ci: Enable standard library assertions in debug builds (#3759)

Should add assertions that check preconditions of calls to standardlibrary functions.

<!-- This is an auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->
## Summary by CodeRabbit

- **Chores**
	- Enhanced configuration for compiler flags to conditionally enable assertions.
	- Addressed compilation issues with GCC 13 by undefining specific preprocessor directives.
	- Maintained existing logic for compiler type checks without altering public entity signatures.
- **Bug Fixes**
	- Adjusted the logic for generating random directions to ensure correct bounds for angles.
- **Documentation**
	- Improved comments for clarity on the calculations in the random direction generation function.
<!-- end of auto-generated comment: release notes by coderabbit.ai -->

Core/src/Visualization/ObjVisualization3D.cpp

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void ObjVisualization3D::faces(const std::vector<Vector3>& vtxs,
     o.vertices.insert(o.vertices.end(), vtxs.begin(), vtxs.end());
     for (const auto& face : faces) {
       if (face.size() == 2) {
-        o.lines.push_back({face[0] + vtxoffs, face[2] + vtxoffs});
+        o.lines.push_back({face[0] + vtxoffs, face[1] + vtxoffs});
       } else {
         FaceType rawFace;
         std::ranges::transform(

Plugins/Json/src/DetrayJsonHelper.cpp

@@ -6,6 +6,13 @@
 // License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
 // file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
 
+// For whatever reason, this compilation unit does not compile
+// with those assertions and GCC 13. For now just disable the
+// flags in this case.
+#if defined(_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS) && __GNUC__ == 13
+#undef _GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS
+#endif
+
 #include "Acts/Plugins/Json/DetrayJsonHelper.hpp"
 
 namespace Acts::DetrayJsonHelper {

Tests/UnitTests/Core/Utilities/AlgebraHelpersTests.cpp

@@ -82,18 +82,15 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SafeInverseFPESmallMatrix) {
   m(1, 1) = 1;
 
   auto mInv = Acts::safeInverse(m);
+  BOOST_REQUIRE(mInv.has_value());
   auto mInvInv = Acts::safeInverse(*mInv);
-
-  BOOST_CHECK(mInv);
   BOOST_CHECK(!mInvInv);
 
   ACTS_VERBOSE("Test: SafeInverseFPESmallMatrix" << "\n"
                                                  << "m:\n"
                                                  << m << "\n"
                                                  << "mInv:\n"
-                                                 << *mInv << "\n"
-                                                 << "mInvInv [garbage]:\n"
-                                                 << *mInvInv);
+                                                 << *mInv);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SafeInverseFPELargeMatrix) {
@@ -107,9 +104,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(SafeInverseFPELargeMatrix) {
 
   ACTS_VERBOSE("Test: SafeInverseFPELargeMatrix" << "\n"
                                                  << "m:\n"
-                                                 << m << "\n"
-                                                 << "mInv [garbage]:\n"
-                                                 << *mInv);
+                                                 << m);
 }
 
 /// This test should not compile

cmake/ActsCompilerOptions.cmake

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ set(cxx_flags
     "-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Wshadow -Wzero-as-null-pointer-constant -Wold-style-cast"
 )
 
+# Add assertions to standard libraries
+if(ACTS_FORCE_ASSERTIONS)
+    set(cxx_flags "${cxx_flags} -D_GLIBCXX_ASSERTIONS -D_LIBCPP_DEBUG")
+endif()
+
 # This adds some useful conversion checks like float-to-bool, float-to-int, etc.
 # However, at the moment this is only added to clang builds, since GCC's -Wfloat-conversion
 # is much more aggressive and also triggers on e.g., double-to-float