin({
   *   'capitalize': function(string) {
   *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
   *   }
   * });
   *
   * _.capitalize('moe');
   * // => 'Moe'
   *
   * _('moe').capitalize();
   * // => 'Moe'
   */
  function mixin(object) {
    forEach(functions(object), function(methodName) {
      var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];

      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
        var args = [this.__wrapped__];
        push.apply(args, arguments);

        var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
        return this.__chain__
          ? new lodashWrapper(result, true)
          : result;
      };
    });
  }

  /**
   * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
   * the `lodash` function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
   * @example
   *
   * var lodash = _.noConflict();
   */
  function noConflict() {
    root._ = oldDash;
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
   * argument is provided a number between `0` and the given number will be
   * returned. If `floating` is truey or either `min` or `max` are floats a
   * floating-point number will be returned instead of an integer.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
   * @param {number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
   * @param {boolean} [floating=false] Specify returning a floating-point number.
   * @returns {number} Returns a random number.
   * @example
   *
   * _.random(0, 5);
   * // => an integer between 0 and 5
   *
   * _.random(5);
   * // => also an integer between 0 and 5
   *
   * _.random(5, true);
   * // => a floating-point number between 0 and 5
   *
   * _.random(1.2, 5.2);
   * // => a floating-point number between 1.2 and 5.2
   */
  function random(min, max) {
    if (min == null && max == null) {
      max = 1;
    }
    min = +min || 0;
    if (max == null) {
      max = min;
      min = 0;
    } else {
      max = +max || 0;
    }
    return min + floor(nativeRandom() * (max - min + 1));
  }

  /**
   * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function
   * it will be invoked with the `this` binding of `object` and its result returned,
   * else the property value is returned. If `object` is falsey then `undefined`
   * is returned.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @param {string} property The property to get the value of.
   * @returns {*} Returns the resolved value.
   * @example
   *
   * var object = {
   *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
   *   'stuff': function() {
   *     return 'nonsense';
   *   }
   * };
   *
   * _.result(object, 'cheese');
   * // => 'crumpets'
   *
   * _.result(object, 'stuff');
   * // => 'nonsense'
   */
  function result(object, property) {
    if (object) {
      var value = object[property];
      return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
    }
  }

  /**
   * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
   * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
   *
   * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
   * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
   *
   * For more information on precompiling templates see:
   * http://lodash.com/#custom-builds
   *
   * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see:
   * http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {string} text The template text.
   * @param {Object} data The data object used to populate the text.
   * @param {Object} [options] The options object.
   * @param {RegExp} [options.escape] The "escape" delimiter.
   * @param {RegExp} [options.evaluate] The "evaluate" delimiter.
   * @param {Object} [options.imports] An object to import into the template as local variables.
   * @param {RegExp} [options.interpolate] The "interpolate" delimiter.
   * @param {string} [sourceURL] The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
   * @param {string} [variable] The data object variable name.
   * @returns {Function|string} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
   *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
   * @example
   *
   * // using the "interpolate" delimiter to create a compiled template
   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
   * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
   * // => 'hello moe'
   *
   * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
   * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
   * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
   *
   * // using the "evaluate" delimiter to generate HTML
   * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%- name %></li><% }); %>';
   * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry'] });
   * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li>'
   *
   * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
   * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'curly' });
   * // => 'hello curly'
   *
   * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
   * _.template('<% print("hello " + name); %>!', { 'name': 'larry' });
   * // => 'hello larry!'
   *
   * // using a custom template delimiters
   * _.templateSettings = {
   *   'interpolate': /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g
   * };
   *
   * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
   * // => 'hello mustache!'
   *
   * // using the `imports` option to import jQuery
   * var list = '<% $.each(people, function(name) { %><li><%- name %></li><% }); %>';
   * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry'] }, { 'imports': { '$': jQuery } });
   * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li>'
   *
   * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
   * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
   * compiled(data);
   * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
   *
   * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
   * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
   * compiled.source;
   * // => function(data) {
   *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
   *   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
   *   return __p;
   * }
   *
   * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
   * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
   * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
   *   var JST = {\
   *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
   *   };\
   * ');
   */
  function template(text, data, options) {
    var _ = lodash,
        settings = _.templateSettings;

    text || (text = '');
    options = defaults({}, options, settings);

    var index = 0,
        source = "__p += '",
        variable = options.variable;

    var reDelimiters = RegExp(
      (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
      (options.interpolate || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
      (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
    , 'g');

    text.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
      source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
      if (escapeValue) {
        source += "' +\n_.escape(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
      }
      if (evaluateValue) {
        source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
      }
      if (interpolateValue) {
        source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
      }
      index = offset + match.length;
      return match;
    });

    source += "';\n";
    if (!variable) {
      variable = 'obj';
      source = 'with (' + variable + ' || {}) {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
    }
    source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
      "var __t, __p = '', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n" +
      "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n" +
      source +
      'return __p\n}';

    try {
      var result = Function('_', 'return ' + source)(_);
    } catch(e) {
      e.source = source;
      throw e;
    }
    if (data) {
      return result(data);
    }
    result.source = source;
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Executes the callback `n` times, returning an array of the results
   * of each callback execution. The callback is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
   * with one argument; (index).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
   * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
   * @param {*} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns an array of the results of each `callback` execution.
   * @example
   *
   * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
   * // => [3, 6, 4]
   *
   * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
   * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
   *
   * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
   * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
   */
  function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
    n = (n = +n) > -1 ? n : 0;
    var index = -1,
        result = Array(n);

    callback = baseCreateCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
    while (++index < n) {
      result[index] = callback(index);
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * The inverse of `_.escape` this method converts the HTML entities
   * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#39;` in `string` to their
   * corresponding characters.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {string} string The string to unescape.
   * @returns {string} Returns the unescaped string.
   * @example
   *
   * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
   * // => 'Moe, Larry & Curly'
   */
  function unescape(string) {
    return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
  }

  /**
   * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is provided the ID will be appended to it.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Utilities
   * @param {string} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
   * @returns {string} Returns the unique ID.
   * @example
   *
   * _.uniqueId('contact_');
   * // => 'contact_104'
   *
   * _.uniqueId();
   * // => '105'
   */
  function uniqueId(prefix) {
    var id = ++idCounter + '';
    return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Creates a `lodash` object that wraps the given value with explicit
   * method chaining enabled.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Chaining
   * @param {*} value The value to wrap.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the wrapper object.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 },
   *   { 'name': 'curly', 'age': 60 }
   * ];
   *
   * var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
   *     .sortBy('age')
   *     .map(function(stooge) { return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
   *     .first()
   *     .value();
   * // => 'moe is 40'
   */
  function chain(value) {
    value = new lodashWrapper(value);
    value.__chain__ = true;
    return value;
  }

  /**
   * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument and then
   * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method
   * chain in order to perform operations on intermediate results within
   * the chain.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Chaining
   * @param {*} value The value to provide to `interceptor`.
   * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
   * @returns {*} Returns `value`.
   * @example
   *
   * _([1, 2, 3, 4])
   *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
   *  .tap(function(array) { console.log(array); })
   *  .map(function(num) { return num * num; })
   *  .value();
   * // => // [2, 4] (logged)
   * // => [4, 16]
   */
  function tap(value, interceptor) {
    interceptor(value);
    return value;
  }

  /**
   * Enables explicit method chaining on the wrapper object.
   *
   * @name chain
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Chaining
   * @returns {*} Returns the wrapper object.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * // without explicit chaining
   * _(stooges).first();
   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
   *
   * // with explicit chaining
   * _(stooges).chain()
   *   .first()
   *   .pick('age')
   *   .value()
   * // => { 'age': 40 }
   */
  function wrapperChain() {
    this.__chain__ = true;
    return this;
  }

  /**
   * Extracts the wrapped value.
   *
   * @name valueOf
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias value
   * @category Chaining
   * @returns {*} Returns the wrapped value.
   * @example
   *
   * _([1, 2, 3]).valueOf();
   * // => [1, 2, 3]
   */
  function wrapperValueOf() {
    return this.__wrapped__;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // add functions that return wrapped values when chaining
  lodash.after = after;
  lodash.bind = bind;
  lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
  lodash.chain = chain;
  lodash.compact = compact;
  lodash.compose = compose;
  lodash.countBy = countBy;
  lodash.debounce = debounce;
  lodash.defaults = defaults;
  lodash.defer = defer;
  lodash.delay = delay;
  lodash.difference = difference;
  lodash.filter = filter;
  lodash.flatten = flatten;
  lodash.forEach = forEach;
  lodash.functions = functions;
  lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
  lodash.indexBy = indexBy;
  lodash.initial = initial;
  lodash.intersection = intersection;
  lodash.invert = invert;
  lodash.invoke = invoke;
  lodash.keys = keys;
  lodash.map = map;
  lodash.max = max;
  lodash.memoize = memoize;
  lodash.min = min;
  lodash.omit = omit;
  lodash.once = once;
  lodash.pairs = pairs;
  lodash.partial = partial;
  lodash.pick = pick;
  lodash.pluck = pluck;
  lodash.range = range;
  lodash.reject = reject;
  lodash.rest = rest;
  lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
  lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
  lodash.tap = tap;
  lodash.throttle = throttle;
  lodash.times = times;
  lodash.toArray = toArray;
  lodash.union = union;
  lodash.uniq = uniq;
  lodash.values = values;
  lodash.where = where;
  lodash.without = without;
  lodash.wrap = wrap;
  lodash.zip = zip;

  // add aliases
  lodash.collect = map;
  lodash.drop = rest;
  lodash.each = forEach;
  lodash.extend = assign;
  lodash.methods = functions;
  lodash.object = zipObject;
  lodash.select = filter;
  lodash.tail = rest;
  lodash.unique = uniq;

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining
  lodash.clone = clone;
  lodash.contains = contains;
  lodash.escape = escape;
  lodash.every = every;
  lodash.find = find;
  lodash.has = has;
  lodash.identity = identity;
  lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
  lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
  lodash.isArray = isArray;
  lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
  lodash.isDate = isDate;
  lodash.isElement = isElement;
  lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
  lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
  lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
  lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
  lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
  lodash.isNull = isNull;
  lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
  lodash.isObject = isObject;
  lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
  lodash.isString = isString;
  lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
  lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
  lodash.mixin = mixin;
  lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
  lodash.random = random;
  lodash.reduce = reduce;
  lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
  lodash.result = result;
  lodash.size = size;
  lodash.some = some;
  lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
  lodash.template = template;
  lodash.unescape = unescape;
  lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;

  // add aliases
  lodash.all = every;
  lodash.any = some;
  lodash.detect = find;
  lodash.findWhere = findWhere;
  lodash.foldl = reduce;
  lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
  lodash.include = contains;
  lodash.inject = reduce;

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining
  lodash.first = first;
  lodash.last = last;
  lodash.sample = sample;

  // add aliases
  lodash.take = first;
  lodash.head = first;

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // add functions to `lodash.prototype`
  mixin(lodash);

  /**
   * The semantic version number.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type string
   */
  lodash.VERSION = '2.2.1';

  // add "Chaining" functions to the wrapper
  lodash.prototype.chain = wrapperChain;
  lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValueOf;

    // add `Array` mutator functions to the wrapper
    forEach(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
      var func = arrayRef[methodName];
      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
        var value = this.__wrapped__;
        func.apply(value, arguments);

        // avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice`
        // in Firefox < 10 and IE < 9
        if (!support.spliceObjects && value.length === 0) {
          delete value[0];
        }
        return this;
      };
    });

    // add `Array` accessor functions to the wrapper
    forEach(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(methodName) {
      var func = arrayRef[methodName];
      lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
        var value = this.__wrapped__,
            result = func.apply(value, arguments);

        if (this.__chain__) {
          result = new lodashWrapper(result);
          result.__chain__ = true;
        }
        return result;
      };
    });

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like the following:
  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
    // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
    // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
    // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
    // module by its `noConflict()` method.
    root._ = lodash;

    // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
    // referenced as the "underscore" module
    define(function() {
      return lodash;
    });
  }
  // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
  else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
    // in Node.js or RingoJS
    if (moduleExports) {
      (freeModule.exports = lodash)._ = lodash;
    }
    // in Narwhal or Rhino -require
    else {
      freeExports._ = lodash;
    }
  }
  else {
    // in a browser or Rhino
    root._ = lodash;
  }
}.call(this));