diff --git a/packaging/Makefile b/packaging/Makefile
index 3c4f8a6b1..a601f1c9a 100644
--- a/packaging/Makefile
+++ b/packaging/Makefile
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ debian-package-code:
 	cp -r ../examples/data ./aleph-vm/opt/aleph-vm/examples/data
 	mkdir -p ./aleph-vm/opt/aleph-vm/examples/volumes
 	# Fixing this protobuf dependency version to avoid getting CI errors as version 5.29.0 have this compilation issue
-	pip3 install --progress-bar off --target ./aleph-vm/opt/aleph-vm/ 'aleph-message==0.5.0' 'eth-account==0.10' 'sentry-sdk==1.31.0' 'qmp==1.1.0' 'aleph-superfluid~=0.2.1' 'sqlalchemy[asyncio]>=2.0' 'aiosqlite==0.19.0' 'alembic==1.13.1' 'aiohttp_cors==0.7.0' 'pyroute2==0.7.12' 'python-cpuid==0.1.0' 'solathon==1.0.2' 'protobuf==5.28.3'
+	pip3 install --progress-bar off --target ./aleph-vm/opt/aleph-vm/ 'aleph-message==0.6' 'eth-account==0.10' 'sentry-sdk==1.31.0' 'qmp==1.1.0' 'aleph-superfluid~=0.2.1' 'sqlalchemy[asyncio]>=2.0' 'aiosqlite==0.19.0' 'alembic==1.13.1' 'aiohttp_cors==0.7.0' 'pyroute2==0.7.12' 'python-cpuid==0.1.0' 'solathon==1.0.2' 'protobuf==5.28.3'
 	python3 -m compileall ./aleph-vm/opt/aleph-vm/
 
 debian-package-resources: firecracker-bins vmlinux download-ipfs-kubo  target/bin/sevctl
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index faebfb9a4..1c934ff1f 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ dependencies = [
   "aioredis==1.3.1",
   "aiosqlite==0.19",
   "alembic==1.13.1",
-  "aleph-message==0.5",
+  "aleph-message==0.6",
   "aleph-superfluid~=0.2.1",
   "dbus-python==1.3.2",
   "eth-account~=0.10",
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/controllers/configuration.py b/src/aleph/vm/controllers/configuration.py
index da10d8395..fb4b4ff1f 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/controllers/configuration.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/controllers/configuration.py
@@ -23,6 +23,10 @@ class QemuVMHostVolume(BaseModel):
     read_only: bool
 
 
+class QemuGPU(BaseModel):
+    pci_host: str
+
+
 class QemuVMConfiguration(BaseModel):
     qemu_bin_path: str
     cloud_init_drive_path: str | None
@@ -33,6 +37,7 @@ class QemuVMConfiguration(BaseModel):
     mem_size_mb: int
     interface_name: str | None
     host_volumes: list[QemuVMHostVolume]
+    gpus: list[QemuGPU]
 
 
 class QemuConfidentialVMConfiguration(BaseModel):
@@ -45,6 +50,7 @@ class QemuConfidentialVMConfiguration(BaseModel):
     mem_size_mb: int
     interface_name: str | None
     host_volumes: list[QemuVMHostVolume]
+    gpus: list[QemuGPU]
     ovmf_path: Path
     sev_session_file: Path
     sev_dh_cert_file: Path
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu/instance.py b/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu/instance.py
index dd840e22b..259f84744 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu/instance.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu/instance.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from asyncio import Task
 from asyncio.subprocess import Process
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Generic, TypeVar
+from typing import Generic, List, TypeVar
 
 import psutil
 from aleph_message.models import ItemHash
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from aleph.vm.controllers.configuration import (
     Configuration,
     HypervisorType,
+    QemuGPU,
     QemuVMConfiguration,
     QemuVMHostVolume,
     save_controller_configuration,
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@
 from aleph.vm.controllers.qemu.cloudinit import CloudInitMixin
 from aleph.vm.network.firewall import teardown_nftables_for_vm
 from aleph.vm.network.interfaces import TapInterface
+from aleph.vm.resources import HostGPU
 from aleph.vm.storage import get_rootfs_base_path
 from aleph.vm.utils import HostNotFoundError, ping, run_in_subprocess
 
@@ -36,6 +38,8 @@
 
 
 class AlephQemuResources(AlephFirecrackerResources):
+    gpus: List[HostGPU] = []
+
     async def download_runtime(self) -> None:
         volume = self.message_content.rootfs
         parent_image_path = await get_rootfs_base_path(volume.parent.ref)
@@ -200,6 +204,7 @@ async def configure(self):
                 )
                 for volume in self.resources.volumes
             ],
+            gpus=[QemuGPU(pci_host=gpu.pci_host) for gpu in self.resources.gpus],
         )
 
         configuration = Configuration(
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu_confidential/instance.py b/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu_confidential/instance.py
index f432cff69..37986b10c 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu_confidential/instance.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/controllers/qemu_confidential/instance.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     Configuration,
     HypervisorType,
     QemuConfidentialVMConfiguration,
+    QemuGPU,
     QemuVMHostVolume,
     save_controller_configuration,
 )
@@ -126,6 +127,7 @@ async def configure(self):
                 )
                 for volume in self.resources.volumes
             ],
+            gpus=[QemuGPU(pci_host=gpu.pci_host) for gpu in self.resources.gpus],
         )
 
         configuration = Configuration(
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu/qemuvm.py b/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu/qemuvm.py
index 5949fbdc4..36003e595 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu/qemuvm.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu/qemuvm.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import qmp
 from systemd import journal
 
-from aleph.vm.controllers.configuration import QemuVMConfiguration
+from aleph.vm.controllers.configuration import QemuGPU, QemuVMConfiguration
 from aleph.vm.controllers.qemu.instance import logger
 
 
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ class QemuVM:
     interface_name: str
     qemu_process: Process | None = None
     host_volumes: list[HostVolume]
+    gpus: list[QemuGPU]
     journal_stdout: TextIO | None
     journal_stderr: TextIO | None
 
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ def __init__(self, vm_hash, config: QemuVMConfiguration):
             )
             for volume in config.host_volumes
         ]
+        self.gpus = config.gpus
 
     @property
     def _journal_stdout_name(self) -> str:
@@ -106,17 +108,15 @@ async def start(
             # "-serial", "telnet:localhost:4321,server,nowait",
             # "-snapshot",  # Do not save anything to disk
         ]
-        for volume in self.host_volumes:
-            args += [
-                "-drive",
-                f"file={volume.path_on_host},format=raw,readonly={'on' if volume.read_only else 'off'},media=disk,if=virtio",
-            ]
         if self.interface_name:
             # script=no, downscript=no tell qemu not to try to set up the network itself
             args += ["-net", "nic,model=virtio", "-net", f"tap,ifname={self.interface_name},script=no,downscript=no"]
 
         if self.cloud_init_drive_path:
             args += ["-cdrom", f"{self.cloud_init_drive_path}"]
+
+        args += self._get_host_volumes_args()
+        args += self._get_gpu_args()
         print(*args)
 
         self.qemu_process = proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
@@ -131,6 +131,28 @@ async def start(
         )
         return proc
 
+    def _get_host_volumes_args(self):
+        args = []
+        for volume in self.host_volumes:
+            args += [
+                "-drive",
+                f"file={volume.path_on_host},format=raw,readonly={'on' if volume.read_only else 'off'},media=disk,if=virtio",
+            ]
+        return args
+
+    def _get_gpu_args(self):
+        args = [
+            # Use host-phys-bits-limit argument for GPU support. TODO: Investigate how to get the correct bits size
+            "-cpu",
+            "host,host-phys-bits-limit=0x28",
+        ]
+        for gpu in self.gpus:
+            args += [
+                "-device",
+                f"vfio-pci,host={gpu.pci_host},multifunction=on,x-vga=on",
+            ]
+        return args
+
     def _get_qmpclient(self) -> qmp.QEMUMonitorProtocol | None:
         if not (self.qmp_socket_path and self.qmp_socket_path.exists()):
             return None
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu_confidential/qemuvm.py b/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu_confidential/qemuvm.py
index 5e32e8990..1ef33e407 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu_confidential/qemuvm.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/hypervisors/qemu_confidential/qemuvm.py
@@ -105,24 +105,24 @@ async def start(
             # raise an error and prevent boot. Passing the argument --cpu host instruct the VM to use the same CPU
             # model than the host thus the VM's kernel knows which method is used to get random numbers (Intel and
             # AMD have different methods) and properly boot.
+            # Use host-phys-bits-limit argument for GPU support. TODO: Investigate how to get the correct bits size
             "-cpu",
-            "host",
+            "host,host-phys-bits-limit=0x28",
             # Uncomment following for debug
             # "-serial", "telnet:localhost:4321,server,nowait",
             # "-snapshot",  # Do not save anything to disk
         ]
-        for volume in self.host_volumes:
-            args += [
-                "-drive",
-                f"file={volume.path_on_host},format=raw,readonly={'on' if volume.read_only else 'off'},media=disk,if=virtio",
-            ]
         if self.interface_name:
             # script=no, downscript=no tell qemu not to try to set up the network itself
             args += ["-net", "nic,model=virtio", "-net", f"tap,ifname={self.interface_name},script=no,downscript=no"]
 
         if self.cloud_init_drive_path:
             args += ["-cdrom", f"{self.cloud_init_drive_path}"]
+
+        args += self._get_host_volumes_args()
+        args += self._get_gpu_args()
         print(*args)
+
         self.qemu_process = proc = await asyncio.create_subprocess_exec(
             *args,
             stdin=asyncio.subprocess.DEVNULL,
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/models.py b/src/aleph/vm/models.py
index 9aee9320a..7dd59091b 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/models.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/models.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 import asyncio
+import json
 import logging
 import uuid
 from asyncio import Task
 from collections.abc import Callable, Coroutine
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from typing import List
 
 from aleph_message.models import (
     ExecutableContent,
@@ -12,14 +14,14 @@
     ItemHash,
     ProgramContent,
 )
-from aleph_message.models.execution.environment import HypervisorType
+from aleph_message.models.execution.environment import GpuProperties, HypervisorType
+from pydantic.json import pydantic_encoder
 
 from aleph.vm.conf import settings
 from aleph.vm.controllers.firecracker.executable import AlephFirecrackerExecutable
 from aleph.vm.controllers.firecracker.instance import AlephInstanceResources
 from aleph.vm.controllers.firecracker.program import (
     AlephFirecrackerProgram,
-    AlephFirecrackerResources,
     AlephProgramResources,
 )
 from aleph.vm.controllers.firecracker.snapshot_manager import SnapshotManager
@@ -38,6 +40,7 @@
 )
 from aleph.vm.orchestrator.pubsub import PubSub
 from aleph.vm.orchestrator.vm import AlephFirecrackerInstance
+from aleph.vm.resources import GpuDevice, HostGPU
 from aleph.vm.systemd import SystemDManager
 from aleph.vm.utils import create_task_log_exceptions, dumps_for_json
 
@@ -69,8 +72,11 @@ class VmExecution:
     vm_hash: ItemHash
     original: ExecutableContent
     message: ExecutableContent
-    resources: AlephFirecrackerResources | None = None
-    vm: AlephFirecrackerExecutable | AlephQemuInstance | None = None
+    resources: (
+        AlephProgramResources | AlephInstanceResources | AlephQemuResources | AlephQemuConfidentialInstance | None
+    ) = None
+    vm: AlephFirecrackerExecutable | AlephQemuInstance | AlephQemuConfidentialInstance | None = None
+    gpus: List[HostGPU] = []
 
     times: VmExecutionTimes
 
@@ -202,6 +208,7 @@ async def prepare(self) -> None:
                         resources = AlephQemuConfidentialResources(self.message, namespace=self.vm_hash)
                     else:
                         resources = AlephQemuResources(self.message, namespace=self.vm_hash)
+                    resources.gpus = self.gpus
                 else:
                     msg = f"Unknown hypervisor type {self.hypervisor}"
                     raise ValueError(msg)
@@ -216,6 +223,24 @@ async def prepare(self) -> None:
             self.times.prepared_at = datetime.now(tz=timezone.utc)
             self.resources = resources
 
+    def prepare_gpus(self, available_gpus: List[GpuDevice]) -> None:
+        gpus = []
+        if self.message.requirements and self.message.requirements.gpu:
+            for gpu in self.message.requirements.gpu:
+                gpu = GpuProperties.parse_obj(gpu)
+                for available_gpu in available_gpus:
+                    if available_gpu.device_id == gpu.device_id:
+                        gpus.append(HostGPU(pci_host=available_gpu.pci_host))
+                        break
+        self.gpus = gpus
+
+    def uses_gpu(self, pci_host: str) -> bool:
+        for gpu in self.gpus:
+            if gpu.pci_host == pci_host:
+                return True
+
+        return False
+
     def create(
         self, vm_id: int, tap_interface: TapInterface | None = None, prepare: bool = True
     ) -> AlephVmControllerInterface:
@@ -437,6 +462,7 @@ async def save(self):
                     message=self.message.json(),
                     original_message=self.original.json(),
                     persistent=self.persistent,
+                    gpus=json.dumps(self.gpus, default=pydantic_encoder),
                 )
             )
 
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/chain.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/chain.py
index 7321aa458..0b4174397 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/chain.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/chain.py
@@ -60,9 +60,13 @@ def check_tokens(cls, values):
 }
 
 
+class InvalidChainError(ValueError):
+    pass
+
+
 def get_chain(chain: str) -> ChainInfo:
     try:
         return STREAM_CHAINS[chain]
     except KeyError:
         msg = f"Unknown chain id for chain {chain}"
-        raise ValueError(msg)
+        raise InvalidChainError(msg)
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/cli.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/cli.py
index bbae396d4..740733e61 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/cli.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/cli.py
@@ -167,9 +167,6 @@ async def benchmark(runs: int):
     """Measure program performance by immediately running the supervisor
     with fake requests.
     """
-    engine = metrics.setup_engine()
-    await metrics.create_tables(engine)
-
     ref = ItemHash("cafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafecafe")
     settings.FAKE_DATA_PROGRAM = settings.BENCHMARK_FAKE_DATA_PROGRAM
 
@@ -357,6 +354,10 @@ def main():
     settings.check()
 
     logger.debug("Initialising the DB...")
+    # Check and create execution database
+    engine = metrics.setup_engine()
+    asyncio.run(metrics.create_tables(engine))
+    # After creating it run the DB migrations
     asyncio.run(run_async_db_migrations())
     logger.debug("DB up to date.")
 
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/metrics.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/metrics.py
index f7f166481..6c9b8eea0 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/metrics.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/metrics.py
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ class ExecutionRecord(Base):
     original_message = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
     persistent = Column(Boolean, nullable=True)
 
+    gpus = Column(JSON, nullable=True)
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return f"<ExecutionRecord(uuid={self.uuid}, vm_hash={self.vm_hash}, vm_id={self.vm_id})>"
 
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/migrations/versions/0002_5c6ae643c69b_add_gpu_column_to_executions_table.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/migrations/versions/0002_5c6ae643c69b_add_gpu_column_to_executions_table.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b739323b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/migrations/versions/0002_5c6ae643c69b_add_gpu_column_to_executions_table.py
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+"""add gpu table
+
+Revision ID: 5c6ae643c69b
+Revises: bbb12a12372e
+Create Date: 2024-12-09 19:40:19.279735
+
+"""
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.engine import reflection
+
+from aleph.vm.conf import make_db_url
+
+revision = "5c6ae643c69b"
+down_revision = "bbb12a12372e"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    engine = create_engine(make_db_url())
+    inspector = reflection.Inspector.from_engine(engine)
+
+    # The table already exists on most CRNs.
+    tables = inspector.get_table_names()
+    if "executions" in tables:
+        columns = inspector.get_columns("executions")
+        column_names = [c["name"] for c in columns]
+        if "gpus" not in column_names:
+            op.add_column("executions", sa.Column("gpus", sa.JSON(), nullable=True))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.drop_column("executions", "gpus")
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/payment.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/payment.py
index 7194f873a..f5a79bbca 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/payment.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/payment.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from aleph.vm.models import VmExecution
 from aleph.vm.utils import to_normalized_address
 
-from .chain import ChainInfo, get_chain
+from .chain import ChainInfo, InvalidChainError, get_chain
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -91,10 +91,6 @@ class InvalidAddressError(ValueError):
     pass
 
 
-class InvalidChainError(ValueError):
-    pass
-
-
 async def get_stream(sender: str, receiver: str, chain: str) -> Decimal:
     """
     Get the stream of the user from the Superfluid API.
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/supervisor.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/supervisor.py
index a5ca999a8..ae6436291 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/supervisor.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/supervisor.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
 from aleph.vm.sevclient import SevClient
 from aleph.vm.version import __version__
 
-from .metrics import create_tables, setup_engine
 from .resources import about_certificates, about_system_usage
 from .tasks import (
     start_payment_monitoring_task,
@@ -151,9 +150,6 @@ def run():
     """Run the VM Supervisor."""
     settings.check()
 
-    engine = setup_engine()
-    asyncio.run(create_tables(engine))
-
     loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
     pool = VmPool(loop)
     pool.setup()
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/tasks.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/tasks.py
index 921a2265f..593c5fcdc 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/tasks.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/tasks.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 import math
 import time
 from collections.abc import AsyncIterable
+from decimal import Decimal
 from typing import TypeVar
 
 import aiohttp
@@ -175,10 +176,14 @@ async def monitor_payments(app: web.Application):
         # Check if the balance held in the wallet is sufficient stream tier resources
         for sender, chains in pool.get_executions_by_sender(payment_type=PaymentType.superfluid).items():
             for chain, executions in chains.items():
-                stream = await get_stream(sender=sender, receiver=settings.PAYMENT_RECEIVER_ADDRESS, chain=chain)
-                logger.debug(
-                    f"Get stream flow from Sender {sender} to Receiver {settings.PAYMENT_RECEIVER_ADDRESS} of {stream}"
-                )
+                try:
+                    stream = await get_stream(sender=sender, receiver=settings.PAYMENT_RECEIVER_ADDRESS, chain=chain)
+                    logger.debug(
+                        f"Get stream flow from Sender {sender} to Receiver {settings.PAYMENT_RECEIVER_ADDRESS} of {stream}"
+                    )
+                except ValueError as error:
+                    logger.error(f"Error found getting stream for chain {chain} and sender {sender}: {error}")
+                    continue
 
                 required_stream = await compute_required_flow(executions)
                 logger.debug(f"Required stream for Sender {sender} executions: {required_stream}")
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/views/__init__.py b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/views/__init__.py
index 4c9b3866d..9f0d6b32d 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/views/__init__.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/orchestrator/views/__init__.py
@@ -347,6 +347,7 @@ async def status_public_config(request: web.Request):
                 "ENABLE_QEMU_SUPPORT": settings.ENABLE_QEMU_SUPPORT,
                 "INSTANCE_DEFAULT_HYPERVISOR": settings.INSTANCE_DEFAULT_HYPERVISOR,
                 "ENABLE_CONFIDENTIAL_COMPUTING": settings.ENABLE_CONFIDENTIAL_COMPUTING,
+                "ENABLE_GPU_SUPPORT": settings.ENABLE_GPU_SUPPORT,
             },
         },
         dumps=dumps_for_json,
@@ -477,10 +478,14 @@ async def notify_allocation(request: web.Request):
     payment_type = message.content.payment and message.content.payment.type or PaymentType.hold
 
     is_confidential = message.content.environment.trusted_execution is not None
-
-    if payment_type == PaymentType.hold and is_confidential:
-        # At the moment we will allow hold for PAYG
-        logger.debug("Confidential instance not using PAYG")
+    have_gpu = message.content.requirements and message.content.requirements.gpu is not None
+
+    if payment_type == PaymentType.hold and (is_confidential or have_gpu):
+        # Log confidential and instances with GPU support
+        if is_confidential:
+            logger.debug(f"Confidential instance {item_hash} not using PAYG")
+        if have_gpu:
+            logger.debug(f"GPU Instance {item_hash} not using PAYG")
         user_balance = await payment.fetch_balance_of_address(message.sender)
         hold_price = await payment.fetch_execution_hold_price(item_hash)
         logger.debug(f"Address {message.sender} Balance: {user_balance}, Price: {hold_price}")
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/pool.py b/src/aleph/vm/pool.py
index dfc4242ec..1ffabd419 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/pool.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/pool.py
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@
     Payment,
     PaymentType,
 )
+from pydantic import parse_raw_as
 
 from aleph.vm.conf import settings
 from aleph.vm.controllers.firecracker.snapshot_manager import SnapshotManager
 from aleph.vm.network.hostnetwork import Network, make_ipv6_allocator
 from aleph.vm.orchestrator.metrics import get_execution_records
-from aleph.vm.resources import GpuDevice, get_gpu_devices
+from aleph.vm.resources import GpuDevice, HostGPU, get_gpu_devices
 from aleph.vm.systemd import SystemDManager
 from aleph.vm.utils import get_message_executable_content
 from aleph.vm.vm_type import VmType
@@ -112,7 +113,11 @@ async def create_a_vm(
                 self.executions[vm_hash] = execution
 
             try:
+                # First assign Host GPUs from the available
+                execution.prepare_gpus(self.get_available_gpus())
+                # Prepare VM general Resources and also the GPUs
                 await execution.prepare()
+
                 vm_id = self.get_unique_vm_id()
 
                 if self.network:
@@ -236,6 +241,9 @@ async def load_persistent_executions(self):
 
             if execution.is_running:
                 # TODO: Improve the way that we re-create running execution
+                # Load existing GPUs assigned to VMs
+                execution.gpus = parse_raw_as(List[HostGPU], saved_execution.gpus)
+                # Load and instantiate the rest of resources and already assigned GPUs
                 await execution.prepare()
                 if self.network:
                     vm_type = VmType.from_message_content(execution.message)
@@ -288,10 +296,17 @@ def get_instance_executions(self) -> Iterable[VmExecution]:
         )
         return executions or []
 
-    def get_available_gpus(self) -> Iterable[GpuDevice]:
-        # TODO: Filter already used GPUs on current executions and remove it from available
-        available_gpus = self.gpus
-        return available_gpus or []
+    def get_available_gpus(self) -> List[GpuDevice]:
+        available_gpus = []
+        for gpu in self.gpus:
+            used = False
+            for _, execution in self.executions.items():
+                if execution.uses_gpu(gpu.pci_host):
+                    used = True
+                    break
+            if not used:
+                available_gpus.append(gpu)
+        return available_gpus
 
     def get_executions_by_sender(self, payment_type: PaymentType) -> dict[str, dict[str, list[VmExecution]]]:
         """Return all executions of the given type, grouped by sender and by chain."""
diff --git a/src/aleph/vm/resources.py b/src/aleph/vm/resources.py
index 5532c2263..767b64906 100644
--- a/src/aleph/vm/resources.py
+++ b/src/aleph/vm/resources.py
@@ -3,10 +3,21 @@
 from typing import List, Optional
 
 from aleph_message.models import HashableModel
-from pydantic import Extra, Field
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Extra, Field
+
+
+class HostGPU(BaseModel):
+    """Host GPU properties detail."""
+
+    pci_host: str = Field(description="GPU PCI host address")
+
+    class Config:
+        extra = Extra.forbid
 
 
 class GpuDeviceClass(str, Enum):
+    """GPU device class. Look at https://admin.pci-ids.ucw.cz/read/PD/03"""
+
     VGA_COMPATIBLE_CONTROLLER = "0300"
     _3D_CONTROLLER = "0302"