IELTS-4000.txt

IELTS
4000 Academic Word List 

A

abandon: lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm
abandonment: giving up completely; freedom from constraint
abbreviation: shortening something by omitting parts of it
abeyance: suspended action; temporary cessation or suspension
abide: endure; put up with; bear; tolerate
ability: capacity; skill
abnormal: unusual; not typical; not normal
aboard: on a ship, train, plane or other vehicle; in or into a group, organization, or business
abolish: cancel; put an end to; destroy completely
abolition: ending; act of abolishing; act of doing away with
abortion: termination of pregnancy; failure of a plan
abortive: unsuccessful; failing to accomplish an intended objective; fruitless
abridge: condense; shorten; reduce length of written text
abrogate: abolish, do away with, or annul, especially by authority
abrupt: broken off; very steep; having sudden transitions from one subject to another
absence: state of being absent; state of being away
absent: go away or leave ; missing; not present
absolute: perfect in quality or nature; complete; totally unlimited; certain
absolutely: utterly; definitely
absorb: assimilate or incorporate; suck or drink up; occupy full attention
absorption: process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion; state of mental
concentration
abstract: theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand
absurd: preposterous; ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable; foolish
absurdity: quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment;
logical contradiction
abundance: great or plentiful amount; fullness to overflowing
abundant: plentiful; possessing riches or resources
abuse: improper use or handling; misuse
academic: related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to scholarly organization; based
on formal education
academy: school for special instruction; society of scholars, scientists, or artists
accede: agree; give consent, often at insistence of another; concede
accelerate: move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected
acceleration: faster rate of improvement; rate of change of velocity with respect to time
access: approach; entry; entrance
accessible: easily approached or entered; obtainable; easy to talk to or get along with
accessory: additional object; useful but not essential thing; subordinate or supplementary item
accident: event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; sudden, and unexpected
event
accidental: unexpected; unforeseen
accidentally: inadvertently; by chance; casually; fortuitously; not essentially or intrinsically
accommodate: do a favor or service for; provide for; supply with; make suitable; adapt; allow for
accommodation: living quarters provided for public convenience
accompaniment: act of accompanying someone or something
accompany: travel with; be associated with
accomplish: succeed in doing; bring to pass; achieve; reach the end of; complete
accomplishment: achievement; fulfillment
accord: settlement or compromise of conflicting opinions; written agreement between two states
account: narrative or record of events; reason given for a particular action or event
accountant: one who maintains and audits business accounts
accounting: system that provides quantitative information about finances
accrue: increase, accumulate, or come about as a result of growth; accumulate over time
accumulate: pile up; collect; mount up; increase
accumulation: increase by natural growth or addition; concentration
accuracy: quality of nearness to the truth or the true value
accurate: capable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing with care and precision
accusation: indictment; charge of wrongdoing that is made against a person or other party
accuse: blame; condemn
achieve: gain with effort; accomplish; fulfill
achievement: feat; accomplishment; award for completing a particular task or meeting an objective
acid: sour; water-soluble compounds having a sour taste; quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful
acknowledge: declare to be true or admit; express obligation, thanks
acquaint: inform about; cause to come to know personally; make familiar
acquaintance: personal knowledge or information about someone or something
acquainted: known by or familiar with another; informed or familiar
acquire: gain through experience or effort; gain possession of; locate with tracking system
acquisition: act of contracting or assuming or acquiring possession of something
across: from side to side; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length
activate: make active or more active; stimulate; make radioactive
actively: energetically; vigorously; in an active manner; voluntarily, not passively
actual: true; real; being, existing, or acting at the present moment; current
actually: truly; really; in fact
acute: quickly perceptive; keen; having a sharp point or tip; extremely sharp or severe
adapt: make fit for; change to suit a new purpose
adaptation: modification; alteration or adjustment in structure or habits
additional: further; extra; supplemental or added to
additive: addition; supplement
address: make a formal speech to; deal with or discuss; direct efforts or attention of
adequate: sufficient; enough to meet a purpose
adhere: stick fast; stick to firmly; be compatible or in accordance with
adhesive: glue; paste ; substance that unites or bonds surfaces together
adjacent: adjoining; neighboring; close to; lying near
adjoin: be next to; be contiguous to; border on
adjust: adapt; regulate
adjustment: making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances
administer: govern; supervise; give or apply medications
administration: management; supervision; people who are in charge for management; activity of
government for powers and duties
administrative: of or relating to or responsible for administration
admiration: favorable judgment; feeling of pleasure, wonder, and approval
admire: regard with wonder or astonishment; view with surprise; marvel at
admission: act or practice of admitting; power or permission to enter
admit: permit to enter; receive; provide the right or a means of entrance to
admittedly: doubtlessly; in an acknowledged manner; confessedly
adolescence: state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; transitional period
between youth and maturity
adolescent: a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity;
adopt: accept; take on; raise; take into one's family
adoption: act of accepting with approval
adore: worship with profound reverence; pay divine honors to; regard with the utmost esteem and
affection
adorn: enhance or decorate with or as if with ornaments
adornment: embellishment; decoration; something that beautifies or adorns; ornament
adult: one who has attained maturity or legal age; fully grown
advance: proceed; move forward; improve; moving forward
advanced: improved; highly developed or complex; ahead of the times; progressive
adventure: something happens without design; chance; hazard; risk; danger
adventurous: valiant; venturesome; inclined or willing to incur hazard or engage in adventures
adversary: opponent in contest; someone who offers opposition
adverse: in opposing direction; harmful or unfavorable; acting or serving to oppose
adversity: state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune
advertise: give notice to; inform or apprise; make known; give public notice of
advisable: proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent; ready to receive advice
advocate: speak, plead, or argue in favour of; plead for; push for something
aerial: of the air or atmosphere; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air
affect: have an emotional or cognitive impact upon
affection: fondness; tender feeling toward another; fondness
affectionate: having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; kindly inclined; zealous
affiliate: associate; incorporate
affirm: assert; confirm
affirmation: positive assertion; confirmation; solemn pledge by one who refuses to take an oath
affirmative: confirmative; ratifying; giving assent or approval; confirming
afford: pay; provide; have the financial means for; bear the cost of
affordable: able to pay for
agency: a business that serves other businesses; an administrative unit of government
agent: one that acts on behalf of other persons or organizations
aggravate: worsen; make worse or more troublesome
aggregate: gather into a mass, sum, or whole; amount to
aggregation: several things grouped together or considered as a whole
aggressive: making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly
aggressor: one that engages in aggression; person who first attacks
agitate: cause to move with violence or sudden force; upset; disturb
agitation: anxiety; extreme emotional disturbance
agony: extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; last struggle of life; death struggle
agreeable: ready to consent or submit; acceptable
agreement: state of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character
agriculture: practice of cultivating the land or raising stock
aid: person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; helper; assistant
ailment: sickness; illness; affliction
aim: point or direct towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it
air: be broadcast on television or radio
aircraft: vehicle that can fly, such as an airplane, helicopter, balloon
aisle: passageway between rows of seats, as in an auditorium or an airplane; wing of a building
ajar: half-open; slightly turned or opened
alarm: any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger
album: a list of names; a register for visitors; a blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches,
memorial writing of friends, photographs
alert: warning serves; alarm; condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action
alien: dissimilar, inconsistent, or opposed in nature; very different place, society, or person
alienate: cause to become unfriendly or hostile; transfer property or ownership; isolate or dissociate
emotionally
alignment: arrangement; association; alliance
alike: similar; in the same manner or to the same degree
allergic: excessively sensitive; susceptible; having an allergy
allergy: hyper sensitivity reaction; abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances
alliance: state of being allied; act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between
families, states, parties
allocate: assign; distribute according to plan
allot: parcel out in parts or portions; distribute to each individual concerned; assign as a share or lot
allowance: approval; act of allowing, granting, or admitting
alloy: combine; mix; make less pure; lessen or moderate
ally: confederate; partner; collaborator
alone: solitary; by oneself
along: by the length; in a line with the length; onward; forward; in company; together
alongside: along or by the side; side by side with
alter: modify; cause to change; make different; convert
alternate: happening or following in turns; succeeding each other continuously; substitute
alternation: successive change from one thing or state to another and back again
alternative: one of two or more things, ideas or courses of action that may be used; option; choice
altitude: elevation especially above sea level; height
aluminum: silvery ductile metallic element
amateur: nonprofessional; lacking the skill of a professional, as in an art
amaze: astonish; affect with wonder
amazement: wonder; state of extreme surprise or wonder; astonishment
ambassador: authorized messenger or representative
ambiguity: state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty
ambiguous: unclear or doubtful in meaning
ambition: aspiration
ambitious: aspiring; having a strong desire for success or achievement
ambulance: field hospital organized as to follow an army in its movements; wagon for conveying the
wounded to hospital
amend: change for the better; improve; remove faults or errors
amendment: correction; revision
amends: compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation
amiable: good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly
amicable: exhibiting friendliness or goodwill; not quarrelsome
amid: in the middle of; among; surrounded by
ammunition: military stores or provisions; articles used in weapons, as powder, balls, shot, shells
amount: total of two or more quantities; aggregate; sum
ample: more than enough in size or scope or capacity; fairly large
amplification: addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail
amplify: broaden or clarify by expanding; intensify; make larger or more powerful; increase
amuse: occupy or engage the attention of; lose in deep thought
analogy: similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity
analysis: study; investigation; process of breaking down a substance into its constituent parts
analytical: of analysis; resolving into elements or parts
analyze: diagnose; examine
ancestor: forefather; forebear; forerunner or predecessor
anchor: secure or fasten firmly; be fixed in place; narrate or coordinate
anecdote: short account of amusing or interesting event; short narrative; secret story of history or
biography
angular: sharp-cornered; consisting of an angle or angles; stiff in manner
animate: endowed with life; alive; living; animated
animation: act of animating, or giving life or spirit; state of being animate or alive.
ankle: joint which connects the foot with the leg; tarsus
annex: append or attach; take possession of; incorporate into an existing political unit
anniversary: annual; yearly; annual return of the day on which any notable event took place
announce: herald; give out; proclaim; make known publicly
announcement: formal public statement; act of making known publicly
announcer: one who proclaims a message publicly
annoy: disturb, especially by minor irritations; irritate
annual: occurring or payable every year
annually: yearly; each year; returning every year; year by year
antagonism: active resistance; condition of being an opposing principle, force, or factor
antagonist: one who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; opponent
antarctic: opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it
antibiotic: of or relating to chemical substance that kills microorganisms and cures infections
anticipate: act in advance of; deal with ahead of time; predict
anticipation: something expected; pleasurable expectation; wishing with confidence
antique: any furniture old and valuable; out of fashion 
antonym: word of opposite meaning; counter term
anxiety: concern something in state of painful uneasiness; state of restlessness and agitation
anxious: eager; keen; worried; uneasy and apprehensive about an uncertain event or matter
anyhow: in any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event
apart: separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside
ape: imitate; mimic, as an ape imitates human actions
apologize: beg pardon
apology: acknowledgment expressing regret or asking pardon for a fault or offense; explanation or
excuse
apparatus: a group of parts that work together to perform given function; appliance or device for
particular purpose
apparent: capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to eye
appeal: attraction; charm; attract; fascinate; challenge
appealing: attractive; charming
appendix: something appended or added
appetite: instinctive physical desire, especially one for food or drink
applaud: acclaim; express approval, especially by clapping the hands
appliance: durable goods for home or office use; device or instrument for household use
applicable: capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance
applicant: candidate
application: close attention; work of applying something; verbal or written request for assistance
apply: exert; put into service; avail oneself to;
appoint: designate; nominate
appointment: act of putting a person into a non-elective position; arrangement
appreciable: considerable; perceptible
appreciate: be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of
appreciation: recognition; taste; judgment or opinion, especially a favorable one
appreciative: having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception
apprentice: works for an expert to learn a trade; beginner; learner
approach: access; method
appropriate: acquire; take possession of for one's own use; set apart for specific use
approval: official approbation; endorsement; act of approving
approve: ratify; consider right or good; think or speak favorably of
approximate: approach; come near
approximately: about; roughly
apt: likely; exactly suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand
aptitude: inherent ability; quickness in learning and understanding
arbitrary: randomly chosen; determined by chance or impulse, and not by reason or principle
arbitrator: someone chosen to judge and decide disputed issue; one having ability or power to make
authoritative decisions
arc: continuous portion of a circle; something curved in shape
arch: any part of a curved line
archaeology: study of artifacts and relics of early mankind
architect: one who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other large structures
architecture: art and science of designing and erecting buildings; buildings and other large structures
ardent: displaying or by strong enthusiasm or devotion; passionate
arduous: demanding great effort or labor; difficult
area: plane surface, as of the floor of a room; open space in a building; the enclosed space; extent;
scope; range
arena: playing field where sports events take place; large structure for open-air sports or
entertainments
argue: invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; debate
arise: come up from a lower to a higher position; come above the horizon; spring up; come into action
aristocracy: hereditary nobility; privileged class
aristocrat: one of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble
arithmetic: theory of numerical calculations
armour: defensive covering, as of metal, wood, or leather, worn to protect the body against weapons
arms: weapons considered collectively; official symbols of a family
arouse: excite; stimulate; awaken from or as if from sleep
arrange: put in proper order; dispose in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose
arrangement: composition; order
array: set out for display or use; place in orderly arrangement
arrest: stop or slow down; catch someone's attention; take into custody
arrogance: overbearing pride; haughtiness; manifest feeling of personal superiority in rank, power, or
estimation
arrogant: arising from feeling or assumption of one's superiority toward others
article: essay; editorial; individual thing or element of a class
artificial: made by humans; produced rather than natural.
ascend: climb; mount
ascertain: find out for certain; discover with certainty; make sure of
ascribe: inscribe or dedicate; attribute to a specified cause, source, or origin; assign as a quality
ashamed: affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt
aside: on, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest
aspect: distinct feature or element in a problem; a way in which something can be viewed by the
mind
aspirin: white crystalline compound drug to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation
assassination: act of assassinating; killing by treacherous violence; murder of public figure by
surprise attack
assault: attack; onslaught
assemble: put together; bring or call together into a group or whole
assembly: gathering; meeting; a group of persons gathered together for common reason
assert: declare or state with confidence; put oneself forward boldly
assess: estimate value; judge worth of something
assessment: act of judging or assessing; amount determined as payable
assign: appoint; allot; make over; point out authoritatively or exactly
assignment: task given to students; job; distribution; appointment
assist: give help or support to, especially as a subordinate
assistance: activity of contributing to fulfillment of a need or furtherance of an effort or purpose
assistant: helper; person who assists or helps someone else
associate: connect or join together; combine
association: connection, whether of persons of things; union of persons in a company or society for
some particular purpose
assorted: varied; miscellaneous
assortment: variety; collection containing a variety of sorts of things
assume: suppose; presume; take on; bear
assumption: something taken for accepted as true without proof; taking over or taking possession of
assurance: promise or pledge; certainty; self-confidence; freedom from doubt
assure: solidify; guarantee; convince
assured: made sure; exhibiting confidence or authority; indubitable
astonish: surprise; shock
astound: affect with wonder; surprise; shock
astray: away from the correct path or direction, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering
astronomer: a physicist who studies astronomy
astronomical: enormously large or extensive; relating to astronomy
astronomy: branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and universe as a whole
athlete: sports man; one who contended for prize in public games
atlas: a bound volume of maps, charts, or tables
atmosphere: air
atom: a tiny piece of anything; the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties
of the element
atomic: of or relating to or comprising atoms; immeasurably small
attach: fasten; annex; be in contact with
attachment: a bond, as of affection or loyalty; fond regard; supplementary part; accessory
attack: offensive move; expression of strong criticism; hostile comment
attain: achieve or accomplish; gain
attempt: action of trying at something
attend: be present at; go to; take care of; tend
attendance: act of being present
attendant: aide; servant; accompanying; person who participates in a meeting
attention: act or state of attending or heeding; application of the mind to any object of sense,
representation, or thought
attentive: alert and watchful; considerate; thoughtful
attic: story or room directly below the roof of a building, especially a house;
attitude: posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue
attorney: lawyer; one who is appointed by another to act in his place or stead; proxy
attract: draw to, or cause to tend to; engage or fix, as the mind, attention; invite or allure
attraction: appeal; a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts
attribute: essential quality; reputation; honor
auction: public sale of property to the highest bidder
audience: a group of people within hearing; crowd seeing a stage performance
auditorium: area of theater or concert hall where audience sits
august: impressive; majestic; inspiring awe or admiration
author: beginner, former, or first mover of anything; creator; originator; one who composes or writes
book or composer
authority: jurisdiction; power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge;
government
authorization: act of giving authority or legal power; establishment by authority; sanction or warrant
authorize: empower; give permission for; sanction
autobiography: biography or story written by yourself
automate: control or operate by automation; replace or enhance human labor with machines
automatic: mechanized; operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control
automation: act or process of converting the controlling of a machine or device to a more automatic
system, such as computer or electronic controls
automobile: self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on street or roadway
autonomous: self-governing; not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent
autonomy: independence; self-government or the right of self-government; self-determination
auxiliary: helper, additional or subsidiary
avail: turn to advantage of; be of service to; profit; promote
available: convenient for use or disposal; not busy, free; obtainable; accessible
avenge: take vengeance for something, or on behalf of someone
avenue: way or opening for entrance or exit place; passage by which a place may be reached; broad
street
average: typical; mean; achieve or reach on average
aviation: art or science of flying; flight; aeronautics
avoid: shield away from; prevent
aware: knowing; having knowledge or cognizance
awe: mixed emotion of reverence, respect, dread, and wonder; fear, as of something evil
awful: causing fear, dread, or terror; extremely bad or unpleasant; terrible
awkward: difficult to handle or manage
awkwardly: in an uncomfortable, nervous or embarrassed way
axis: the center around which something rotates; pivot
axle: pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel; transverse bar or shaft
connecting the opposite wheels of a car or carriage 


B

baby-sitter: person engaged to care for children when the parents are not home
bachelor: unmarried men; the first or lowest academic degree conferred by universities and colleges
backbone: support; mainstay; vertebrate spine or spinal column
backward: directed to the back or rear; unwilling; averse; reluctant; hesitating; undeveloped
bacon: back and sides of a pig salted and smoked
bacterium: single celled organism with no nucleus
badge: distinctive mark, token, or sign worn on the person
badminton: game played on a court with light long-handled rackets
baffle: frustrate as by confusing or perplexing; impede force or movement of
baggage: trunks, bags, parcels, and suitcases in which one carries one's belongings while traveling;
luggage
bait: harass; tease; lure, entice, or entrap
bake: prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat, either in an oven or under coals, or on heated stone
or metal
balance: being in equilibrium; equilibrium; symmetry; stability
balcony: platform projecting from the wall of a building
bald: hairless; lacking a natural or usual covering
ballet: a sort of theatrical representation by dancers
balloon: large non-rigid bag filled with gas or heated air
ballroom: large room used mainly for dancing
bamboo: plant of family of grasses, growing in tropical countries
band: orchestra; team; strip; ribbon; belt; unite; ally
bandage: strip of woven material, used in dressing and binding up wounds
bang: a vigorous blow; a conspicuous success
17
banker: person in charge of the bank in a gambling game; one who owns or is an executive in a bank
bankrupt: penniless, without any money; financially ruined
banner: flag; sign; a newspaper headline that runs across the full page
banquet: feast; entertainment of eating and drinking
bar: a counter where you can obtain food or drink; cafe; strip; stick
barber: haircutter; one whose business is to cut hair and to shave or trim beards
bare: lacking the usual or appropriate covering or clothing
barely: just; only; hardly; scarcely
bargain: agreement between parties concerning the sale of property
barge: flatboat; long, large boat for transporting freight that is unpowered and towed or pushed by
other craft
bark: sound made by a dog; harsh sound uttered by a dog
barn: an outlying farm building for storing grain or animal feed and housing farm animals
barometer: instrument for determining the weight or pressure of the atmosphere
baron: title or degree of nobility
barrel: vessel; large cylindrical container
barren: desolate; fruitless and unproductive; lacking
barrier: obstacle; structure built to bar passage; boundary or limit
barter: trade goods or services without the exchange of money
baseball: game played with a bat and ball by two opposing teams of nine players; ball used in this
game
basement: cellar; storage room
basin: bowl-shaped vessel, usually used for holding food or liquids
bathe: wash by immersion, as in a bath; subject to bath; lave; immerse or cover one's self
batter: beat with successive blows; beat repeatedly and with violence
battery: beating or pounding; set of guns or heavy artillery; dry cell that produces electric current
bay: inlet of the sea, usually smaller than a gulf; small body of water set off from the main body
bazaar: market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East
18
bead: small piece of material, such as glass, plastic, or wood, that is pierced for stringing
beak: nib ;horny projecting mouth of a bird
beam: ray of light; long piece of metal or wood; long piece fixed or movable in structure, machine, or
tool
bean: various edible seeds; small oval or roundish seed, berry, nut, or lump
bear: support; sustain; carry; have; yield; give birth; hold up or support
bearing: carrying another part; patient endurance; suffering without complaint; act of producing or
giving birth
beat: whip; strike; defeat; hit repeatedly
become: suit or be suitable to; be worthy of, or proper for; cause to appear well; grow or come to be
beforehand: in state of anticipation; in advance; by way of preparation
behalf: represent; advantage, benefit, interest of someone
behave: perform; conduct oneself in a proper way
behavior: conduct; manner
belly: part of human body which extends downward from breast to thighs, and contains bowels;
womb
beloved: greatly loved; dear to the heart
below: under, or lower in place; beneath not so high; inferior to in rank; unworthy of
bend: strain or move out of a straight line; curve; turn toward some certain point
beneath: lower in place, with something directly over or on; under; underneath; below
beneficial: helpful; tending to promote physical well-being
beneficiary: person entitled to benefits or proceeds of an insurance policy or will
benefit: advantage; something that aids or promotes well-being ; welfare; gain
benevolent: generous in providing aid to others; charitable
bent: determined to do or have
besides: over and above; separate or distinct from; in addition to; other than
bestow: give as gift; present
bet: stake or pledge upon the event of a contingent issue; amount or object risked in a wager
betray: be unfaithful; reveal unconsciously or unwillingly
19
beverage: liquids for drinking, usually excluding water; refreshment
bewilder: lead into perplexity or confusion; perplex with mazes
bias: preference or inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment; influence in unfair way
bid: make an offer of; propose; offer in words; declare, as a wish, a greeting, a threat, or defiance
bill: invoice; act; proposal; statement or list of particulars, such as a theater program or menu
billion: the number that is represented as a one followed by 9 zeros
bind: tie, or confine with a cord, band, or chain; make fast; contract; cohere or stick together
biographer: one who writes a book about somebody's life
biography: an account of the series of events making up a person's life; accounts of people's life
biologist: scientist who studies living organisms
bite: pierce skin with teeth; seize with the teeth; sting with a stinger; eat into; have a sharp taste
bitter: harsh or corrosive in tone; painful; acrid; acrimonious
bitterness: sharp and bitter manner
blacksmith: one who forges and shapes iron with a hammer and anvil
blade: flat part of the leaf, of any plant, especially of gramineous plants; cutting part of an instrument
blame: condemn; rebuke; find fault with; censure
blank: of a white or pale color; without color; empty; void
blanket: heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool, and having a nap, used in bed clothing
blast: explode; burst; gale; very strong gust of wind or air
blaze: brilliant burst of fire; destructive fire; flame
bleach: make white or colorless; blanch
bleed: emit blood; lose blood; withdraw blood from the body
blend: combination; mixture; forming uniform mixture
bless: make or pronounce holy; consecrate; make happy
blessing: praying for divine protection; formal act of giving approval
blink: shut eyes briefly; wink
block: hinder; obstruct; indicate broadly without great detail; sketch
bloom: flower; blossom; best time of youth; period of greatest prosperity or productivity
blossom: reproductive organ of plants, especially one having showy or colorful parts
blot: spot or stain, as of ink on paper; blur; weak point or failing
blunder: serious mistake typically caused by ignorance or confusion
blunt: having a dull edge or end; not sharp; lacking in feeling; insensitive
blush: become rosy or reddish; turn red, as if in embarrassment or shame
board: a committee having supervisory powers; a flat piece of material designed for a special
purpose
boarding: wooden boards collectively; act of entering a ship; supplying with meals and lodgings for
pay
boast: show off oneself; speak of with excessive pride
bodyguard: guard to protect or defend person; lifeguard
boil: be agitated; pass from a liquid to vapor when heated; be excited with passion; heat in water
bold: brave; daring; intrepid; impudent
bolt: dash or dart off; move or jump suddenly
bond: link; connection; uniting force or tie; binding agreement; duty
bonus: an extra dividend to the shareholders; money paid in addition to a stated compensation
bookcase: case with shelves for holding books, especially one with glazed doors
boom: bonanza; prosperity; prosper; expand; flourish
booming: deep and resonant; flourishing; thriving
boost: raise; advance; push or shove upward
booth: house or shed built for temporary occupation; covered stall or temporary structure
border: outer part or edge of anything, as of a garment, a garden; margin; verge; brink; boundary
bore: drill; make a hole in or through, with or as if with a drill
boring: uninteresting and tiresome; dull
bother: annoy; trouble; make agitated or nervous; fluster
bounce: jolt; rebound after having struck an object or a surface
bound: tied; held; committed; limit; constraint; leap; jump
boundary: dividing line; border; frontier
bourgeois: middle class; selfishly materialistic; dully conventional
bow: inclination of head, or bending of body for reverence, respect, civility, or submission; bending or
rounded part of ship forward
bowl: throw or roll a ball; move quickly and smoothly, especially by rolling
boycott: refrain from buying or using
brace: something which holds anything tightly or supports it firmly, as bandage, cord, or rod;
brain: organ or seat of intellect; understanding or imagination
brake: a piece of mechanism for retarding or stopping motion by friction
brand: burning piece of wood; mark made by burning with a hot iron; distinctive mark upon in any
way
breach: breaking of contract or duty
breadth: measure or dimension from side to side; width; extent
break: opportunity to do something; pause or interval, as from work; sudden change
breakdown: process of failing to function or continue; sudden collapse in physical or mental health;
summary of itemized data
breakthrough: act of overcoming or penetrating an obstacle or restriction
breath: air that is inhaled and exhaled in respiration
breathe: respire; inhale and exhale air
breed: raise; produce offspring; give birth to or hatch; mate
breeze: light current of air; gentle wind; progress swiftly and effortlessly
bribe: something serving to influence or persuade; reward or gift with a view to prevent judgment
bridle: headgear with which a horse is directed and which carries a bit and reins
brief: short in time, duration, length, or extent; concise
brighten: lighten; cheer; encourage; make or become bright or brighter
brilliance: cleverness; magnificence
brilliant: full of light; shining; bright; sharp and clear in tone
brim: brink; edge
brink: edge, margin, or border of a steep place verge
brisk: marked by speed, liveliness, and vigor; energetic; swift; keen or sharp in speech or manner
brittle: easily broken; having little elasticity
broadcast: message that is transmitted by radio or television; radio or television show
broaden: widen; grow broad or broader
brochure: pamphlet; small book usually having paper cover
bronze: an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes other elements
brood: think long and anxiously; be in a state of gloomy, serious thought
brook: creek; stream
brown: of dark color, of various shades between black and red or yellow
bruise: injure, as by a blow or collision; contuse; fight with the fists
brutal: like a brute; savage; cruel; inhuman; merciless
brute: not having sensation; senseless; inanimate; unconscious; without intelligence
bubble: foam; dome-shaped covering made of transparent glass or plastic; fantastic or impracticable
idea or belief
bucket: vessel for drawing up water from a well; vessel for hoisting and conveying coal, ore, grain
bud: one that is not yet fully developed; sprout
budget: estimate; a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose
buffet: table with food set out for people to serve themselves; meal at which people help themselves
to food that's been set out
bug: general name applied to various insects
bulb: rounded part of a cylindrical structure; electric lamp consisting of a glass ball
bulk: majority; main part; volume; mass
bulky: of large size for its weight
bull: male of any species of cattle; large, strong, and aggressive person; optimist regarding business
conditions
bulletin: brief statement of facts; any public notice or announcement; a periodical publication
bullion: gold and silver in the form of bars
bump: impact as from a collision; lump on the body caused by a blow
bunch: clump; cluster; gathering
bundle: packet; a package of things tied together; a large sum of money
burdensome: not easily borne; wearing; causing uneasiness or fatigue
bureaucracy: over-regulated administrative system
burial: grave or tomb; ritual placing of a corpse in a grave; concealing something under the ground
bush: place abounding in trees or shrubs; wild forest
business: rightful concern or responsibility; occupation, work, or trade in which a person is engaged;
commercial enterprise
butcher: one whose job is to kill animals for food; one who kills in large numbers, or with unusual
cruelty
butter: oily, unctuous substance obtained from cream or milk by churning
butterfly: insect typically having a slender body with broad colorful wings
buzz: confusion of activity and gossip; sound of rapid vibration
bygone: past; gone by
bypass: channel used to conduct gas or liquid around another pipe or a fixture; conductor having low
resistance in parallel
by-product: product made during the manufacture of something else 
 

C

cab: taxi; one-horse vehicle for public hire
cabin: small room on a ship or boat where people sleep
cabinet: group of persons appointed by a head of state or a prime minister; hut; cottage; small house;
small room; closet
cable: very strong thick rope made of twisted steel or metal wire
cafe: coffee house; restaurant where coffee and liquors are served
cafeteria: restaurant where you serve yourself and pay a cashier
calculate: compute; determine; estimate
calculation: planning something carefully and intentionally
calendar: orderly arrangement as years, months, weeks, and days; a table showing months, weeks,
and days
calm: freedom from motion, agitation, or disturbance; tranquility; stillness; quiet; serenity
calorie: unit of heat; unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1
kilogram of water by 1 degree
campaign: battle ;a series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end
campus: field where the buildings of a university are situated
canal: artificial channel filled with water; tube or duct
canary: pale yellowish color; wine made in the Canary Islands; canary bird; quick and lively dance
cancel: revoke; call off; omit or delete
cancellation: act of cancelling; calling off some arrangement
candid: straightforward; frank; free from prejudice; impartial
candidate: person who is considered for something; person who seeks or is nominated for an office,
prize, or honor
cane: any plant with long, hard, elastic stems; walking stick
cannon: great gun; firearm for discharging heavy shot with great force
canon: law or rule; decision, regulation, code, or constitution made by ecclesiastical authority; books
of the Bible officially accepted; a group of literary works
canteen: vessel used by soldiers for carrying water, liquor, or other drink; snack bar or small
cafeteria, as on a military installation
canvas: heavy closely woven fabric; background against which events unfold, as in a historical
narrative
canvass: determine votes; examine carefully or discuss thoroughly; scrutinize
capability: quality of being capable; capacity; skill
capable: having the ability required for a specific task
capacity: mental or physical ability; ability to accommodate
cape: piece or point of land, extending beyond the adjacent coast into the sea or a lake; sleeveless
outer garment
capital: wealth in form of money or property; assets available for use; city that is the official seat of
government
caption: title; chapter heading; text under illustration
captive: prisoner taken by force; one kept in power of another; one charmed or subdued by beauty,
excellence, or affection
capture: act of seizing by force, or getting possession of by superior power; thing taken by force,
surprise, or stratagem
card: flat, rectangular piece of stiff paper, cardboard, or plastic; business card; credit card
cardinal: chief; serving as an essential component
career: profession or occupation; individual’s work and life roles over their lifespan
careful: full of care; anxious; solicitous; taking care; giving good heed; watchful; cautious
careless: negligent; taking insufficient care
cargo: freight carried by a ship, an aircraft, or another vehicle
carol: round dance; a song of joy; song of praise or joy, especially for Christmas
carpenter: skilled worker who makes, finishes, and repairs wooden objects and structures
carrier: one that carries or conveys; messenger
carrot: root of cultivated varieties of the plant, usually spindle-shaped, and of a reddish yellow color
carry: convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; hold or support while moving;
bear
cart: common name for various kinds of vehicles; two-wheeled vehicle; light business wagon
carton: pasteboard for paper boxes; pasteboard box
cartoon: design or study drawn of full size to serve as a model for transferring or copying; drawing
depicting a humorous situation
carve: cut; sculpt
carving: cutting away parts to create a desired shape
cash: money paid at the time of purchase; money in the form of bills or coins; currency
cashier: one who has charge of money; cash keeper
cassette: container that holds a magnetic tape used for recording or playing sound or video
cast: assign the roles of; choose at random
casual: informal; purposeless; occurring by chance
casualty: serious or fatal accident; someone injured or killed in an accident
catalyst: agent which brings about chemical change while it remains unaffected and unchanged
catastrophe: calamity; disaster; state of extreme ruin and misfortune
catch: capture or seize, especially after a chase; take by or as if by trapping; reach just in time
category: group; class; collection of things sharing a common attribute
cater: supply what is needed or desired; provide food professionally for special occasion
cathedral: church; temple
catholic: broadly sympathetic; universal; related to Roman Catholic Church
cause: something produces a result; basis for an action or response; a reason
caution: care; being attentive to possible danger
cautious: conservative; careful
cavalry: part of military force which serves on horseback
cavern: cave; large underground chamber, as in a cave
cavity: hole; cavern; hollow area within the body
cease: stop; terminate; put an end to; discontinue
celebrate: praise; assign great social importance to
cell: any small compartment
cellar: room or rooms under a building, and usually below the surface of the ground
cement: any substances used for making bodies adhere to each other; bond of union
cemetery: place or ground set apart for the burial of the dead; graveyard
censor: overseer of morals; official responsible for removal of objectionable or sensitive content
centigrade: measure of temperature, used widely in Europe
cereal: grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as food.
ceremonial: ritual; ceremony or rite
ceremony: formal act or set of acts performed as prescribed by ritual or custom
certainty: quality or condition of being certain; fact or truth unquestionable established; clearness
certificate: document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts; document issued to a person
completing a course
certify: give certain information to; assure; make certain
chalk: soft, earthy substance, of a white, grayish, or yellowish white color, used as a drawing
implement
challenge: assert a right; raise a formal objection; take exception to
chamber: cell; compartment; room
champion: protect or fight for as first place
championship: status of being a champion; position or title of a winner
channel: passage for water or other fluids to flow through; bed of a stream or river; route of
communication or access
chaos: disorder; condition or place of great disorder or confusion; disorderly mass
chap: crack, as in earth surface; splitting of skin, caused by cold or exposure; one of the jaws or
cheeks; man or boy
chapter: division of a book or treatise; assembly of monks; bishop's council; organized branch of
some society
character: part; nature; description of a person's attributes, traits, or abilities
characteristic: feature that helps to identify, tell apart, or describe recognizably; a distinguishing
mark or trait
characterize: distinguish; be characteristic of; be a distinctive trait or mark of
charcoal: a stick of black carbon material used for drawing; a very dark gray color
charge: set or ask for a certain price; load to capacity; fill; instruct or urge authoritatively; command
charity: activity or gift that benefits the public at large
charm: power or quality of pleasing or delighting; attractiveness; item worn for its supposed magical
benefit
chart: graph; diagram; map showing coastlines, water depths, or other information of use to
navigators
charter: license; authorize; hold under a lease or rental agreement of goods and services
chase: pursue for the purpose of killing or taking; hunt; follow as if to catch
chat: talk without exchanging too much information; informal conversation
check: stop motion; curb or restrain
cheer: lightness of spirits or mood; source of joy or happiness; festive food and drink; refreshment
cheque: written order directing a bank to pay money
cherish: harbor; treasure; treat with affection and tenderness; hold dear
chew: bite and grind with the teeth
chief: highest in office or rank; principal; head
chill: cool; freeze
chilly: cold
chin: central forward portion of the lower jaw; bottom of face
chip: cut small pieces from; diminish or reduce to shape; break or crack
choke: breathe with great difficulty, as when experiencing a strong emotion; reduce the air supply
chop: hew; cut by striking with a heavy sharp tool, such as an ax
chorus: any utterance produced simultaneously by a group
circle: round; something shaped like such a ring; group of people sharing an interest, activity, or
achievement
circuit: electrical device that provides a path for electrical current to flow
circular: round; shaped like or nearly like a circle
circulate: move through a space, circuit or system, returning to the starting point
circulation: spread or transmission of something to a wider group or area
circumference: boundary line of a circle, figure, area, or object
circumstance: situation; condition; detail accompanying or surrounding an event
circus: public entertainment of performances by acrobats, clowns, and trained animals
cite: quote; adduce as an instance
citizenship: status of a citizen with rights and duties
civil: having to do with citizens or the state; courteous and polite
civilization: culture
claim: demand for something as rightful or due
clamp: any of various devices used to join, grip, support, or compress mechanical or structural parts
clap: applaud; slap; strike together with a sharp sound, as one hard surface on another
clarification: process of making things clearer or easier to understand
clarify: make clear and comprehensible; elucidate
clash: make noise by striking against something; dash noisily together; meet in opposition
clasp: fastening device; firm grip
classic: work of acknowledged excellence and authority, or its author; creation of the highest
excellence
classical: of recognized authority or excellence
classification: assigning to a class or category
classify: declare unavailable, as for security reasons; arrange or order by classes or categories
clause: sentence; phrase; distinct article, stipulation, or provision in a document
clay: very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired
clear: out of the way; completely away
clearance: act of clearing; space cleared; permission to proceed or trust
clench: close tightly; grasp or grip tightly; fasten with a clinch
client: someone who pays to get goods or services
clientele: clients of professional person; body of customers or patrons
climate: weather condition; atmosphere; environment
climax: upward movement; steady increase; the highest point; the greatest degree
cling: hold fast or adhere to something; stick together and resist separation; remain emotionally
clinic: healthcare facility for outpatient care
clip: small section of filmed or filed material
clockwise: in the direction that the hands of a clock move
closet: small room or apartment; room for privacy
clue: a ball of thread or cord; thread; something guides or directs anything of a doubtful or intricate
nature
clumsy: awkward; showing lack of skill or aptitude
cluster: group; bunch; group of the same or similar elements gathered or occurring closely
clutch: grasp and hold tightly; attempt to grasp or seize
coach: tutor; teacher; a vehicle carrying many passengers
coarse: rough; harsh; of low, common, or inferior quality
code: body of law; system of rules or regulations relating to one subject; system of symbols, letters,
or words
codify: arrange laws, rules as a code; classify; arrange or systematize
coherence: logical and orderly and consistent relation of parts; state of cohering or sticking together
coherent: adhesive; cohesive; sticking together ; logical; sound; capable of thinking and expressing
yourself in a clear and consistent manner
cohesion: tendency to keep together
cohesive: cohering or tending to cohere; well integrated
coil: a series of connected spirals or concentric rings formed by gathering or winding; spiral pipe or
series of spiral pipes
coin: make pieces of money from metal; invent or fabricate
coinage: coins collectively
coincide: occur at the same time as; correspond
coincidence: two or more things occurring at the same time by chance
coincident: concerning; simultaneous
collaborate: work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort
collaboration: act of working together; act of cooperating with an enemy, especially it occupying
one's own country
collapse: breakdown; failure
colleague: fellow worker; associate; co-worker
collective: common; assembled into or viewed as a whole
collide: bump; hit; conflict
collision: crash; conflict of opposed ideas or attitudes or goals
colonel: a commissioned military officer
colonial: of or relating to or characteristic of or inhabiting a colony
colony: region politically controlled by a distant country; a dependency; a community of social
insects, as ants, bees
column: pillar; cylindrical or polygonal support for roof; anything resembling, in form or position;
upright body or mass
combat: struggle as with an opposing force; fight with
combination: blend; union
combine: blend; fuse; merge
comedy: light and humorous drama with a happy ending
comic: arousing or provoking laughter; ridiculous; amusing; humorous
commander: chief; leader
commandment: order or injunction given by authority; command; charge; act of commanding;
exercise of authority
commemorate: serve as a memorial to; honor the memory of with a ceremony
commence: have a beginning or origin; originate; start; begin
commend: commit, intrust, or give in charge for care or preservation; recommend as worthy of
confidence or regard
comment: express an opinion; remark
commerce: trade; business; intellectual exchange or social interaction
commercial: money-making; involved in work that is intended for the mass market
commission: fee for services; group of people appointed to find out about something; authorize
commit: do something that cannot be changed; cause to be admitted
commitment: pledge, undertaking; act of binding yourself to a course of action
committee: special group delegated to consider some matter
commodity: goods; article of trade; advantage; benefit.
commonplace: ordinary; having no remarkable features
commonsense: exhibiting native good judgment
communicate: send information about; make known; impart; reveal clearly
communication: activity of communicating; activity of conveying information
community: society; a group of people living in the same locality and under the same government
compact: closely and firmly united or packed together; briefly giving gist of something
companion: associate; partner
company: team; guard team; group of persons; business enterprise
comparable: similar or equivalent; being of equal regard; worthy to be ranked with
comparative: relative; based on, or involving comparison
comparatively: relatively; in comparison
compare: examine and note the similarities or differences of
compass: go about or entirely round; make the circuit of; enclose on all sides; surround
compatible: harmonious; having similar disposition and tastes
compel: force; coerce; necessitate or pressure by force
compensate: make amends for; reimburse
compensation: something given or received as payment as for a service or loss or injury
compete: contest; fight
competent: capable; adept
competition: struggle; rivalry; act of competing as for profit or a prize
competitive: of or pertaining to competition; producing competition; showing a fighting disposition
competitiveness: an aggressive willingness to compete
competitor: one who seeks what another seeks, or claims what another claims; one who competes;
rival
compile: put together or compose from materials gathered from several sources
complain: make a formal accusation; bring a formal charge
complaint: expression of pain, dissatisfaction, or resentment; criticism
complement: complete; consummate; make perfect
complex: complicated in structure; a whole structure, as a building, made up of interconnected or
related structures
complexity: complication
compliance: readiness to yield; happy friendly agreement
complicated: difficult to analyze or understand
compliment: praise; commendation; say something to someone that expresses praise
complimentary: expressing of praise, admiration, or congratulation; given free to repay a favor or as
an act of courtesy
comply: yield assent; accord; agree, or acquiesce; adapt one's self; fulfill; accomplish
component: element; ingredient; abstract part of something
compose: write; create; make or create by putting together parts or elements
composite: made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded
composition: makeup; constitution; writing; essay
compound: combine; mix; constitute; pay interest; increase
comprehend: take in the meaning, nature, or importance of; grasp
comprehension: grasp; ability to understand
comprehensive: thorough; including all or everything; broad in scope
compress: close; squeeze or press together; contract
compression: applying pressure; encoding information while reducing the bandwidth or bits required
comprise: include; consist of; be composed of
compromise: adjust or settle by making mutual concessions; endanger the interests or reputation of
compulsory: mandatory; obligatory; required by rule
computation: calculation
compute: reckon; make mathematical calculation
conceal: keep from being seen, found, observed, or discovered; secrete
concede: admit; yield; give up physical control of another
conceit: overly high self-esteem; feelings of excessive pride
conceited: endowed with fancy or imagination; entertaining a flattering opinion of one's self; vain
conceive: form or develop in the mind; devise; become pregnant with; begin or originate in a specific 
way
concentrate: bring to or direct toward a common center; unite more closely; gather into one body
concept: something formed in the mind; thought or notion
conception: beginning; forming of an idea; act of conceiving
concern: interest in any person or thing; regard; solicitude; anxiety
concert: performance of music by players or singers not involving theatrical staging; harmony; accord
concerted: planned or accomplished together; combined
concession: act of yielding; point yielded; acknowledgment or admission
concise: brief and compact; expressing much in few words
conclude: enclose; reach as an end of reasoning; make final determination ; judge or decide; bring to
an end
conclusive: definitive; decisive; final
concrete: solid mass; covering with cement; hard, strong construction material consisting of sand,
conglomerate , and gravel
concurrent: simultaneous; coincident; occurring or operating at the same time
condemn: blame; denounce; express strong disapproval of
condemnation: blame
condensation: compression
condense: change from a gaseous to a liquid state and fall in drops; compress or concentrate
condenser: lens used to concentrate light on an object; an apparatus that converts vapor into liquid
condition: mode or state of being; fitness; existing circumstances
conduct: direct the course of; manage or control; lead or guide
conductor: a device designed to transmit electricity, heat; person who collects fares on a public
conveyance
cone: a shape whose base is a circle and whose sides taper up to a point
confer: bestow; present; have a conference in order to talk something over
conference: meeting for consultation or discussion; exchange of views
confess: acknowledge; admit
confession: public declaration of faith
confide: disclose; reveal; tell in confidence
confidence: feeling secure or certain about something
confident: assured; having or marked by assurance
confidential: treated with confidence; trusted in; trustworthy; secret
confine: restrict in movement; circumscribe
confinement: state of being confined; restraint within limits; any restraint of liberty by force
confirm: support or establish the certainty or validity of; verify
confirmation: additional proof that something that was believed
conflict: fight; struggle; incompatibility of dates or events
conform: comply with; follow; fit; meet
conformity: similarity in form or character; agreement
confront: be face to face with; oppose in hostility or competition; deal with
confrontation: state of being confronted, especially a meeting face to face; clash of opinions and
ideas
confuse: cause to be unable to think with clarity or act with intelligence or understanding; mix up
confusion: mistake that results from taking one thing to be another; lack of clarity or order
congestion: act of gathering or heaping together or forming a mass
congratulation: act of acknowledging that someone has an occasion for celebration
congress: meeting of elected or appointed representatives
congressman: man who is a member of the U.S. Congress, especially of the House of
Representatives
conjunction: state of being conjoined, united, or associated; union; association; league
connect: join, or fasten together; associate; combine; unite or link together
connection: relation between things or events; shifting from one form of transportation to another
conquer: gain or acquire by force; take possession of by violent means; gain dominion over
conquest: success in mastering something difficult
conscience: motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles; source of moral or ethical
judgment
conscientious: diligent; responsible; reliable
conscious: awake; alert
consciousness: having knowledge of ; special awareness or sensitivity:
consecutive: following one after another without interruption; sequential
consent: agree in opinion or sentiment; be of the same mind; accord; concur; allow
consequence: result; relation of a result to its cause; logical conclusion or inference
consequently: therefore; as a result or consequence of something; subsequently
conservation: preservation or restoration from loss, damage, or neglect
conservative: favoring traditional views and values; tending to oppose change
considerable: worthy of consideration; large in amount, extent, or degree
considerably: substantially; significantly; to a degree worth considering
considerate: thoughtful; marked by consideration or reflection; deliberate
consideration: considerate and thoughtful act
consign: give, transfer, or deliver in a formal manner, as if by signing over into the possession of
another
consist: stand firm; be in a fixed or permanent state; be supported and maintained
consistency: harmonious uniformity or agreement among things or parts
consistent: being in agreement with itself; coherent; regular
console: cheer from distress or depression; alleviate grief and raise spirits of; relieve; comfort
consolidate: make solid; unite or press together into a compact mass; harden or make dense and
firm
consonant: compatible; harmonious
conspicuous: noticeable; prominent; easy to notice; obvious
conspiracy: plot; intrigue; agreement to perform together an illegal, wrongful, or subversive act
constant: invariable; repeating; continually occurring; persistent
constantly: in an unchangeable or invariable manner; in every case; perpetually; continually
constituent: component or part; citizen, voter
constitute: make up; form something
constitution: law determining the fundamental political principles of a government; the act of forming
something
constraint: something that restricts or confines within prescribed bounds
construct: form by assembling or combining parts; build; create
construction: act of constructing or building something
consult: seek advice or information of; take into account; consider
consultant: an expert who gives advice
consume: devour; eat
consumer: people who buy goods or services
consumption: eating or drinking of something
contact: get in touch with; reach
contain: include; incorporate; be capable of holding
container: any object that can be used to hold things
contemplate: look at attentively and thoughtfully; observe deep in thought
contemplation: act of the mind in considering with attention; continued attention of the mind to a
particular subject; meditation; expectation
contemporary: modern; belonging to the same period of time
contempt: state of being despised or dishonored; disgrace; disobedience to, or open disrespect of
contemptuous: scornful; expressing contempt; showing a lack of respect
content: volume; something contained; material, including text and images
contest: contend for; call in question; oppose; dispute
context: circumstance
continent: one of the large landmasses of the earth
continental: being or concerning or limited to a continent
contingency: condition of being dependent on chance; uncertainty; possibility
contract: constrict; make smaller; compress or concentrate
contradict: confront; oppose
contradiction: assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial of the truth of a
statement or assertion
contrary: relation of direct opposition; very opposed in nature or character or purpose
contrast: act of distinguishing by comparing differences
contribute: provide; bestow a quality on
contribution: act of contributing; contribution; payment exacted for special purpose; impost or levy
controversial: controvertible; disputable
controversy: contentious speech act; argument
convenience: state of being suitable
convenient: suited or favorable to one's comfort, purpose, or needs:; near; accessible
convention: social or moral custom; formal meeting of members, representatives, or delegates;
agreement between states
conventional: based upon tradition rules; formed by agreement or compact
conversant: familiar, as by study or experience; able to converse knowledgeably
conversation: general course of conduct; intimate fellowship or association; close acquaintance;
informal dialogue
converse: chat; talk informally; engage in a spoken exchange of thoughts
conversely: in a converse manner; with change of order or relation; reciprocally.
conversion: change; transformation
convert: change something into another form; transform
convey: carry from one place to another; bear or transport
conveyance: act of conveying; tools of conveying, especially vehicle for transportation
convict: find or declare guilty
conviction: judgment that someone is guilty of crime; strongly held belief
convince: overpower; force to yield assent to truth; satisfy by proof; prove guilty
convinced: certain, sure
cooperate: work or act together toward a common end or purpose
cooperation: practice of cooperating; joint operation or action
cooperative: done with or working with others
coordinate: bring order and organization to; harmonize
coordination: regulation of diverse elements into an integrated and harmonious operation
cordial: gracious; showing warm and friendliness
core: basic, center, or most important part; essence
cork: lightweight elastic outer bark, used especially for bottle closures, insulation, floats
corn: single seed of certain plants, as wheat; grain; small, hard particle
corner: position at which two lines, surfaces, or edges meet and form an angle
corporate: united or combined into one body; collective; belonging to corporation or incorporated
body
corporation: business firm; a group of people combined into or acting as one body
correlate: relate; associate; bring into a mutual relation
correlation: mutual relationship; interdependence or interconnection relationship
correspond: be compatible, similar or consistent; exchange messages
correspondence: similarity or analogy; communication by the exchange of letters
correspondent: one who communicates information, especially, by letter or telegram to newspaper
or periodical
corresponding: accompanying
corrode: destroy metal or alloy gradually, especially by chemical action; be eaten or worn away
corrosion: decay; erosion
corrupt: changed from sound to putrid state; spoiled; tainted
corruption: bribery; fraud
cosmic: pertaining to the universe; vast
cosmopolitan: sophisticated; of worldwide scope
cosmos: universe or universality of created things; ordered, harmonious whole
couch: sofa; arrange or dispose as in a bed
counsel: advise; suggest
countenance: give sanction or support to; tolerate or approve
counter: flat surface on which money is counted, business is transacted; one that is an opposite
countermand: cancel; revoke command or order; order or direct in opposition to; prohibit; forbid
counterpart: duplicate copy; analogue; one that closely resembles another
countless: innumerable; infinite; too many to count
couple: a male and female associated together; a pair who associate with one another
court: enclosed space; courtyard; uncovered area shut in by the walls of a building
courteous: exhibiting courtesy and politeness; showing regard or thought for others
courtesy: polite behavior; act of civility or respect; consent or agreement in spite of fact
cover: overspread the surface; envelop; shelter, as from evil or danger; protect
coverage: extent to which something is covered; news as presented by reporters
coward: person who lacks courage to face danger; timid
crab: a stroke of the oar that either misses the water or digs too deeply
crack: break into simpler molecules by means of heat; split; hit forcefully; pass through
cradle: small low bed for an infant, often furnished with rockers; infancy, or very early life
craft: something made by people; vessel
crash: smash; collision; falling down or in pieces with a loud noise of breaking parts
crate: large basket, used for moving china or similar wares; box or case whose sides are of wooden
slats with interspaces
crave: ask with earnestness or importunity; ask with submission or humility; beg
crawl: move slowly, as people or animals with the body near the ground
crazy: affected with madness; insane; deranged
create: make or cause to be or to become; invest with a new thing
creation: act of creating or causing to exist
credit: arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services; money available for a client to
borrow
creek: small stream, often a shallow tributary to a river; brook
creep: move slowly; move stealthily or cautiously
crew: group of people working together, as in spacecraft, ship, plane or train
cricket: outdoor game played with bats, a ball, and wickets by two teams of 11 players each
criminal: one who has committed a crime; one who is found guilty by verdict, confession, or proof
crimson: bloody
cripple: person or animal that is partially disabled or unable to use a limb or limb
crisis: dangerous situation; crucial or decisive point or situation; a turning point
crisp: firm but easily broken or crumbled; brittle
critical: urgently needed; absolutely necessary; essential; acute; crucial; decisive
crook: bend, turn, or curve; curvature; flexure
crooked: having or marked by bends or angles; not straight or aligned; curved
crop: the top, end, or highest part of anything, especially of plant or tree; grain or other product of
field while standing; anything cut off or gathered
crossing: traveling across; place at which roads, lines, or tracks intersect; intersection
crouch: bend down; stoop low; lie close to the ground with the legs bent, as an animal when waiting
for prey, or in fear
crown: ornamental circlet or head covering, made of gold with jewels and worn as a symbol of
sovereignty
crude: being in an unrefined or natural state; raw; lacking tact or taste; blunt or offensive
cruise: sail back and forth on the ocean; sail as for protection of commerce, in search of an enemy,
or for pleasure
crumb: small fragment or piece, especially, a small piece of bread or other food; broken or cut off
crumble: break into small pieces; cause to fall in pieces
crush: press between opposing bodies so as to break or injure; extract or obtain by pressing or
squeezing
crust: outer layer ; covering; coat; shell
crystal: quartz; glassware made of quartz; high-quality, clear, colorless glass
cube: three-dimensional shape with six square or rectangular sides; cubicle, used for work or study
cubic: having three dimensions
cubism: an artistic movement in France beginning in 1907 that featured surfaces of geometrical
planes
cucumber: cylindrical green fruit with thin green rind and white flesh eaten as a vegetable; related to
melons
cultivate: improve and prepare, as by plowing or fertilizing, for raising crops; promote the growth of
cultivation: production of food by preparing the land to grow crops
culture: all the knowledge and values shared by a society ; foster; raising of plants or animals
cunning: knowing; skillful; artful; designing; deceitful
cupboard: a small room or cabinet used for storage space
curb: bend or curve; guide and manage, or restrain
cure: medical or hygienic care; remedial treatment of disease; removal of disease or evil
curiosity: desire to know or learn
curious: difficult to please or satisfy; careful or anxious to learn; eager for knowledge; given to
research or inquiry
curl: form into coiled or spiral shape; twist into ringlets or coils; move in curve or spiral
currency: money; general acceptance or use
current: stream; flow; up-to-date; present
currently: presently; at the present time
curse: call upon divine or supernatural power to send injury upon; bring great evil upon
curtail: cut short or reduce; cut off end or tail, or any part
curve: bend or turn gradually from a given direction, as road curves to the right
cushion: soft pillow or pad usually used for sitting, reclining, or kneeling
custody: keeping or guarding; care, watch, inspection, for keeping, preservation, or security
custom: tradition; practice followed by people of a particular group or region
customary: agreeing with or established by common usage; conventional; habitual
customer: patron; one that buys goods or services
customs: money collected under a tariff
cycle: periodically repeated sequence of events; long period of time; entire round in a circle or a spire 

D

dagger: knife; short pointed weapon with sharp edges
dainty: delicately beautiful or charming; exquisite; gratification or pleasure taken in anything
dairy: place where milk is produced, kept, or converted into butter or cheese
dam: barrier to prevent the flow of liquid, especially built across a water course
damp: humid; moist; slightly wet
dangerous: full of risk; perilous; hazardous; unsafe
daring: bold; brave
dart: move suddenly and rapidly
dash: throw with violence or haste; break, as by throwing or by collision; form or sketch rapidly
data: collection of facts, observations, or other information related to a particular question or problem
date: mark the time of; assign a date to
dawn: time each morning at which daylight first begins; beginning; start
dazzle: overpower with light; confuse the sight of by brilliance of light; bewilder or surprise with
brilliancy
dazzling: bright; brilliant
deadly: fatal; lethal; causing or tending to cause death
deaf: unable to perceive sounds; hard of hearing; unwilling to hear or listen; regardless; not to be
persuaded
deal: part or portion; share; indefinite quantity, degree, or extent, degree, or extent; distribution;
arrangement
dean: dignitary or presiding officer; head in the faculty of some colleges or universities
debate: discussion; dispute; discussion involving opposing points
debt: liability; obligation; money or goods or services owed by one person to another
decade: a group or division of ten, especially a period of ten years
decay: decompose; break sown; disintegration; rottenness; decline; worsen; decadence
deceit: attempt or disposition to deceive or lead into error; any declaration, artifice, or practice, which
misleads another, or causes him to believe what is false
deceive: fool; cause to believe what is not true; mislead
decent: suitable; modest.; honorable; meeting accepted standards
deception: act of deceiving
decimal: of tens; numbered or proceeding by tens; based on ten
deck: a pack of 52 cards; any of various floor-like platforms built into a vessel
declaration: announcement; explicit statement; formal public statement
declare: state clearly; make known formally or officially
decline: change toward something smaller or lower ; gradual falling off from a better state
decompose: decay
decorate: adorn; embellish
decoration: act of decorating something; something used to beautify
decorative: ornamental; embellishing; serving an esthetic rather than a useful purpose
decrease: lessen; reduce; make a quantity smaller
decree: order from one having authority; decision, order, or sentence by court
dedicate: set apart; devoted; consecrated
deduce: lead forth; reach a conclusion by reasoning; trace the origin or derivation of
deduct: lead forth or out; take away, separate, or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating;
subtract
deed: something that is carried out; act or action; feat or exploit
deem: decide; judge; sentence; condemn
default: failure to act; an option that is selected automatically
defeat: disfigure; destroy; frustrate; overcome or vanquish; resist with
defect: abandon or turn against; cease or change one's loyalty
defective: having a defect; faulty; imperfect; incomplete; lacking
defence: act of defending against attack, danger, or injury
defend: make or keep safe from danger, attack, or harm
defer: delay till later; put off; hold back to a later time
defiance: refusal to yield; readiness to contend or resist
deficiency: scarcity; lack or shortage, especially of something essential to health
deficient: inadequate; lacking an essential quality or element
deficit: inadequacy or insufficiency; sum of money falls short of required amount; shortage
define: determine the nature of; give a definition; describe the nature or basic qualities of; explain
definite: fixed; exact; having distinct limits
definitely: unequivocally; clearly; without question and beyond doubt
definition: clarity of outline; concise explanation
definitive: final; complete; precisely defined or explicit
deflate: reduce from an inflated condition; release contained air or gas from
deflect: turn aside; draw someone's attention away from something
deform: change shape by stress; become misshapen; make formless
deformation: alteration in the shape or dimensions; a change for the worse
defray: paycosts of; undertake payment of; make compensation to or for
defy: renounce or dissolve all bonds of affiance, faith, or obligation with; provoke to combat or strife
degradation: humiliation; debasement; decline to a lower condition, quality, or level
degrade: reduce level; lower grade of something
delay: act later than planned; put off; adjournment
delegate: person authorized to act as representative for another; deputy
delete: erase; strike out; remove or make invisible
deliberate: consider; think about carefully; weigh
deliberately: intentionally; purposely; with careful consideration or deliberation; with full intent;
delicate: pleasing to the senses, especially in a subtle way; easily hurt; very subtle in difference
delicious: extremely pleasing to the sense of taste; greatly pleasing or entertaining
delinquency: failure or omission of duty; fault; misdeed; offense or crime
delinquent: failing in duty; offending by neglect of duty.
deliver: set free from restraint; set at liberty; release; give or transfer
delusion: false belief; mistaken or unfounded opinion
democracy: a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect
people to represent them
demolish: raze; destroy; do away with completely; put an end to
demolition: act of overthrowing, pulling down, or destroying
demonstrate: show clearly and deliberately; manifest; confirm; prove
demonstration: proof; act of showing or making evident
denial: act of refusing or disowning; negation; refusal to admit the truth; refusal to grant; rejection of a
request
denomination: class, society, or collection of individuals called by the same name; specifically, a
religious sect
denote: indicate; signify directly; refer to specifically
denounce: condemn openly; criticize; make known in formal manner
dense: thick; crowded closely together; compact
density: thickness; quantity of something per unit measure, especially per unit length, area, or
volume
dent: cavity; a depression scratched or carved into a surface
dentist: a person qualified to practice dentistry
deny: disagree with; refuse; declare untrue
depart: take off; leave; set out
departure: act of departing
dependable: reliable; worthy of being depended on; trustworthy
dependence: reliance; lack of independence or self-sufficiency
dependent: relying on or requiring the aid of another for support
depict: represent in a picture or sculpture; portray in words; describe
deplete: decrease fullness of; use up or empty out
deposit: money given as a guarantee or security
deposition: testimony under oath; act of depositing, especially laying down of matter by natural
process
depreciate: lessen price or value of; think or speak of as being of little worth; belittle
depreciation: devaluation; decrease in price or value
depress: lower in spirits; press down
depressed: sad; gloomy; low in spirits; dejected
depression: recession; economic slump; concavity in a surface produced by pressing ; sadness; low
spirits
deprive: deny; take away
deputy: one appointed as the substitute of another, and empowered to act for him; substitute in office
derive: obtain or receive from a source; trace the origin or development of
descend: move downward and lower; come from; be connected by a relationship of blood
descendant: offspring; person considered as descended from some ancestor or race
descent: ancestry; origin; the descendants of one individual; drop; fall; a movement downward
description: act of describing; sketch or account of anything in words
desert: area with little or no vegetation; forsake; abandon
deserve: be worthy of; have a right to
design: act of working out the form of something; creation of something in the mind; formulate a plan
for
designate: indicate or specify; point out; assign a name or title to
desirable: worthwhile; worth doing or achieving; advisable
desire: anything which is longing for
desolate: unpopulated; providing no shelter or sustenance; devoid of inhabitants
despair: loss of hope; utter hopelessness; complete despondency
desperate: having lost all hope; dangerous; extremely intense
despise: dislike intensely; regard with contempt or scorn
despite: lack of respect accompanied by a feeling of intense dislike; disdain, contemptuous feelings,
hatred
dessert: a dish served as the last course of meal
destination: ultimate goal; place to which one is going or directed
destine: decree or designate beforehand; fate
destiny: event that will inevitably happen in the future
destruction: havoc; event that completely destroys something
destructive: devastating; ruinous
detach: part; separate or disunite; disengage
detain: keep back or from; withhold; restrain from proceeding; stay or stop; delay
detect: feel; discover the presence of; identify
detection: act of detecting; being open what was concealed or hidden; discovery
detective: investigator; one, usually of police force, who investigates crimes and obtains evidence
deteriorate: become worse; decline
determination: act of making or arriving at a decision; putting an end to; termination
determine: fix the boundaries of; mark off and separate; set bounds to; decide conclusively and
authoritatively
detour: a turning; circuitous route; deviation from a direct course
detriment: harm; damage; injury; something that causes damage, harm, or loss
detrimental: causing damage or harm; injurious
deviate: turn away from a principle, norm; depart; diverge
device: technique or means; instrument; machine used to perform one or more relatively simple tasks
devise: form, plan, or arrange in the mind; transmit or give by will
devote: dedicate; contribute
devotion: faithfulness; ardent, often selfless affection and dedication
devour: consume; eat greedily; destroy completely
diagnose: analyze; examine; identify
diagnosis: art of identifying disease; critical analysis of nature of something
diagram: graph; chart; figure or drawing made to illustrate a statement; plan
dialect: vocabulary that is for a specific group of people
diameter: length of straight line passing through the center of a circle and connecting two points on
the circumference
dictate: prescribe; rule as a dictator
dictator: one who dictates; one who prescribes rules and maxims authoritatively for the direction of
others.
diction: choice and use of words in speech or writing
diet: nutritional plan; nourishment; a prescribed selection of foods
differ: be or stand apart; disagree; be unlike; be distinguished
digest: break down; make more concise; convert food into absorbable substances
digestion: process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed and assimilated
by the body
digital: of or performance to fingers, or to digits; done with the fingers
dignity: quality or state of being worthy of esteem or respect.
diligent: assiduous; industrious; hard-working
dilute: weaken; make thinner or less concentrated by adding a liquid such as water
dim: emitting only a small amount of light; lacking in brightness
dime: a United States coin worth one tenth of a dollar
dimension: measure of spatial extent, especially width, height, or length; size; aspect; element
dimensional: of or relating to dimensions
diminish: dwindle; reduce; make smaller or less or to cause to appear so
dine: eat principal regular meal of the day; take dinner; give a dinner to
dingy: darkened with smoke and grime; dirty or discolored
dip: insert into a fluid and withdraw again; immerse for baptism; wet, as if by immersing; moisten;
appear to move downward
diploma: document certifying the successful completion of a course of study
diplomacy: tact; politics; negotiation between nations
diplomat: one who uses skill and tact in dealing with others, such as an ambassador, who has been
appointed to represent a government in its relations with other governments
diplomatic: relating to diplomacy; marked by tact and sensitivity in dealing with others
disable: deprive of capability or effectiveness; unable; impair; diminish
disadvantage: drawback; defect; hinder; unfavorable condition or circumstance
disappointment: feeling of dissatisfaction
disapproval: a feeling of disliking something or what someone is doing
disaster: catastrophe; misfortune
disastrous: extremely bad; terrible; dreadful
disc: flat round plate; circular structure either in plants or animals
discard: throw out something from one's hand; get rid of
discern: detect; perceive
discharge: relieve of a burden or of contents; unload; pour forth or release; complete or carry out;
give off
discipline: trait of being well behaved ; act of punishing ; system of rules of conduct or method of
practice
disclose: unclose; open; remove a cover or envelope from; lay open or expose to view
discomfort: distress; uneasiness; mental or bodily distress
discount: give reduction in price on
discourage: depress; take away hope from
discourse: formal, lengthy discussion of a subject; verbal exchange; conversation
discreet: free from ostentation or pretension; distinct; distinguishable
discrepancy: lack of consistency; difference
discretion: knowing how to avoid embarrassment or distress; trait of judging wisely and objectively
discriminate: make a clear distinction; distinguish; make sensible decisions; judge wisely
disdain: view with scorn or contempt; feel with aversion
disgrace: state of dishonor; bring shame or dishonor upon
disguise: dress or exterior put on for purposes of concealment or of deception
disgust: strong feelings of dislike; offend the taste or moral sense of
disinclined: not inclined; having a disinclination; being unwilling
disinfectant: substance which kills germs or viruses; agent for removing the causes of infection, as
chlorine
dismal: causing gloom or depression; dreary; somber; melancholy
dismay: destroy courage or resolution by exciting dread; cause to lose enthusiasm
dismiss: stop considering; end employment or service of; discharge; refuse to accept or recognize
disorder: neglect of order or system; irregularity; disturbance; sickness
disparity: difference; condition or fact of being unequal, as in age, rank, or degree
dispatch: act of sending off something; property of being prompt and efficient; message usually sent
in haste
dispel: scatter; drive away; cause to vanish
dispense: distribute; prepare and give out; deal out in parts or portions
disperse: move away from each other; cause to separate; cause to become widely known
displace: move or shift from the usual place or position, especially to force to leave a homeland
displacement: act of removing from office or employment
display: exhibit; present or hold up to view; show; demonstrate; give evidence of; manifest
dispose: get rid of; settle or decide a matter; place or set in a particular order; arrange
disposed: prepared; inclined; be ready; being particular condition of body or of health
disposition: natural or acquired habit with tendency; act or means of getting rid of something
dispute: argument; angry altercation; quarrel; verbal controversy; debate
disregard: ignore; discount; take no notice of
dissimilar: different; unlike
dissipate: spend or expend wastefully; vanish by dispersion; drive away; disperse
dissolve: melt; liquefy; cause to pass into solution; cause to disappear or vanish
distance: space between two objects; length of a line, especially the shortest line joining two points
or things that are separate
distant: far in space or time; cold in manner
distinct: definite; separate; different
distinction: excellence or eminence; note or mark of difference
distinctly: clear to the mind; in a distinct way
distinguish: characterize; differentiate; recognize
distinguished: prominent; celebrated, well-known or eminent because of past achievements
distort: twist out of proper or natural relation of parts; misshape; misrepresent
distortion: mistake of misrepresenting the facts
distract: cause to turn away from original focus; pull in conflicting emotional directions; unsettle
distraction: extreme mental or emotional disturbance; obsession; confusion of affairs; being drawn
apart
distress: discomfort; cause strain, anxiety, or suffering to
distribute: hand out; disseminate; allocate
distribution: act of distributing or spreading or apportioning
district: region; territory within which the lord has the power of coercing and punishing; division of
territory
disturb: upset; bother; trouble emotionally or mentally; put out of order; disarrange
disturbance: disorder; turmoil; mental or emotional unbalance or disorder
ditch: trench made in the earth by digging; any long, narrow receptacle for water on the surface of the
earth
dive: plunge, especially headfirst, into water; plummet
diver: one who works underwater
diverge: vary; go in different directions from the same point
divergence: difference; deviation; separation; the act of moving away in different direction
diverse: differing in some characteristics; various
diversion: act of turning aside; pastime; activity that relaxes or entertains
diversity: point or respect in which things differ; difference
divert: distract; withdraw money and move into a different location
divide: sever into two or more parts or pieces; separate into parts; cause to be separate
divine: perceive intuitively; foresee future; have nature of or being a deity
division: act or process of diving anything into parts; state of being divided; separation
divorce: end a marriage; legal dissolution of a marriage
dizzy: having or causing a whirling sensation
dock: deprive someone of benefits; remove or shorten the tail of an animal
doctrine: principles presented for belief, as by religious; principle of law; act of teaching; instruction
document: provide written evidence; record in detail
documentary: film or TV program presenting the facts about a person or event; of or derived from
documents
documentation: confirmation that some fact or statement is true
dodge: avoid a blow by moving or shifting quickly aside; shifty or ingenious trick
doll: small toy with human figure, normally for little child
domain: field; territory over which rule or control is exercised; networked computers that share a
common address
dome: building or house, especially as great hall, church, or temple; anything shaped like cupola
domestic: house-hold; of or relating to the home ; within the country or home
dominant: major; important; outweighing
dominate: monopolize; command; rule; prevail; be prevalent in
donate: grant; present as a gift to a fund or cause; contribute
donation: grant; act of giving to a fund or cause
doom: judgment; judicial sentence; penal decree; condemnation
dormitory: a college or university building for student living; a large bedroom where several people
sleep
dose: quantity of medicine given; sufficient quantity; portion
dot: the shorter of two telegraphic signals used in Morse code; very small circular shape
doubt: being in uncertainty as to belief respecting anything
doubtful: distrustful; skeptical; full of doubt; having doubt; not settled in opinion
doubtless: free from fear or suspicion
downtown: commercial center of a town or city
doze: slumber; sleep lightly; be in dull or stupefied condition, as if half asleep; be drowsy
draft: rough outline; draw up an outline; sketch
drag: move or bring by force or with great effort
drain: draw out; flow out; waste
drainage: emptying accomplished by draining; gradual flowing off, as of a liquid
drama: play; literary work intended for theater
dramatic: striking; sensational in appearance or thrilling in effect
dramatize: represent something in a dramatic manner; add details to
drastic: radical; taking effect violently or rapidly
draw: cause to move continuously by force applied in advance of the thing moved; pull along; haul;
drag
drawback: disadvantage or inconvenience; shortcoming; refund or remittance, such as a discount on
duties or taxes
drawer: boxlike container in a piece of furniture, made so as to slide in and out
drawing: creation of artistic drawings
dread: fearful or distasteful anticipation; terror; horror
dreadful: very unpleasant; distasteful or shocking
dreary: gloomy; dismal; dark, colorless, or cheerless
drench: cause to drink, especially by force; put potion down throat of; steep in moisture; wet
thoroughly
drift: float; moving aimlessly; wander
drill: bore; pierce; make a hole; practice; train
drip: process of falling in drops; liquid or moisture that falls in drops; sound made by liquid falling in
drops
drought: dry period; aridity; long period of abnormally low rainfall
drown: kill by submerging and suffocating in water; overwhelm in water; deaden one's awareness of
dubious: questionable; filled with doubt
due: owed and payable immediately or on demand; proper and appropriate; fitting
dull: lacking responsiveness or alertness; intellectually weak or obtuse
duly: as it ought to be; properly; regularly
dumb: mute; lacking the power of speech
dump: sell at artificially low prices; throw away as refuse
duplicate: one that corresponds exactly to another, especially an original; identical copy; facsimile
durable: lasting; long-lasting; enduring
duration: length of time something lasts
dwarf: cause to seem small; check natural growth or development of
dwell: live as a resident; exist in a given place or state
dweller: a person who inhabits a particular place
dwelling: residence; place to live in; abode
dye: substance used to color materials
dynamic: energetic; vigorously active 


E

eager: avid; enthusiastic
earnest: seriousness; reality; fixed determination; eagerness; intentness
earthquake: quake from underground; disturbance that is extremely disruptive; temblor
ease: satisfaction; pleasure; entertainment; freedom from care
eccentric: departing from a recognized, conventional, or established norm or pattern
eccentricity: oddity; departure from that which is stated, regular, or usual; deviation from center
echo: sound reflected from an opposing surface and repeated to the ear; repetition of a sound
eclipse: darken; exceed in importance; outweigh
ecology: science of the relationships between organisms and their environments
economic: pertaining to economy; frugal; cheap
economical: thrifty; saving; using the minimum of time or resources necessary for effectiveness
economics: branch of social science that deals with the production and distribution and consumption
of goods and services and their management
economize: save money or resource; cut back; be thrifty
economy: efficient use of resources; reduction in cost; specific type of economic system
ecstasy: intense joy or delight; any overpowering emotion
edge: brink; perimeter; margin
edit: revise and prepare for publication; select, correct, arrange matter of, for publication
edition: whole number of copies of a work printed and published; single copy; act of editing
editorial: of or pertaining to an editor; written or sanctioned by an editor
education: act or process of educating; the result of educating
effective: efficient; productive; producing a strong impression or response
effectiveness: efficiency; quality of being effective
efficiency: effectiveness; quality or property of being efficient; ratio of useful output to the total input
in any system
efficient: effective; acting directly to produce an effect; exhibiting a high ratio of output to input
effort: exertion of strength or power, whether physical or mental, in performing an act or aiming at an
object
eject: put out or expel from a place; discharge
elaborate: marked by complexity and richness of detail; done with care and in minute detail
elaboration: production by gradual process; act of working out with great care in detail
elapse: slip or glide away; pass away silently
elastic: springing back; having the power of rebounding; able to return quickly to a former state or
condition
elasticity: tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed
elbow: hinge joint between the forearm and upper arm
election: voting; balloting; right or ability to make a choice
electrical: pertaining to electricity; electric
electrician: one whose occupation is the installation, maintenance, repair, or operation of electric
equipment and circuitry
electron: elementary particle with negative charge
electronic: of or pertaining to an electron or electrons.
electronics: branch of physics that deals with the behavior of electrons; electronic devices
elegance: refined quality of gracefulness and good taste
elegant: refined and tasteful in appearance or behavior or style
element: fundamental or essential constituent of a composite entity; basic assumptions or principles
of a subject
elementary: basic; fundamental
elevate: raise; give a promotion to or assign to a higher position
elevation: altitude; height
elevator: lifting device consisting of a platform or cage
eliminate: eradicate; abolish; rule out
elimination: act of removing or getting rid of something
ellipsis: omission of words from text; mark or series of marks used in writing to indicate omission
elliptical: rounded like an egg; in a shape reminding of an ellipse; oval
eloquence: powerful and effective language; persuasive speech
eloquent: vividly or movingly expressive; persuasive
elusive: difficult to describe; difficult to detect or grasp by mind
emancipate: free from bondage, oppression, or restraint; liberate
emancipation: freeing someone from the control of another
embargo: ban on commerce or other activity
embark: commence; go on board a boat or airplane; begin a journey
embarrass: humiliate; shame; cause to feel self-conscious or ill at ease; disconcert
embassy: diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work; diplomatic representatives headed by
an ambassador
embody: give a bodily form to; represent in bodily or material form; incorporate
embrace: hug; adopt or espouse; accept readily; hold close with the arms, usually as an expression
of affection
embroider: decorate with needlework; add details to
embroidery: elaboration by the use of decorative detail; ornamentation of fabric with needlework
emerge: come into prominence; spring up; appear
emergency: sudden unforeseen crisis; condition of urgent need for action or assistance
emigrant: someone who leaves one country to settle in another
emigrate: remove from one country or State to another, for the purpose of residence; migrate from
home
eminent: standing out above other things; high in rank, office, or worth
emission: radiation; discharge; act of emitting
emit: give off; send out; give out as sound
emotion: feeling; mood; state of mental agitation or disturbance
emotional: sentimental; passionate; excitable; easily moved
emphasis: special attention or effort directed toward something; stress
emphasize: stress; underscore; utter or pronounce with a particular stress of voice
empirical: derived from experiment and observation rather than theory
employ: engage the services of; put to work; apply
employee: worker; person who works for another in return for financial or other compensation
employer: a person or firm that employs workers
employment: act of employing or using
empty: containing nothing; not holding or having anything within; void of contents or appropriate
contents
enable: supply with the means, knowledge, or opportunity; make able; make feasible or possible
enchant: charm by sorcery; get control of by magical words and rites
encircle: form a circle about; inclose within a circle or ring; surround
enclose: include; surround on all sides; close in
enclosure: place where animals are kept
encounter: face; confront; meet, especially unexpectedly; come upon
encourage: activate; stimulate
endanger: threaten; jeopardize; do something that may damage it or destroy it
endeavor: attempt by employing effort
endless: without end; having no end or conclusion; perpetual; interminable
endorse: acknowledge by signing a bill, draft, or other instrument
endorsement: act of endorsing; support; formal and explicit approval; signature that validates
something
endow: grant; award; give qualities or abilities to
endurance: perseverance; state or fact of persevering; continuing existence
endure: tolerate; carry on through, despite hardships
energetic: active; brisk; vigorous
energy: exertion of force; capacity for work or vigorous activity; usable heat or power
enforce: put force upon; force; constrain; compel; put in motion or action by violence
engage: obtain for services of; arrange for the use of; pledge or promise, especially to marry
engagement: act of engaging, pledging, enlisting, occupying, or entering into contest; state of being
in gear
engrave: carve or cut into a block or surface, as used for printing; impress deeply as if by carving
engraving: practice of incising a design onto a hard, flat surface, by cutting grooves into it
engulf: absorb or swallow up as in a gulf; flow over or cover completely
enhance: make better or more attractive; increase; improve
enhancement: act of increasing, or state of being increased; augmentation; aggravation
enlighten: supply with light; illuminate, as the sun enlightens the earth; make clear to the intellect or
conscience
enormous: very great in size, extent, number, or degrees; huge; massive
enquire: seek information by asking a question
enquiry: search for knowledge
enrich: make rich; richen; improve
enroll: insert in a roil; register or enter in list or catalogue; insert in records; enlist
enrolment: act of enrolling; specifically, the registering, recording, or entering
ensure: make sure or certain; insure; assure
entail: imply or require; cause to ensue or accrue; cut or carve in ornamental way
enterprise: company; firm; organization created for business ventures
entertain: amuse; host
entertainment: amusement; fun
enthusiasm: great excitement for or interest in a subject or cause; feeling of excitement
enthusiastic: having or showing great excitement and interest
entitle: give right to; authorize; furnish with a right or claim to something; designate; give title to
entrance: fill with delight or wonder; put into a trance; attract
entreat: plead; make earnest request of; ask for earnestly
entrust: give over something to another for care, protection, or performance; give as a trust to
someone;
entry: admission; entrance; item inserted in a written record
enumerate: list each one; mention one by one
envelop: enclose or encase completely with or as if with a covering
environment: surroundings; totality of surrounding conditions
envy: malice; ill will; discontent or uneasiness at another's excellence or good fortune, accompanied
with hatred
epidemic: outbreak of a contagious disease that spreads rapidly and widely; widely prevalent
episode: a brief section of a literary or dramatic work that forms part of a connected series
epoch: particular period of history, especially one considered remarkable
equal: having the same quantity, measure, or value as another; identical
equality: state or quality of being equal
equation: making equal; equal division; equality; equilibrium
equator: the imaginary great circle on the earth's surface, everywhere equally distant from the two
poles, and dividing the earth's surface into two hemispheres
equilibrium: mental or emotional balance; state of balance of any causes, powers, or motives
equip: supply with necessities such as tools or provisions; furnish with the qualities necessary for
performance
equipment: apparatus
equivalent: interchangeable; comparable; equal, as in value, force, or meaning
eradicate: completely destroy; eliminate; exterminate
erase: rub letters or characters written, engraved, or painted
erect: construct; stand; set up
erosion: corrosion; a gradual decline of something
errand: short trip taken to perform a specified task; mission; embassy
erupt: explode; burst out; become violently active
eruption: outbreak; sudden, often violent outburst
escalator: stairway whose steps move continuously on a circulating belt
escape: act of fleeing from danger, of evading harm, or of avoiding notice; deliverance from injury or
any evil
escort: one who conducts someone as attendant; guard; protection, care, or safeguard on a journey
essay: effort made for performance of anything; short literary composition on a single subject
essence: most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience
essential: necessary; critical; vital; constituting or being part of the essence of something
establish: set up or found; build
establishment: act of establishing; ratifying or ordaining; settlement; arranged order or system,
especially a legal code
estate: extensive landed property; everything you own; all of your assets
esteem: regard with respect; favorable regard
estimate: judge to be probable; form an opinion about; evaluate
eternal: forever; being without beginning or end; existing outside of time; infinite
evaluate: judge; examine and judge carefully; appraise
evaporate: vaporize; disappear; change into a vapor
evaporation: process of extracting moisture
eventful: busy; momentous; full of events or incidents
eventually: ultimately; in the final result or issue; in the end
everlasting: continuing forever or indefinitely
evidence: something which makes evident or manifest; any mode of proof
evident: easily seen or understood; obvious; apparent; clear
evolution: development; progression
evolve: develop; grow
exact: precisely agreeing with standard, fact, or truth; perfectly conforming
exaggerate: represent as greater than is actually the case; overstate; magnify; do something to an
excessive degree
exaggeration: overstatement; act of making something more noticeable than usual
exalt: raise in rank or dignity; praise
exalted: superior; elevated in rank, character, or status; of high moral or intellectual value
exasperate: make worse; irritate; make very angry or impatient; annoy greatly
exceed: go beyond; be or do something to a greater degree
exceedingly: in a very great degree; beyond what is usual; surpassingly
excel: be superior; distinguish oneself
excellent: surpassing others in some good quality or the sum of qualities; of great worth; eminent, in
a good sense
exception: instance that does not conform to a rule
exceptional: extraordinary; unusual; well above average
excess: amount or quantity beyond what is normal or sufficient; surplus
excessive: extreme; inordinate; too much
exchange: substitute; trade in; give in return for something received
excite: arouse
excitement: state of being emotionally aroused
exciting: creating or producing excitement
exclaim: cry out suddenly, as from surprise or emotion
exclude: leave out of; keep out of; reject
exclusion: rejection; act of excluding or shutting out
exclusive: not divided or shared with others; excluding much or all; not allowing something else
exclusively: without any others being included or involved; purely; strictly
excursion: trip; usually short journey made for pleasure
excuse: free from blame; clear from guilt; release from a charge; forgive entirely
execute: put into effect; carry out the legalities of
execution: accomplishment; putting into practice; putting a person to death
executive: role of government which makes sure that laws are carried out; administrator
exemplify: serve as an example of; embody
exempt: not subject to duty or obligation; not subject to taxation
exert: cause; apply; exercise
exertion: effort; expenditure of much physical work
exhaust: gases ejected from an engine as waste products ; use up the whole supply of
exhausted: depleted; tired
exhaustion: act of draining out or draining off; act of emptying completely of the contents; state of
being exhausted or emptied
exhaustive: treating all parts or aspects without omission; comprehensive
exhibit: show, make visible or apparent
exhibition: exposition; presentation; large-scale public showing
exile: force separation from one's native country
exit: passage or way out; act of going away or out
exonerate: acquit; free from blame; discharge from duty
expand: become larger in size or volume; grow stronger; add details
expansion: growth; extent or amount by which something has expanded
expedient: suitable; appropriate to a purpose; serving to promote your interest
expedite: process fast and efficiently; execute quickly and efficiently
expedition: journey organized for a particular purpose
expel: oust; discharge; force or drive out
expend: lay out, apply, or employ in any way; consume by use; use up or distribute, either in payment
or in donations; spend
expenditure: payment or expense; output
expert: person with a high degree of skill in or knowledge of a certain subject
expertise: specialized knowledge; expert skill
expiration: act of coming to a close; termination; act of breathing out; exhalation
expire: come to an end; terminate; lose validity; breathe one's last breath; die
explicit: precisely and clearly expressed; definite; outspoken
explode: erupt; blow up; burst violently as a result of internal pressure
exploit: make use of, sometimes unjustly
exploitation: unfair use of someone’s work giving little in return
exploration: travel for the purpose of discovery
explore: investigate systematically; examine; search
explorer: someone who travels into little known regions
explosive: tending or serving to sudden outburst; sudden and loud
export: sell or transfer abroad
expose: set forth; set out to public view
exposition: exhibition; part of a play that provides the background information; opening section of a
fugue
exposure: risk, particularly of being exposed to disease; unmasking; act of laying something open
expressive: demonstrative; indicative
expressly: particularly; specifically; in an explicit manner
exquisite: excellent; flawless; acutely perceptive or discriminating
extend: open or straighten something out; unbend; prolong
extension: supplement; act of extending or the condition of being extended
extensive: widespread; far-reaching; wide
extent: extensive space or area; distance or area over which something extends
exterior: outside; external or outward appearance
external: exterior; outer; suitable for application to the outside
extinct: no longer existing or living; vanished; dead
extinction: death of all its remaining members
extinguish: quench; put out, as a light or fire; cause to die out; put an end to; destroy
extra: something additional of the same kind
extract: draw or pull out, usually with some force or effort; remove; get despite difficulties or obstacles
extraordinary: exceptional; remarkable; beyond what is ordinary or usual
extravagant: wandering beyond one's bounds; exceeding due bounds; wild; excessive; unrestrained
extreme: outermost; utmost; farthest; most remote; at the widest limit
eye: small hole or loop; good discernment; organ of vision or of light sensitivity 

F

fabric: cloth; stuff; artifact made by weaving or synthetic fibers; structure; framework
fabricate: build; put together out of components or parts
face: confront; encounter; be opposite
facilitate: help bring about; make less difficult
facility: service, space, and equipment provided for a particular purpose
faction: a party of persons having a common end in view
factor: anything that contributes causally to a result; element; variable
fade: disappear; die out; lose color; lose freshness
faint: lacking strength or vigor ; weak
fairly: in fair manner; clearly; openly; plainly; fully; distinctly; frankly
fairy: enchantment; illusion; imaginary supernatural being or spirit
faith: loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person; complete confidence
faithful: believer; follower
fake: imitation; counterfeit; having a false or misleading appearance
fall: drop; sink; lose an upright position suddenly; decrease in size, extent, or range
fame: favorable public reputation; great renown
familiar: well known or easily recognized
familiarity: state of being familiar; intimate and frequent converse, or association; unconstrained
intercourse; freedom from ceremony and constraint; intimacy
famine: shortage of food; starvation
fanatic: person who is zealously enthusiastic for some cause; showing evidence of possession by a
god or demon
fancy: capricious notion; something many people believe that is false
fantastic: excellent; extraordinary; strange in form, conception, or appearance
fare: food and drink; diet; transportation charge; a paying passenger
farewell: acknowledgment at parting; goodbye; act of departing or taking leave
fascinate: cause to be interested or curious; captivate
fascination: capacity to attract intense interest
fashion: style, shape, appearance, or mode of structure; pattern, model
fashionable: conforming to the current style; being or in accordance with current fashion
fasten: attach; affix
fatal: causing death
fathom: measure the depth; come to understand
fatigue: physical or mental weariness; exhaustion
fault: crack; a crack in the earth; defect; flaw; a wrong action
favorable: approving or pleasing; granting what has been desired or requested
feasible: capable of being accomplished or brought about
feast: a festival or holiday; festive or joyous meal; something highly agreeable; entertainment
feat: achievement; accomplishment
feature: prominent aspect of something
federal: of or relating to central government; national
federation: uniting in a league; confederation; league
fee: give a tip beyond the agreed-on compensation
feeble: lacking vigor, force, or effectiveness; faint; frail
feed: give food to; supply with nourishment
feedback: response to an inquiry or experiment
fell: capable of destroying; lethal
fellowship: state or relation of being or associate; companionship of persons on equal and friendly
terms; state of being together
female: for or composed of women or girls
ferocious: fierce; savage; wild; indicating cruelty
ferry: shuttle; transport by boat or aircraft
fertile: rich; fruitful; inventive; creative; intellectually productive
fertilizer: any substance used to make soil more fertile
fervent: extremely hot; sincerely or intensely felt
festival: a day or period of time for feasting and celebration
fetch: take away or remove; reduce; go or come after and bring or take back
feud: bitter quarrel between two parties
fiber: slender, elongated, threadlike object or structure; material to make paper or cloth
fiction: story; imaginative creation; literary work whose content is produced by imagination
fictional: imaginary; invented, as opposed to real
fierce: ferocious; savage; extremely severe or violent; terrible
fig: small fruit tree with large leaves, known from the remotest antiquity
figurative: not literal, but metaphorical; using figure of speech
figure: model of a bodily form; impression produced by a person; written or printed symbol
representing a number
file: line; proceed in line
filter: strain; pass liquid or gas through device that blocks some matter by particular criterion
filth: foul matter; anything that soils or defiles; dirt; corruption; pollution
filthy: nasty; dirty; polluted; foul; impure
final: forming or occurring at the end; terminating; ultimate; conclusive
finance: management of money and credit and banking and investments; subsidizing; fund
financial: monetary; pertaining or relating to money matters
financing: subsidy; transaction that provides funds for a business
finite: having a limit; limited in quantity, degree, or capacity; bounded
fir: any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies
firm: hard; solid; resolute; determined
fishery: business or practice of catching fish; fishing; a place for catching fish; the right to take fish at
a certain place
fist: hand with the fingers doubled into the palm; closed hand
fit: be the right size or shape; conform to some shape or size
fitness: health; vigor; state or condition of being fit; suitability or appropriateness
fitting: small accessory to a larger system; small detachable part for a machine or apparatus; act of
trying on clothes
fixed: firmly in position; stationary
fixture: commonplace object; object firmly fixed in place
flag: become less intense; sink, or settle from pressure
flake: flat thin piece or layer; chip; small piece; small crystalline bit of snow
flame: stream of burning vapor or gas, emitting light and heat; passion of love
flap: flat, usually thin piece attached at only one side; act of waving or fluttering; blow given with
something flat; slap
flare: sudden outburst of emotion; glare; shine; shine with sudden light
flash: emit a brief burst of light; appear briefly; sudden intense burst of radiant energy
flask: a small bottle-shaped vessel for holding fluids; narrow-necked vessel of metal or glass
flatter: compliment someone, often insincerely and sometimes to win favor; enhance someone's
vanity by praising them
flavor: distinctive taste; quality produced by the sensation of taste
flaw: crack or breach; gap or fissure; defect; fault; sudden burst of noise and disorder
flee: run away, as from danger or evil; avoid in alarmed or cowardly manner
fleece: rob; strip of money or other property unjustly, especially by trickery or fraud; ask unreasonable
price
fleet: a group of steamships under the same ownership; a group of vessels or vehicles
flesh: soft tissue of body, mainly muscle and fat; substance; reality; surface or skin of human body;
meat of animals
flexibility: quality of being adaptable or variable
flexible: pliant; elastic; capable of being bent or flexed; pliable
flicker: flutter; flap the wings without flying; waver unsteadily, like a flame in a current of air
fling: throw with force or recklessness; throw or cast away; move in an abrupt
float: drift along; make the surface of level or smooth; move lightly
flock: group; herd; crowd; gather; crowd; throng
flour: fine powdery foodstuff; soft, fine powder
flourish: grow well; decorate with ornaments; be in a period of productivity
fluctuate: rise and fall in or as if in waves; shift; vary irregularly
fluctuation: a wave motion
fluency: quality of smoothness of flow; quality of being fluent in language
fluent: easy and graceful in shape; graceful; smooth and unconstrained in movement
flush: turn red, as from fever, embarrassment, or strong emotion; glow, especially with a reddish
color; flow suddenly
flutter: vibrate or move quickly; drive in disorder; throw into confusion
flux: flowing; series of changes; state of being liquid through heat
foam: white substance, consisting of an aggregation of bubbles, which is formed on the surface of
liquids
focus: most important thing; a fixed reference point; center of interest or activity
fodder: coarse food for cattle or horses
foe: enemy; one who entertains hatred, grudge; adversary
fog: droplets of water vapor suspended in air near ground ; haze
foggy: obscured by fog; indistinct or hazy in outline
fold: make something double; bend or lay so that one part covers the other
foliage: masses of leaves; a cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches
foolish: marked with, or exhibiting, folly; void of understanding; weak in intellect; without judgment
forbid: not allow; prohibit; prevent
forecast: prediction about how something will develop, as for weather
forefather: ancestor; forebear
foremost: leading; main; primary; first in time or place
foresee: anticipate; predict
foretell: tell of or indicate beforehand; predict
forge: workplace where metal is worked by heating and hammering
forgery: act of forging, especially the illegal production of something counterfeit
forgive: give wholly; cease to feel resentment against; excuse for a fault or an offense; give up;
resign
formal: official; executed, carried out, or done in proper or regular form
formality: quality or condition of being formal; something done just for form's sake
format: pattern; design; set into a specific pattern
formation: configuration; pattern
former: preceding in order of time; antecedent; previous; prior; earlier
formerly: previously;at an earlier time; once
formidable: arousing fear; threatening; difficult to undertake or defeat
formula: plan; directions for making something; a group of symbols that make a mathematical
statement
formulate: decide upon and express in words
forsake: leave someone who needs or counts on you
fort: a fortified defensive structure; permanent army post
forthcoming: ready or about to appear; making appearance
fortitude: bravery; force; power to attack or to resist attack
fortnight: a period of fourteen consecutive days
fortress: fort; castle; fortified place, especially a large military stronghold, often includes a town
fortunate: lucky; bringing something good and unforeseen
fortune: arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner; chance; accident; luck
forum: place to discuss public concerns; meeting or medium for open discussion
forward: at or to or toward the front; toward the future
fossil: remnant; remains of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age
foster: rear; promote the growth of; help develop
foul: act that violates of the rules of a sport
found: establish or set up, especially with provision for continuing existence; melt metal and pour into
a mold
foundation: basis on which something is grounded
founder: person who establishes an organization, business
fountain: spring of water issuing from the earth; artificially produced jet or stream of water
fraction: segment; fragment; a small proportion of
fracture: break into pieces; crack; destroy; violate or abuse
fragile: easy to destroy, delicate, not strong
fragment: small part broken off or detached; fraction
fragrance: scent; aroma; distinctive odor that is pleasant
fragrant: pleasant-smelling; odorous
frail: physically weak; easily broken
frame: structure that gives shape or support; closed, often rectangular border of drawn or printed
lines
framework: fundamental structure, as for a written work; skeleton
franchise: right granted by authority; right to vote; business licensed to sell a product in particular
area
frank: honest; sincere; open and sincere in expression; straightforward
freight: transport commercially as cargo; load with goods; goods carried by a large vehicle
fret: cause to be uneasy; wear away
friction: clash in opinion; rubbing against; conflict
frightening: inspiring with fear; causing fear; of capable of causing fear; scary
fringe: margin; periphery; decorative border of hanging threads, cords, or strips, often attached to a
separate band
frontier: part of a country which fronts or faces another country or an unsettled region; border,
confine, or extreme part of a country
frost: ice crystal; weather cold enough to cause freezing; provide with a rough surface or appearance
frown: look angry; wrinkle one's forehead; regard something with disapproval or distaste
frugal: sparing; economical; costing little; inexpensive
fruitful: productive; fertile; producing results; profitable
frustrate: make null; bring to nothing; prevent from taking effect or attaining fulfillment
frustration: disappointment; failure; act of frustrating
fuel: substance that can be consumed to produce energy
fulfil: fill full; fill to the utmost capacity, as a vessel, a room
full: filled to satisfaction with food or drink; containing as much or as many as is possible or normal
fumble: feel or grope about; make awkward attempts to do or find something; play childishly; \turn
over and over
function: act of executing or performing any duty; assigned duty or activity
functional: useful; in good working order
fund: money; capital; a reserve of money set aside for some purpose; finance; subsidize
fundamental: relating to foundation or base; elementary; primary; essential
funeral: ceremony held in connection with burial; burial procession accompanying body to grave; end
of existence
furious: extreme anger; raging; full of activity; energetic or rapid
furnace: enclosed place in which heat is produced; place or time of punishment or great trial
furnish: provide; supply; equip with what is needed, especially to provide furniture for
furniture: movable articles in a room or an establishment that make it fit for living or working
furrow: trench in the earth made by a plow; any trench, channel, or groove, as in wood or metal;
wrinkle on the face
further: get greater distance; make more in advance
furthermore: in addition; moreover
fury: violent anger; rage; uncontrolled action; turbulence
fuse: combine; blend; become plastic or fluid or liquefied from heat
fuss: angry disturbance; excited state of agitation; needlessly nervous or useless activity; protest;
quarrel
fussy: easily upset; given to bouts of ill temper; full of superfluous details 

G

gale: very strong wind; gust of wind; emotional outburst as laughter or tears
gallery: long usually narrow room ; covered corridor
gallop: move or run rapidly or carelessly, as by a quadruped, particularly by a horse lifting alternately
the fore feet and the hind feet, in successive leaps or bounds
gamble: play or game for money or other stake; lose or squander by gaming
gang: group of criminals who band together for mutual protection and profit; herd of buffalo or elk
gaol: place of confinement, especially for minor offenses or provisional imprisonment
gap: opening through mountains; pass; conspicuous difference or imbalance
garbage: trash; worthless or nonsensical matter; food wastes
garment: any article of clothing, as coat or gown
gasoline: petrol; flammable liquid consisting of a mixture of refined petroleum hydrocarbons
gauge: measuring instrument; measure; judge
gaze: fix the eyes in a steady and earnest look; look with eagerness or curiosity, as in admiration,
astonishment
gear: toothed machine part, such as a wheel or cylinder, to transmit motion or to change speed or
direction
gem: precious stone; jewel; pearl or mineral that has been cut and polished for use as an ornament
generalization: an idea having general application; reasoning from detailed facts to general
principles
generalize: reach conclusion; become systemic and spread throughout the body
generate: bring into being; give rise to; produce
generation: all offspring at same stage from common ancestor; interval of time between the birth of
parents and their offspring
generator: one that generates, especially converts mechanical energy into electrical energy;
apparatus that generates vapor
generosity: noble birth; quality of being noble; noble-mindedness; liberality in giving
generous: more than adequate; willing to give and share unstintingly
genius: exceptional creative ability; unusual mental ability; someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any
field
gentle: well-born; of a good family or respectable birth; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender
genuine: authentic; real; true
geology: science which treats the structure and mineral constitution of the globe
geometry: mathematics of the properties, measurement, and relationships of points, lines, angles,
surfaces, and solids
germ: bacteria; earliest form of an organism; seed
gesture: motion of hands or body to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling
giant: person of extraordinary strength or powers, bodily or intellectual
gigantic: exceedingly large; huge; very large or extensive
giggle: laugh with short catches of the breath or voice; laugh in light, affected, or silly manner
ginger: plant of the genus Zingiber, of the East and West Indies
glare: light; brightness; fierce or angry stare
glassware: an article of tableware made of glass
gleam: cause to emit a flash of light
glide: slide; move in a smooth, effortless manner
glimpse: glance; a quick look ; see briefly; a brief or incomplete view
glisten: sparkle or shine, especially shine with a mild, subdued, and fitful luster; emit a soft,
scintillating light; gleam
glitter: bright, sparkling light; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy
global: worldwide; international; having the shape of a globe
globe: body with the shape of a sphere, especially a representation of the earth in the form of a
hollow ball
gloom: partial or total darkness; thick shade; obscurity; shady, gloomy, or dark place or grove;
cloudiness or heaviness of mind
gloomy: imperfectly illuminated; dusky; dim; clouded
glorify: cause to seem more splendid; beautify
glorious: having or deserving glory; famous; characterized by great beauty and splendor;
magnificent; wonderful
glossary: brief explanation of words, often placed at back of book
glow: shine with an intense or white heat; give forth vivid light and heat; exhibit a strong, bright color
glue: be fixed as if by sticky substance; join or attach with or as if sticky substance
glut: fill beyond capacity, especially with food; swallow greedlly
gnaw: bite or chew on with the teeth
goal: end; objective; final purpose or aim
goat: any of various ruminant mammals, of the genus Capra, related to the sheep; scapegoat
gorge: stuff oneself; overeat; make a pig of oneself
gorgeous: dazzlingly beautiful; magnificent
gossip: rumor; malicious report about other people; light informal conversation for social occasions
govern: make and administer the public policy and affairs of
governor: head of a state government
gown: loose, flowing upper garment; ordinary outer dress of woman; official robe of certain
professional men
grab: take or grasp suddenly; snatch; capture
grace: elegance and beauty of movement or expression; short prayer of thanks before a meal
graceful: elegant; showing grace of movement, form, or proportion
gracious: beneficent; merciful; disposed to show kindness or favor
grade: step or degree in any series, rank, quality, order; relative position or standing
gradual: proceeding by steps or degrees; advancing, step by step, as in ascent or descent or from
one state to another; regularly progressive
graduate: one who has received an academicals or professional degree; one who has completed the
prescribed course of study
grand: large and impressive in size, scope, or extent
granite: common, coarse-grained, light-colored, hard igneous rock consisting chiefly of quartz;
unyielding endurance
grant: allow to have; give on the basis of merit; be willing to concede
graph: chart; a drawing illustrating the relations
grasp: grip; take hold of or seize firmly with or as if with the hand
grasshopper: terrestrial plant-eating insect; young student in initial stages of training
grateful: thankful; appreciative of benefits received
gratify: give pleasure to; satisfy; indulge; make happy
gratis: free, without charge; costing nothing
gratitude: state of being grateful; warm and friendly feeling toward a benefactor; thankfulness
grave: place for the burial; death or extinction
gravel: small stones, or fragments of stone; very small pebbles, often intermixed with particles of
sand
gravity: seriousness; solemn and dignified feeling; natural force between two massive bodies
graze: scrape gently; feed on growing grasses and herbage
grease: oil; fat; state of being covered with unclean things
greedy: wanting to get more than one can reasonably get
greenhouse: house in which tender plants are cultivated and sheltered from the weather
grief: pain of mind; mental suffering arising from any cause, as misfortune, loss of friends; sorrow;
sadness
grieve: cause to be sorrowful; distress
grim: unrelenting; rigid; dismal and gloomy; cold and forbidding
grin: act of withdrawing lips and showing teeth; broad smile
grind: crush; scrape; reduce to small pieces or particles by pounding or abrading
grip: hold fast or firmly; seize as in a wrestling match
groan: give forth a low, moaning sound in breathing
groove: long narrow furrow or channel; settled routine; very pleasurable experience
grope: search blindly or uncertainly; reach about uncertainly; feel one's way
gross: of huge size; excessively large; coarse; rough; not fine or delicate
ground: solid surface of the earth; bottom; lowest part
grove: group of trees smaller than a forest; orchard
growl: utter a deep guttural sound, as angry dog; give forth an angry, grumbling sound; emit low
guttural sound
grudge: be unwilling or reluctant to give or admit; be envious; show discontent
grumble: utter or emit low dull rumbling sounds
guarantee: pledge that something will happen or that something is true
guardian: one who guards, preserves, or secures; one who has, or is entitled to custody of person or
property
guess: form an opinion concerning, without knowledge or means of knowledge; judge of at random
guilt: state of one who has broken a moral or political law; crime; criminality; offense against right
guilty: deserving of blame; adjudged to have committed crime
gulf: an arm of a sea or ocean partly enclosed by land; larger than a bay
gulp: swallow; utter or make a noise, as when swallowing too quickly
gust: blast; outburst
gutter: channel at the eaves of a roof for conveying away the rain; eaves channel; eaves trough
gymnasium: place or building where athletic exercises are performed; a school for gymnastics
gymnastics: sport that involves exercises intended to display strength and balance and agility 


H

habit: established disposition of the mind or character; distinctive dress, especially of a religious order
haggard: wasted away; showing wearing effects of overwork or suffering
haggle: argue about prices; bargain, as over the price of something
hail: call for; salute; greet; praise vociferously
hairy: bearing or covered with hair; made of or resembling hair; rough with hair
hallmark: sign; feature; mark indicating quality or excellence
halt: stop; stand in doubt; hesitate
ham: meat cut from the thigh of a hog, usually smoked
hamburger: a fried bread of minced beef served on a bun
hamper: put at disadvantage; prevent progress or free movement of
handbook: concise reference book providing specific information
handful: a small number
handicap: disadvantage; physical disability; cripple; hinder; impede
handle: touch; feel with the hand; use or hold with the hand; manage in using; deal with
handsome: skillful; handy; agreeable to the eye or to correct taste; having a pleasing appearance;
attractive
handy: convenient; close
hang: suspend; fasten to some elevated point without support from below; hold for support
hanger: one who hangs, or causes to be hanged; loop or strap by which something is hung
haphazard: not thorough, constant or consistent; by chance
harbor: provide a refuge for; hide; give shelter to
harden: become hard or harder
hardware: mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical components making up a computer
system
hardy: in robust and good health; able to survive under unfavorable conditions
harmful: damaging; noxious; detrimental; dangerous
harmless: unlikely to harm or disturb anyone
harmonious: concordant; accordant; suitable and fitting
harmony: compatibility in opinion and action; an agreeable sound property
harness: stable gear consisting of an arrangement to an animal so that it can be attached to and pull
a cart
harsh: rough; coarse; severe; unpleasantly stern
harvest: gather; yield from plants in a single growing season
haste: hurry; rapidity of action or motion
hasten: accelerate; quicken
hasty: easily angered; irritable; made too quickly to be accurate or wise
hatch: breed; emerge from the egg
haughty: high; lofty; bold; arrogant; overbearing
haul: draw slowly or heavily; pull or drag forcibly; shift direction
haunt: be a regular or frequent visitor to a certain place; bother; disturb
hawk: bird of prey typically having short rounded wings and a long tail
hay: grass or other plants, cut and dried for fodder
hazard: danger; risk
heading: course or direction in which a ship or aircraft is moving; title, subtitle, or topic that stands at
the top or beginning
headlong: uncontrollably forceful or fast; done with head leading; headfirst
heal: cure; make or get healthy again
heap: crowd or throng; a great number of persons; pile or mass
hearing: opportunity to be heard; capacity to hear; judicial investigation of a suit at law
heave: cause to move upward or onward by a lifting effort; lift; raise; hoist; throw
heaven: expanse of space surrounding the earth; sky; place where the sun, moon, and stars appear
hedge: thicket of bushes, usually thorn bushes
hedgehog: small European insectivore, and other allied species of Asia and Africa, having the hair on 
the upper part of its body mixed with prickles or spines
heed: pay attention to; listen to and consider
heel: back part of the human foot; lower end of a ship's mast
heighten: enhance; hoist; raise or increase the quantity or degree of; intensify
heir: person who inherits some title or office
heiress: woman who is an heir, especially to great wealth
helicopter: aircraft without wings that obtains its lift from the rotation of overhead blades
hell: place of the dead, or of souls after death where sinners suffer eternal punishment; any place of
pain and turmoil
helmet: defensive covering for head; hat, made of cork, felt, or metal, worn as uniform of soldiers,
firemen
helpful: giving aid; assistant; useful; salutary
helpless: unable to help oneself; powerless or incompetent; powerless; weak
hemisphere: halves; half of a sphere bounded by a great circle
hence: from this place; from this time; from this reason; as an inference or deduction
henceforth: from this time forward; henceforward
herald: proclaim; announces important news; messenger
herb: plant lacking a permanent woody stem, some having medicinal properties
herd: flock; crowd; group of cattle or other domestic animals
hesitant: reluctant, irresolute; tending to wait, or proceed with caution or reservation
hesitate: pause or hold back in uncertainty or unwillingness
hide: prevent from being seen or discovered
hideous: frightful, shocking, or offensive to the eyes; offensive to moral sensibilities; despicable
hijack: stop and rob a vehicle in transit; seize control of by use of force
hike: long walk usually for exercise or pleasure
hinder: put at a disadvantage; tie up; hamper; prevent the progress
hindrance: something that holds back or causes problems with something else; obstacle
hinge: a joint that holds two parts together so that one can swing relative to the other
hint: allusion; clue; brief or indirect suggestion
hinterland: region; remote and undeveloped area
hiss: prolonged sound like that letter s, made by forcing out the breath between the tongue and teeth
historian: one who is an authority on history
historic: having importance or significance in history; belonging to the past; historical
hitchhike: travel by getting free rides from passing vehicles; be carried along with something else
hitherto: to this place; to a prescribed limit; up to this time; as yet; until now
hoarse: having a harsh, rough, grating voice or sound, as when affected with a cold; making a rough,
harsh cry or sound
hobby: auxiliary activity; activity or interest pursued outside one's regular occupation
hoe: weed, cultivate, or dig up with a tool, which has flat blade attached at right angles to a long
handle
hoist: raise; lift; elevate
hold: keep from departing; take and maintain control over; stop dealing with
hollow: sound as if echoing in a empty space; void; vain; not solid; having a space or gap or cavity
homely: of home; domestic; familiar; intimate; plain; unpretending; rude in appearance; unpolished
homesick: unhappy at being away and longing for familiar things or persons
hook: a piece of metal, or other hard material, bent into curve or at angle, for catching, holding, or
sustaining anything
hop: move by successive leaps, as toads do; spring or jump on one foot
horizon: line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet; range of one's knowledge, experience, or
interest
horizontal: flat; level; parallel to or in a base line
horn: one of the bony outgrowths on the heads of certain ungulates
horrible: exciting, or tending to horror or fear; hideous
horror: terror; fear; intense dislike
hose: a flexible pipe for conveying a liquid or gas
hospitable: disposed to treat guests with warmth and generosity; receptive
hospitality: act or practice of one who is hospitable; reception and entertainment of strangers or
guests without reward
host: great number; person entertaining guests
hostage: prisoner who is held by one party to insure that another party will meet specified terms
hostile: unfriendly; showing the disposition of an enemy
hound: a variety of domestic dog, having large, drooping ears; side bar used to strengthen portions of
gear of a vehicle
house: provide living quarters for; lodge; contain; harbor
hover: hang about; wait nearby; remain floating
howl: utter a loud, mournful sound or cry, as dogs and wolves often do; utter a sound expressive of
distress; cry aloud and mournfully
hug: crowd together; keep close to; tight or amorous embrace
hull: outer covering of anything, particularly of a nut or of grain; outer skin of a kernel; husk
hum: low, prolonged sound; humming noise; singing with shut mouth
humane: marked by kindness, mercy, or compassion
humanitarian: philanthropic; one devoted to the promotion of human welfare and to social reforms
humanity: kindness; virtue; all of the inhabitants of the earth
humble: low or inferior in station or quality; modest
humid: containing a high amount of water or water vapor
humidity: dampness; moisture
humiliate: cause to feel shame; hurt the pride of
humorous: employing or showing humor; funny; amusing
hunger: strong desire for something; feel the need to eat
hurl: throw with great force; cast; toss
husband: use economically; conserve; save
hush: make silent or quiet; keep from public knowledge; suppress mention of
hustle: bustle; cause to move furtively and hurriedly
hydrogen: a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly flammable
diatomic gas
hygiene: cleanliness; sanitation
hymn: song of praise or adoration, especially, a religious ode, a sacred lyric
hypocrisy: act or practice of a hypocrite
hypothesis: assumption; theory
hypothetical: based on assumptions; supposed
hysteria: behavior exhibiting excessive or uncontrollable emotion, such as fear or panic; mental
disorder 


I

ideal: existing in idea or thought; conception; intellectual; mental; imaginary standard of excellence; fit
for a model; faultless
identical: duplicate; alike; being the exact same one
identification: act of designating or identifying something; condition of having your identity
established
identify: detect; find out; discover
identity: exact sameness; distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity
idiom: expression whose meaning differs from meanings of its individual words; distinctive style
idiomatic: having the nature of an idiom; characteristic of a given language
idiot: foolish or stupid person; unlearned, ignorant, or simple person
idle: useless; vain; trifling; unprofitable; thoughtless; given rest and ease; avoiding work or
employment; lazy
idol: image used for worship; image of divinity; representation or symbol; false notion or conception
ignite: kindle; cause to start burning; set fire to
ignorance: lack of knowledge or education
ignorant: lacking education or knowledge; unaware
ignore: refuse to pay attention to; disregard; overlook; neglect
illegible: incapable of being read; unclear; not legible
illiterate: uncultured; uneducated; not able to read or write
illuminate: provide or brighten with light; clear up or make understandable; enlighten
illusion: misleading vision; being deceived by a false perception or belief
illusive: deceptive; misleading; based on or having the nature of an illusion
illustrate: represent; demonstrate; depict; clarify, as by use of examples or comparisons
illustration: picture; drawing; showing by example
image: visual representation; representation of a person
imaginary: having existence only in the imagination; fanciful; visionary
imitate: copy the actions, appearance, mannerisms, or speech of; mimic; use or follow as a model
imitation: emulation; copying the actions of someone else
immediate: not deferred by an interval of time; present; occurring at once; instant
immediately: proximately; directly; without interval of time; without delay; promptly; instantly; at once
immense: enormous; boundless; so great as to be beyond measurement
immerse: plunge into anything, especially a fluid; sink; dip
immigrant: one who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there; non-native
immigrate: move into another country to stay there permanently
immigration: migration into a place; moving into a place
imminent: near at hand; close in time; about to occur
immoral: not moral; contrary to conscience or the divine law; wicked; unjust; dishonest
immortal: not mortal; exempt from liability to die; undying; imperishable; lasting forever
impact: forceful consequence; strong effect; influencing strongly
impart: reveal or tell; grant a share of; bestow
impartial: not biased; fair; showing lack of favoritism
imperative: having power command or control; critically importance; some duty that is essential and
urgent
implement: put into effect; supply with tools
implication: something hinted at or suggested; act of implying; condition of being implied
implore: beg for urgently; make an earnest appeal
imply: express or indicate indirectly; signify
import: bring in from another country
impose: demand; force; compel to behave in a certain way
impractical: unwise to implement or maintain in practice; theoretical
impressive: making a strong or vivid impression; producing a strong effect
imprisonment: confinement; putting someone in prison or in jail as lawful punishment
impulse: act of applying force suddenly; an impelling force or strength
inability: lack of ability, especially mental ability, to do something
inaccessible: unreachable; not available; unattainable
inadequate: not sufficient to meet a need; insufficient; poor
inaugurate: start; initiate; induct into office by formal ceremony
incense: enrage; infuriate; cause to be extremely angry
incentive: something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward
incident: usually minor event or condition that is subordinate to another; event; happening
incidentally: by chance; accidentally
inclination: preference; tendency; inclined surface; slope
incline: cause to lean, slant, or slope; deviate from the horizontal or vertical
inclined: tending or leaning toward; bent; having preference or tendency
inclusive: tending to include all; taking a great deal or everything within its scope
income: gain from labor, business, property, or capital
incompatible: inharmonious; impossible to coexist; not easy to combine harmoniously
inconsistency: state of being self-contradictory; lack of uniformity or steadiness
inconvenient: not suited to your comfort, purpose or needs
incorporate: combine something into a larger whole; unite
incredible: unbelievable; beyond belief or understanding
incredulous: difficult to believe; incredible; skeptical
increment: process of increasing in number, size, quantity, or extent
incur: bring upon oneself; become liable to; acquire or come into
indebted: morally, socially, or legally obligated to another; under a legal obligation to someone
indefinite: unclear; vague; lacking precise limits
indefinitely: endlessly; incessantly; for a long time, no end defined; forever
indent: nick; set in from margin; impress or stamp
independent: not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others
index: anything which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses; prologue indicating what follows;
second digit
indicate: point out; direct to a knowledge of
indicative: suggestive; implying; serving to indicate
indifference: unconcern; disinterest; lack of enthusiasm
indifferent: having no particular interest or concern; being neither good nor bad
indigestion: a disorder of digestive function; difficulty in digesting
indignant: affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath by unworthy or unjust
treatment
indignation: anger aroused by something unjust
indispensable: essential; requisite; impossible to be omitted or remitted
individual: single person or thing; human regarded as a unique personality
induce: persuade; bring about; reason or establish by induction
inducement: act of inducing, or the state of being induced; a motive or consideration that leads one
to action or induces one to act
indulge: be complacent toward; give way to; not to oppose or restrain; yield to the desire of
industrial: of or relating to or resulting from industry; having highly developed industries
industrialization: development of industry on an extensive scale
industrialized: made industrial; converted to industrialism
industrious: diligent; hard-working; busy and laborious
inertia: property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue
in motion, and in the same straight line or direction
inevitable: unavoidable; incapable of being avoided or prevented
inevitably: unavoidably; in a manner that is impossible to avoid or prevent
infant: child in the first period of life; young babe
infantry: body of children; a body of soldiers serving on foot; foot soldiers
infect: bring into contact with a substance that can cause illness
infection: moral corruption or contamination; invasion of body which can lead to tissue damage and
disease
infectious: contagious; contaminating
infer: deduce; conclude from evidence or premises; lead to as a consequence or conclusion
inference: inferring by deduction or induction; truth or proposition drawn from another which is
admitted or supposed to be true; conclusion; deduction
inferior: poor; lower than a given reference point; low or lower in order, degree, or rank
inferiority: state of being lower than or not as good as
infinite: unlimited or boundless, in time or space; without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or
excellence
infinity: unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; eternity; boundlessness; immensity
inflation: general increase in the prices of goods and services in a country
inflict: impose something unpleasant; cause
influence: power affecting person or thing; effect of one thing on another; flowing in or upon; influx
influential: important; powerful; having or exercising influence or power
influenza: an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
inform: impart information to; make aware of something; be a pervasive presence in; animate
informal: absence of ceremony; casual
informative: instructive; illustrative; providing or conveying information
infringe: act contrary to, as a law, right, or obligation; annul or hinder
ingenious: clever; having inventive or cunning mind
ingenuity: quality or power of ready invention; quickness or acuteness in forming new combinations
inhabit: live in; occupy; reside in
inhabitant: resident; someone or thing who lives in a place
inherent: firmly established by nature or habit
inherit: receive from an ancestor by legal succession or will; receive by bequest or as a legacy
initial: early; preliminary; occurring at the beginning
initially: in the beginning; at first
initiate: begin; originate; admit into membership
initiative: serving to initiate; introductory step or movement; act which originates or begins
inject: put in; infuse ; force or drive fluid into something
injure: do harm to; inflict damage; do injustice to
injury: any physical damage to body caused by violence or accident or fracture
injustice: unjust act; practice of being unjust or unfair
inland: within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior
innocent: naive; lacking sense or awareness; free from evil or guilt
innovate: change or alter by bringing in something new
innovation: introduction of something new
innumerable: countless; numerous
inquire: ask a question; seek for truth or information by putting queries
inquiry: investigation; search for knowledge
insane: exhibiting disordered of mind; deranged in mind; very foolish
insert: input; enter; put or set into, between, or among
insider: an accepted member of a group; one who has special knowledge or access to confidential
information
insight: understanding; grasping the inner nature of things intuitively
insignificant: not large enough to consider or notice; lacking in importance; trivial
insist: stand or rest; find support; take a stand and refuse to give way; be persistent
insolvent: bankrupt; unable to repay one's debts
inspect: look over; examine carefully and critically, especially for flaws
inspection: formal or official examination
inspector: high ranking police officer; investigator who observes carefully
inspiration: sudden intuition as part of solving a problem; arousing to a particular emotion or action
inspire: encourage; inspirit; fire the imagination of
install: set up; connect or set in position and prepare for use
installation: act of installing or giving possession of an office, rank, or order, with the usual rites or
ceremonies; the whole of a system of machines, apparatus, and accessories
installment: monthly payment; a part of a published serial
instance: example that is cited to prove a contention or illustrate a point; case or occurrence
instinct: inborn pattern of behavior ; nature
instinctive: unthinking; prompted by instinct; spontaneous
institute: advance or set forth in court; association organized to promote art or science or education
institution: institute; organization; introducing something new
instruct: teach; make aware of
instruction: direction; teaching; activities of educating or instructing
instructive: serving to instruct of enlighten or inform; enlightening
instrument: tool; one used by another to accomplish a purpose; device used to produce music; legal
document
instrumental: serving or acting as a means or aid; helpful; relating to musical instruments
insufficient: of a quantity not able to fulfill a need or requirement
insulate: make an island of; place in a detached situation, or in a state having no communication with
surrounding objects; isolate; separate
insulation: act of insulating; separation; state of being detached, from other objects
insult: offend; affront; treat, mention, or speak to rudely
insurance: protection against future loss; act, business, or system of insuring
insure: make sure or secure, specifically against loss by a contingent event; give or take insurance
on
intangible: not able to be perceived by senses, as touch; vague
integral: essential or necessary for completeness; entire
integrate: make whole; combine; make into one unit
integrity: quality or condition of being whole or undivided; completeness
intellect: ability to learn and reason; ability to think abstractly or profoundly
intellectual: of intellect; showing intellect; requiring the use of the mind, rather than emotions or
instinct
intelligence: ability to comprehend; understand and profit from experience; intellect; power of
cognition
intelligent: ingenious; wise; bright; having a high degree of intelligence; mentally acute
intense: extreme; acute; in an extreme degree
intensive: thorough; concentrated; tending to give force or emphasis
intent: something that is intended; aim or purpose
intention: motive; with respect to marriage; aim that guides action
interact: interplay; act together or towards others or with
interaction: communication; a mutual or reciprocal action; interacting
interest: attention; curiosity; dividend; yield
interfere: disrupt; hinder; be or create a hindrance or obstacle
interference: obstruction; prevention; act or an instance of hindering, obstructing, or impeding
interior: inside; inner part; internal; inner
intermediate: middle; lying between two extremes
internal: inside; interior; located within the limits or surface
interpret: explain or tell the meaning of; translate orally; decipher
interpretation: explanation; performer's distinctive personal version of a song, dance, piece of music
interrupt: terminate; make a break in
interval: pause; break; space between two objects, points, or units
intervene: get involved; come, appear, or lie between two things
intimate: give to understand; imply as a possibility; make known subtly and indirectly
intrude: trespass; enter as an uninvited person
inundate: overwhelm; cover with water, especially floodwaters
invade: move into; intrude; enter by force in order to conquer or pillage
invader: one who invades; assailant; encroacher; intruder
invalid: of no force or weight; not valid; weak; void; null
invalidate: make invalid; nullify; destroy
invaluable: valuable under estimation; inestimable; priceless
invariably: constantly; always
invasion: raid; attack; act of invading, especially the entrance of an armed force into a territory to
conquer
inverse: opposite; reversed in order, nature, or effect; turned upside down
invest: put clothe on, as with office or authority; place in possession of rank, dignity, or estate;
endow; lay out money or capital in business
investigate: explore; observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically
investigation: detailed inquiry or systematic examination; inquiry
invisible: incapable of being seen; impossible or nearly impossible to see
invoice: bill; commercial document issued by seller to buyer indicating the products, quantities and
prices
involve: wind round; connect with something; include necessarily; engage thoroughly
irony: expression by deliberate contrast between apparent and intended meaning; witty language
used to insult
irregular: contrary to rule or accepted order or general practice; inconstant
irresistible: overwhelming; tempting; charming
irrespective: without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent
irrevocable: unalterable; irreversible; impossible to retract or revoke
irrigate: supply land with water artificially; clean a wound with a fluid
irrigation: supplying water to the land to help crops grow
irritate: rouse to impatience or anger; annoy; provoke
isolate: seclude; set apart or cut off from others
isolation: separation; detachment; quality or condition of being isolated
issue: subject; topic; problem; edition; publication; release; publish
item: a whole individual unit; a distinct part that can be specified separately in a group
ivory: teeth of elephant 


J

jail: building for confinement of persons held in lawful custody
jam: crush or bruise; get stuck; press tightly together
jar: pitcher; vase; small, cylindrical container for food, normally made of glass or clay
jealous: resentful or bitter in rivalry; envious
jealousy: envy; jealous attitude or disposition
jelly: substance having the consistency of semi-solid foods
jeopardize: endanger; imperil; put at risk
jerk: pull, or move with a sudden movement; move with abrupt, seemingly uncontrolled motions
jettison: throw overboard; eject from boat, submarine, aircraft, or spaceship
jewel: gemstone; costly ornament of precious metal or gem
jewelry: adornment made of precious metals, as a bracelet or ring or necklace
jog: run or ride at a steady slow trot; give a push or shake to
journal: magazine; periodical; log; diary; a ledger in which transactions have been recorded as they
occurred
journalism: profession of reporting or photographing or editing news stories for one of the media
journalist: writer for newspapers and magazines
judgement: decision; appraisal
juice: liquid; liquid part that can be extracted from plant or animal tissue
juicy: full of juice; lucrative; richly interesting
jumble: assemble without order or sense; confused multitude of things; chaos; mess; mixture
junction: connection; joint; intersection; crossing
jungle: land densely overgrown with tropical vegetation; dense, confused mass
junior: less advanced in age than another; younger; lower in standing or in rank
jury: committee appointed to judge a case
justice: quality of being just; practical conformity to human or divine law; equity; uprightness
justifiable: capable of being justified, or shown to be just
justification: good or just reason; condition or fact of being justified
justify: adjust the spaces between words; show to be reasonable; explain, clear away
juvenile: youth; adolescent; not fully grown or developed 


K

kangaroo: animal that having large powerful hind legs and a long thick tail
keen: acute; incisive; sharp ; express grief verbally
kernel: central or vital part; most material and central part; grain or seed as of corn
kerosene: flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel in lamps and heaters
keyboard: device consisting of a set of keys on a piano or organ or typewriter or typesetting machine
or computer
kidnap: take by force or fear, and against one's will; seize and detain unlawfully and usually for
ransom
kidney: glandular organ which excretes urea and other waste products from the animal body
kindle: build or fuel a fire; cause to glow; light up; inspire
kingdom: rank, quality, state, or attributes of a king; royal authority; sovereign power; rule; dominion;
monarchy
kneel: bend the knee; fall or rest on the knees
knit: contract into wrinkles; grow together; form into fabric by intertwining
knob: hard protuberance; hard swelling or rising; bunch; lump
knot: fastening together of one or more threads, cords, ropes; lump or loop formed in thread;
ornamental tie


L

label: paper affixed to anything by inscription; slip of ribbon, parchment; writing annexed by way of
addition
laborer: worker; someone who works with their hands
lace: delicate decorative fabric woven in an open web of symmetrical patterns; rope; cord that is
drawn through eyelets
lag: delay; drag; the act of slowing down or falling behind
lamb: the young of the sheep; simple, unsophisticated person
lame: moving with pain or difficulty because of injury; disabled so that movement is difficult or
impossible
landing: touchdown; act of coming down to the earth
landscape: scenery; expanse of scenery that can be seen in a single view
lane: passageway between fences which is not traveled as a highroad; narrow country road
lap: take in food or drink with one's tongue; splash gently
lapse: gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; unobserved or imperceptible progress; slip or error; failing
in duty
largely: in a large manner; for the most part; mainly
lark: any of various small, singing passerine birds of the family Alaudidae; one who wakes early; one
who is up with the larks
laser: optical device that produces an intense monochromatic beam of coherent light
lasting: continuing or remaining for a long time; enduring; durable
latent: present or potential but not evident or active; dormant; hidden
lateral: coming from side; situated at or extending to the side
latitude: freedom from normal restraints; angular distance north or south of the earth's equator
launch: begin; originate; initiate; send off; take off
laundry: washing; workplace where clothes are washed and ironed
lawn: landscape; grassland, usually tended or mowed; meadow
lay: put into a certain place; cause to lie down; spread over a surface
layer: tier; a relatively thin sheet like expanse or region lying over or under another
layout: overall design of a page; plan or design of something that is laid out
leadership: guidance; direction; authority; position or office of a leader
leading: chief; principal; having a position in the lead; foremost
leaflet: small leaf; leaf like organ or part
league: association; union
leak: escape fluid from container through a hole or crack; tell anonymously; reveal
lean: bend or slant away from the vertical; rely for assistance or support
leap: jump; hop; place jumped over or from
lease: rent; charter; engage for service under a term of contract
lecture: teaching by giving a discourse on some subject; speech that is open to the public
legal: created by, permitted by law; according to the law of works
legend: explanatory list of symbols on a map; unverified story handed down from earlier times
legendary: mythical; fabled; extremely well known; famous or renowned
legislation: lawmaking; the act of making or enacting laws ; law enacted by a legislative body
legitimate: accordant with law; lawful; based on logical reasoning; reasonable
leisure: convenience; vacancy; freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity
lengthen: extend; make or become longer
leopard: large feline of African and Asian forests usually having a tawny coat with black spots
lever: bar, applied to a rotator piece to turn it
levy: impose fine or tax; collect payment
liability: something that holds one back; state of being legally obliged and responsible
liable: bound or obliged in law or equity
liberal: open-minded; tolerant; broad-mindedness; having political views favoring reform and
progress
liberate: set free, as from oppression, confinement, or foreign control; discharge; release
liberty: state of free person; exemption from subjection to the will of another; freedom
license: official or legal permission to do or own a specified thing
lick: draw or pass the tongue over; pass or lap quickly and rapidly; beat thoroughly in a competition or
fight
lift: direct or carry from a lower to a higher position; raise; transport by air
light: brightness; something that admits illumination; source of fire; particular aspect of a situation
likelihood: possibility, strong probability
likewise: similarly; as well; too
limb: arm; leg; any of the main branches arising from the trunk or a bough of a tree
limestone: rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime
limousine: any of various large passenger vehicles, especially a luxurious automobile; van or small
bus on regular route
limp: walk lamely, especially with irregularity, as if favoring one leg; move or proceed haltingly or
unsteadily
line: thin continuous mark, as that made by a pen, pencil, or brush applied to a surface; border or
boundary
linear: having form of a line; straight; consisting of lines; lineal.
linen: fabric woven with fibers from the flax plant; thread made from fibers of the flax plant
liner: vessel belonging to a regular line of packets, as ship or plane
linger: be slow in leaving; continue or persist; stay
linguistics: humanistic study of language and literature
link: be or become joined or united; connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces
liquid: fluid; juice; substance in fluid state
liquor: any liquid, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice; alcoholic or spirituous fluid
list: lean or cause to lean to the side; lean over; itemize
literacy: reading and writing; ability to read and write
literal: according to the letter or verbal expression; exactly as stated
literally: with meaning; word for word; letter by letter
literary: knowledgeable about literature; of or relating to or characteristic of literature
literate: educated; schooled; one who can read and write
literature: imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value; art or occupation of a
literary writer
litter: make untidy by discarding rubbish carelessly; scatter about
livelihood: subsistence; financial means whereby one lives
lively: busy; energetic; vigorous
liver: large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in upper right chest
livestock: any animals kept for use or profit
load: burden; something which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; quantity which can be
carried or drawn in some specified way
loaf: any thick lump, mass, or cake, especially, a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread
loan: give temporarily; temporary provision of money
lobby: a group of people who try to influence legislation; hall; room; a large entrance or reception
room or area
lobster: any large macrurous crustacean used as food
locality: place; district; surrounding or nearby region; particular neighborhood
locate: find; monitor; settle; determine or specify the position or limits o
location: scene; site; place where something is or could be located
lock: strand or cluster of hair; fastening together; a closing of one thing upon another; device
operated by a key
locomotive: of or relating to locomotion; a wheeled vehicle consisting of a self-propelled engine
locust: any one of numerous species of long-winged, migratory insects, of the family Acrididae
lodge: small house on the grounds of an estate or a park, used by a caretaker or gatekeeper
lodging: accommodation; lodging
lofty: high, tall, having great height; idealistic, implying over-optimism
log: record of a voyage or flight; record of day to day activities
logic: reasoned and reasonable judgment; a system of reasoning
logical: reasonable; based on known statements or events or conditions
longevity: long life; great duration of life; long duration or continuance, as in an occupation
longitude: an imaginary great circle on the surface of the earth passing through the north and south
poles
loom: appear or take shape, usually in enlarged or distorted form
loop: circle; ring; move in loops; make a loop in; join with a loop
loose: unbound; untied; not attached, fastened, fixed, or confined
loosen: make loose or looser; make less severe or strict
lose: fail to keep or to maintain; cease to have; be deprived of; fail to win
lottery: scheme for distribution of prizes by chance; gaming in which tickets bearing particular
numbers draw prizes
lounge: public room with seating where people can wait; living room; lobby
low: utter sound made by cattle; make a low noise
loyal: steadfast in allegiance or duty; faithful to a person, ideal, custom, cause, or duty
lubricate: make smooth or slippery
lumber: move heavily or clumsily; cut down timber of
luminous: shining; emitting light, especially emitting self-generated light
lump: a small mass of matter of irregular shape; irregular or shapeless mass; small cube of sugar
lunar: pertaining to the moon; affecting the moon
luxurious: rich and superior in quality; lavish
luxury: something that is an indulgence rather than necessity; excessively expensive 


M

mackintosh: waterproof long coat made of rubberized cloth
magic: any art that invokes supernatural powers
magician: one who performs magic tricks to amuse an audience; sorcerer; wizard
magistrate: civil officer with power to administer and enforce law
magnetic: having the properties of attracting iron or steel; captivating; attractive; being to draw or pull
magnetism: attraction for iron; associated with electric currents as well as magnets
magnificent: grand or noble in thought or deed; outstanding of its kind
magnify: intensify; increase; make greater in size; enlarge
magnitude: extent; greatness of rank, size, or position
maintain: keep in any particular state or condition; keep up or carry on; continue
maintenance: preservation; support; continuance; court-ordered support paid by one spouse to
another
maize: tall annual cereal grass bearing kernels on large ears
majesty: nobility; greatness and dignity of a sovereign; royal personage
major: greater in number, quantity, or extent; more important
majority: greater number or part; a number more than half of the total
malady: disease, disorder, or ailment; unwholesome condition
malaise: general sense of depression or unease; vague feeling of bodily discomfort, as at beginning
of illness
malice: enmity of heart; malevolence; ill will; spirit delighting in harm or misfortune to another
malicious: deliberately harmful; spiteful; proceeding from extreme hatred
manifest: clearly apparent to understanding; obvious
manifestation: revelation; indication of the existence, reality, or presence of something
manifesto: public declaration of principles; statement of policy
manipulate: operate with one's hands; control or play upon people, forces artfully
mansion: dwelling-house of the better class; a large or stately residence
manual: guide book; hand-operated
manufacture: make products by hand or machinery; make from raw materials
manuscript: written with or by the hand; not printed; literary or musical composition written with the
hand
map: depict as if on a map; plan or delineate, especially in detail; arrange
maple: tree of the genus Acer, including about fifty species
marble: hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish
march: walking with regular steps; a procession of people walking together; steady advance
margin: border; rim; room
marginal: of or pertaining to a margin; written or printed in the margin
marine: sea-dwelling; maritime; naval
mariner: one whose occupation is to assist in navigating ships; seaman or sailor
marked: noticeable or pronounced; having one or more distinguishing marks
marsh: swamp; bog; low lying wet land with grassy vegetation
marshal: put in order; arrange or place something in line
martyr: one who makes great sacrifices or suffers to further belief or principle; one who endures great
suffering
marvel: wonder; strong surprise; astonishment
masculine: of the male sex; not female; having the qualities of a man
mask: try to conceal something; disguise; hide under a false appearance
massacre: killing of a considerable number of human beings under circumstances of atrocity or
cruelty
massive: enormous; colossal; consisting of great mass; containing a great quantity of matter
mast: fruit of the oak and beech, or other forest trees; nuts; acorns; a pole, or long, strong, round
piece of timber, or spar, set upright in a boat or vessel, to sustain the sails, yards, rigging
masterpiece: chief excellence or great talent; outstanding work of art or craft
match: something that resembles or harmonizes with
mate: a fellow member of a team
material: of, relating to, or composed of matter; concerned with physical, not from intellectual or
spiritual
materialism: philosophical theory that matter is the only reality
mathematics: science dealing with the logic of quantity and shape
mattress: quilted bed; bed stuffed with hair, moss, or other suitable material, and quilted or otherwise
fastened
mature: develop and reach maturity; grow old or older
maturity: state or quality of being mature; ripeness; full development; arrival of the time fixed for
payment
maximum: the largest possible quantity
meadow: tract of low or level land producing grass; any field on which grass is grown for hay
measure: determine the size of something; mark, lay out, or establish dimensions; estimate by
evaluation or comparison
mechanical: automatic; monotonous; relating to or governed by or in accordance with mechanics
mechanics: branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies
mechanism: device; machine; the technical aspects of doing something
medal: a piece of metal in form of coin, and intended to preserve remembrance of notable event or
person, or to serve as a reward
medieval: very old-fashioned; as if belonging to the Middle Ages
meditate: dwell on anything in thought; think seriously; keep the mind fixed upon; purpose; intend
meditation: lengthy intent consideration; long and thoughtful observation; contemplation of spiritual
matters
medium: state that is intermediate between extremes
meek: quiet and obedient; showing patience and humility
melancholy: gloomy; feeling of thoughtful sadness; affected by depression
melody: tune; pleasing succession or arrangement of sounds; poem suitable for setting to music or
singing
melon: juicy fruit of certain cucurbitaceous plants, as the muskmelon, watermelon; plant that
produces the fruit juicy
melt: changed from a solid to a liquid state especially by the application of heat
memo: short note; memorandum; written proposal or reminder
memorial: monument; short note or abstract, intended for registry, exhibiting the particulars of a deed
memorize: commemorate; commit to memory; learn by heart
memory: faculty of mind by which it retains the knowledge of previous thoughts, impressions, or
events
menace: danger; a threat or the act of threatening; something that is a source of danger; threaten;
intimidate
mend: make repairs or restoration to; fix; improve
mental: involving mind or intellectual process; affected by disorder of mind
mentality: mental action or power; intellectual activity; intellectuality
mention: speak or notice of anything, usually in a brief or cursory manner
menu: an agenda of things to do
mercantile: trading; commercial; of or relating to trade or traders
merchandise: objects for sale; goods
merchant: one who traffics on a large scale, especially with foreign countries; trafficker; trader
mercy: compassionate treatment of unfortunate and helpless; willingness to spare or to help;
disposition to be kind
mere: being nothing more than what is specified; considered apart from anything else; small; slight
merge: combine; unite
merit: virtue; admirable quality or attribute; credit
mermaid: legendary sea creature having the head and upper body of a woman and the tail of a fish
mesh: opening or space inclosed by the threads of a net between knot and knot; network or net
mess: soft semi liquid food; a quantity of food set on a table at one time; provision of food for one
meal
metallic: of or pertaining to metal; of metal nature; resembling metal
method: orderly procedure or process; regular manner of doing anything
methodology: system of methods followed in a particular discipline
meticulous: excessively careful; marked by extreme care in treatment of details
metric: relating to measurement; involving, or proceeding by measurement.
metropolitan: city center; one who lives in a city center
microscope: magnifier of the image of small objects
microwave: a short electromagnetic wave; cook or heat in a microwave oven
mighty: having or showing great strength or force or intensity
migrant: habitually moving from place to place especially in search of seasonal work; wandering
migrate: move from one country or region to another and settle there
migration: movement of persons from one country or locality to another
milestone: landmark; significant development
military: pertaining to soldiers, to arms, or to war; of whole body of soldiers
milk: white fluid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their
young
miller: one who keeps or attends a flour mill or gristmill; milling machine
millionaire: one whose material wealth is valued at more than a million dollars
mince: cut into very small pieces; chop fine; suppress or weaken the force of
mingle: be all mixed up or jumbled together;
miniature: very small; model that represents something in a greatly reduced size
minimize: diminish; belittle; make small or insignificant
minimum: the smallest possible quantity
minister: one who performs service for another; officer of justice; executive head of a government
department
ministry: act of serving; government department, at the administrative level normally headed by a
minister
minor: of lesser importance or stature or rank; not of legal age; limited in size or scope
minority: a group of people who differ racially or politically from a larger group
minus: less; requiring to be subtracted; negative
minute: extremely small; short note
miracle: wonderful thing; something that excites admiration or astonishment
miraculous: astonishing; amazing
miscarriage: failure of administration or management; failure to attain a desired result or reach a
destination
mischief: behavior that causes discomfiture or annoyance in another; tendency to play pranks or
cause embarrassment
miserable: very unhappy; full of misery; wretched
misery: great unhappiness; extreme pain of body or mind
misfortune: bad fortune or ill luck; bad luck
misgiving: feeling of doubt, distrust, or apprehension
mishap: unfortunate accident; bad luck
mislead: deceive; misguide
missile: weapon that is thrown or projected; rocket carrying instruments or warhead
mission: assignment that is given to a person or group; operation that is assigned by a higher
headquarters; job; task
mist: visible watery vapor suspended in atmosphere, at or near the surface of the earth; fog
moan: a low prolonged sound of grief or pain, whether articulate or not; groan softly and continuously
mobile: movable; not fixed; fluid; unstable
mobilize: assemble, prepare, or put into operation for or as if for war; make mobile or capable of
movement
mock: treat with ridicule or contempt; mimic; frustrate hopes of
mode: prevailing style; manner; way of doing something; fashion or style
moderate: temperate; gentle; mild; make less fast or intense ; preside over
modest: humble; less ambitious; moderate
modification: act of modifying, or state of being modified; modified form or condition; a change
modify: alter; change
modulate: tone down in intensity; regulate; change from one key to another
module: standard or unit of measurement; self-contained component of a system; unit of education
covering a single topic
moist: slightly wet; damp or humid
moisture: wetness caused by water
molecular: of molecules; relating to simple or basic structure or form
molecule: the smallest particle of substance, having all the properties of that substance
momentary: done in a moment; continuing only a moment; lasting a very short time
momentous: very important; of outstanding significance or consequence
monarch: king; sole and absolute ruler; sovereign, such as a king or empress
monastery: house of religious retirement, or of seclusion from ordinary temporal concerns, especially
for monks
monetary: of or relating to money; nation's currency; financial
monitor: observe; watch; keep an eye on
monopolize: dominate; occupy; have and control fully and exclusively
monopoly: exclusive control or possession of something; domination
monotonous: boring; dull; tediously repetitious or lacking in variety
monotony: uniformity or lack of variation; continual increase, or continual decrease; tedium as a
result of repetition
monster: beast; ugly creature; someone or something that is abnormally large and powerful
monstrous: marvelous; strange; extraordinary on account of ugliness, viciousness, or wickedness
monument: structure erected to commemorate persons or events; memorial
monumental: massive; taking a great amount of time and effort to complete; in manner of a
monument
moor: dark-colored person generally; broad area of open land, often high but poorly drained
morale: confidence; mood or spirit of a group that makes the members wants the group to succeed
morality: set of social rules, customs, traditions, beliefs, or practices which specify proper, acceptable
forms of conduct
moreover: beyond what has been said; further; besides; in addition; furthermore; also; likewise
mortal: man, human being; liable or subject to death; accompanying death
motel: motor hotel; lodging rooms adjacent to a parking lot
motion: movement; act of changing location; ability or power to move
motionless: at rest, stationary, immobile, not moving
motivate: stimulate; impel; provide with an incentive; move to action
motivation: incentive; psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal
motive: emotion, desire, physiological need; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior
motto: short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle; maxim
mould: crumbling, soft, friable earth; soil
mount: go up or advance; fix onto a backing; put up or launch
mourn: express or to feel grief or sorrow; grieve; be sorrowful
mournful: feeling or expressing sorrow or grief; sad; gloomy
mourning: expression of deep sorrow because someone has died
moustache: hair growing on the human upper lip, especially when cultivated and groomed
mouth: opening through which an animal receives food; aperture between jaws or between lips
movement: act of moving; change of place or posture; transference, by any means, from one
situation to another
muffle: bare end of nose between nostrils
muffler: heavy scarf worn around the neck for warmth; anything used in muffling; part of the exhaust
pipe of a car that dampens the noise
multiple: having, or consisting of more than one part; many
multiply: proliferate; increase; combine by multiplication
multitude: a great number; many
municipal: metropolitan; civic; having local self-government
murmur: make low, confused, and indistinct sound, like that of running water
muscular: having or suggesting great physical power; of or relating to or consisting of muscle
muse: be absorbed in one's thoughts; consider or say thoughtfully
mushroom: multiply, grow, or expand rapidly
mute: refraining from producing speech or vocal sound; unable to speak; expressed without speech;
unspoken
mutton: sheep; flesh of a sheep; loose woman; prostitute
mutual: common to or shared by two or more parties; shared
myriad: of very large or indefinite number; of ten thousand
mysterious: beyond ordinary understanding
myth: legend; fable; a traditional story accepted as history
mythology: study of myths; collection of myth 


N

naked: bare and pure; completely unclothed
namely: by name; by particular mention; expressly; that is to say
nap: a period of time spent sleeping
narrator: someone who tells a story
nasty: very dirty, foul; disgusting; nauseous
native: being as origin; as found in nature in the elemental form
nausea: feeling of sickness in stomach by an urge to vomit; strong aversion; disgust
naval: relating to, or adjacent to the sea; relating to marine shipping or navigation
navigable: wide and deep enough to allow ships to pass through; able to be steered
navigation: guidance of ships or airplanes from place to place
neat: clean or orderly
necessitate: make necessary or indispensable; render unavoidable
needle: long, thin, sharp implement usually for piercing such as sewing, or knitting
needy: poor; indigent; being in need; impoverished
negate: cancel out; make ineffective or invalid; deny
negation: act of denying; assertion of the nonrealistic or untruthfulness of anything
negative: adverse; involving disadvantage or harm; pessimistic
neglect: disregard; ignore; pay little or no attention to
negligence: neglect; failure to take reasonable care; state or quality of being negligent
negligent: careless; inattentive
negligible: so small, trifling, or unimportant that it may be easily disregarded
negotiable: capable of being negotiated; transferable by assignment or endorsement to another
person
negotiation: discussion intended to produce an agreement
nervous: agitated; anxious
network: any system of lines or channels crossing like the fabric of a net; complex, interconnected
group or system
neutral: impartial; not supporting one side over another
neutron: elementary particle with 0 charge and mass about equal to a proton
nevertheless: not the less; notwithstanding; in spite of that; yet
nickel: coin worth one twentieth of a dollar
nightmare: dream arousing feelings of intense fear, horror, and distress; event or experience that is
intensely distressing
nitrogen: colorless nonmetallic element, tasteless and odorless, comprising four fifths of the
atmosphere by volume
nobility: quality or state of being noble; superiority of mind or of character; commanding excellence;
eminence
noisy: full of loud and nonmusical sounds; clamorous
nominal: in name only; insignificantly small
nominate: designate; appoint
nomination: act of naming or nominating; designation of a person as a candidate for office
nonsense: silliness; words or signs having no intelligible meaning
norm: convention; standard; rule
normally: usually; as a rule; regularly; according to a rule
notable: worthy of note or notice; remarkable; important
notably: especially; in a notable manner; remarkably; particularly
note: observe carefully; notice; show; indicate
notify: make known; give notice to; inform by notice
notion: general or universal conception; belief or opinion
notorious: disreputable; known widely and usually unfavorably; infamous
notwithstanding: nevertheless; in spite of
nought: nonexistence; nothingness; zero
nourish: provide with nourishment; provide with food or other substances necessary for life and
growth
nourishment: a source of materials to nourish the body
novel: previously unknown; strikingly new, unusual, or different; young
novelty: quality of being novel; newness; something new and unusual
nowadays: during current time; presently
nowhere: not anywhere; not in any place or state
nuclear: of, relating to, or forming a nucleus of an atom; pertaining to, or using nuclear weapons
nucleus: central or essential part around which other parts are gathered or grouped; core
nuisance: something that annoys or gives trouble and vexation; something that is offensive or
noxious
null: invalid; void; nullified; having no legal force; invalid
nullify: make invalid; make null; invalidate; counteract force or effectiveness of
numerical: belonging to number; denoting number; consisting in numbers; expressed by numbers,
and not letters
numerous: many; various; amounting to a large indefinite number
nursery: room for baby; area in a household set apart for the use of children
nylon: any of a family of high-strength, resilient synthetic polymers


O

oak: any tree or shrub of the genus Quercus; durable wood of any of these trees or shrubs
oar: long, thin, usually wooden pole with a blade at one end, used to row or steer a boat
oath: solemn promise; commitment to tell the truth
obedient: subject in will or act to authority; willing to obey; submissive to restraint, control, or
command
object: be averse to or express disapproval of
objection: act of expressing earnest opposition or protest
objective: not influenced by emotions; having actual existence or reality
obligation: act of binding oneself by a social, legal, or moral tie; written promise to repay a debt
oblige: force; bind by an obligation; cause to be indebted; do a service or favor for
obliterate: destroy completely; do away with completely so as to leave no trace
oblong: having greater length than breadth, especially when rectangular
obscure: darken; make dim or indistinct; conceal in obscurity
observance: act or practice of observing or noticing with attention; an act, ceremony, or rite, as of
worship or respect
observe: be on the watch respecting; pay attention to; notice with care; see; perceive
obstacle: one that opposes, stands in the way of, or holds up progress
obstinate: stubbornly adhering to an attitude or opinion; hard to control or treat
obstruction: act of obstructing; any structure that makes progress difficult
obtain: get hold of; gain possession of; acquire, in any way
obtainable: available; capable of being obtained
obvious: exposed; easily discovered; plain
occasion: significant event that occurs at a critical time; opportunity to do something; event or
happening
occasional: random; occurring from time to time; infrequent
occasionally: now and then; from time to time; infrequently; irregularly
occupation: act of occupying or taking possession; control of a country by military forces of a foreign
power
occupy: inhabit; live in a certain place; be present in; be inside of
occur: take place; be found to exist ; come to one's mind
occurrence: an event that happens
odd: not easily explained; beyond from the usual or expected; not divisible by two
odour: any smell, whether fragrant or offensive; scent; perfume
offence: act of causing anger, resentment, displeasure, or affront; violation or infraction of moral or
social code
offend: strike against; attack; assail; make angry; affront
offensive: causing anger, displeasure, resentment, or affront
offer: act of presenting; something, such as a suggestion, proposal, bid, or recommendation
offset: counterbalance, counteract, or compensate for; balance
offspring: descendant
omen: any indication or action regarded as a foreshowing; phenomenon supposed to portend good or
evil
ominous: threatening; foreshadowing evil or tragic developments
omission: act of omitting; neglect or failure to do something required by propriety or duty
omit: leave undone or leave out ; bypass; neglect; fail to include or mention
onset: beginning or early stages; offensive against enemy
opaque: impenetrable by light; not transparent; not reflecting light; having no luster
opera: a drama set to music and consists of singing
operative: having power of acting; exerting force, physical or moral; active in the production of effects
opinion: notion or conviction founded on probable evidence; belief stronger than impression;
favorable estimation
opponent: contestant; someone who offers opposition ; adverse; hostile; opposing
opportune: timely; just in time; suited or right for a particular purpose
opportunity: favorable or advantageous circumstance; chance for progress or advancement
oppose: place in front of, or over against; set opposite; exhibit; confront; resist; withstand
opposite: two words that express opposing concepts; contrariwise; directly facing each other
opposition: condition of being in conflict; act of opposing something
optical: of or relating to or involving light or optics
optimal: most advantageous; optimum; ideal
optimism: tendency to expect the best possible outcome; belief that the universe is improving and
good will win over evil
optimistic: hopeful; positive; expecting the best in all possible ways
optimum: most favorable or advantageous
option: act of choosing; power or freedom to choose
optional: not obligatory; left to choice; not compulsory or automatic
oral: spoken; unwritten; relating to the mouth
orbit: path; circle; move in an orbit; encircle
orchard: garden; area of land devoted to the cultivation of fruit or nut trees
orchestra: band
orderly: conformed to order; in order; regular; well-regulated
ore: mineral that contains metal that is valuable enough to be mined
organ: natural part or structure in animal or plant, capable of performing some special action
organic: simple and healthful and close to nature
organism: living being; system considered analogous in structure or function to a living body
orient: focus toward; determine position with reference to another point; locate to face the east
oriental: of or relating to the countries of the orient or their peoples or cultures; eastern
orientation: act of finding oneself position; position or alignment relative to points of directions;
course introducing new situation
origin: the first existence or beginning of anything; birth; fountain
original: not second hand; not copied or translated from something else
originality: novelty; creativity; capacity to act or think independently
originate: initiate; invent; bring into being; create
ornament: decoration; something used to beautify
ornamental: decorative; any plant grown for its beauty or ornamental value
ounce: unit of weight equal to one sixteenth of a pound
outbreak: beginning; eruption; explosion
outcome: result; end or consequence; result of a random trial
outdoors: out of house; out of doors
outermost: far most; utmost; outmost; most distant from the center or inside
outlandish: unconventional; strikingly unfamiliar; located far from civilized areas
outlaw: person excluded from the benefit of the law, or deprived of its protection; fugitive from the
law; habitual criminal
outlet: an opening that permits escape or release; activity that releases creative energy or emotion
outline: line that appears to bound an object
outlook: prospect; view; belief about the future ; act of looking out
output: act or process of producing; production; amount produced during a certain time
outrage: act of extreme violence or viciousness; offense
outrageous: of the nature of an outrage; exceeding the limits of right, reason
outright: altogether; entirely; without reservation or exception
outset: beginning; start; origin; time at which something is supposed to begin
outstanding: distinguished from others in excellence
oval: elliptic; rounded like an egg
overall: general; comprehensive; from one end to the other; including everything
overcast: covered or obscured, as with clouds or mist; gloomy; melancholy
overcharge: overprice; a price that is too high
overcome: defeat another in competition or conflict; conquer; prevail over
overestimate: make too high an estimate of
overflow: flow over; cover with, or as with, water or other fluid; spread over; flow over the brim of
overhear: hear more of anything than was intended to be heard; hear again
overlap: representation of common ground between two things; extend over and cover a part of
overlapping: covering with a design in which one element covers a part of another
overload: place too much a load on
overlook: ignore; disregard; fail to notice ; watch over
overseas: beyond or across the sea; abroad
oversight: unintentional omission or mistake; watchful care or management; supervision
overtake: come up with in a course, pursuit, progress, or motion; catch up with; come upon from
behind; capture; overcome
overthrow: throw over; overturn; upset; turn upside down; cause to fall or to fail
overtime: beyond the regular time
overwhelm: defeat; cover completely or make imperceptible; overcome by superior force ; charge
someone with too many tasks
overwhelming: overpowering in effect or strength; very great or intense; extreme
owe: be in debt; be obliged to pay or repay
owl: any species of raptorial birds of the family Strigidae
own: belonging to oneself or itself; not foreign; domestic
ownership: having and controlling property
oxide: binary compound of oxygen with an atom or radical, or a compound which is regarded as
binary
oxygen: a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable
diatomic gas
oyster: marine mollusks having a rough irregular shell 


P

pace: single movement from one foot to the other in walking; slow gait; step
pack: pact or bundle made up and prepared to be carried; a number of similar things; a full set of
playing cards
packaging: putting something into boxes
pad: soft or small cushion; a kind of cushion for writing upon, or for blotting
painting: drawing; picture or design in paint; action of applying paint to a surface
pair: two people or things considered as a unit; two items of the same kind; couple
pale: not ruddy; dusky white; pallid; not bright or brilliant
palm: inner surface of the hand between bases of fingers and wrist; tropical evergreen trees of the
family Palmae
pamphlet: brochure; leaflet; a small book usually having a paper cover
pan: criticize harshly; wash in pan; cook in pan
pane: framed section of window or door that is filled with a sheet of glass or others; panel in a wall or
door
panel: a group of people gathered for a special purpose; small board or pad
panic: sudden mass fear and anxiety
panorama: complete view in every direction.
panoramic: related to unobstructed and comprehensive view; with a wide view
pant: breathe quickly or in a labored manner; respire with heaving of the breast; sigh
pantry: apartment or closet in which bread and other provisions are kept
pants: trousers; underwear; garment extending from waist to knee or ankle
par: amount or level considered to be average; standard; equality of status, level, or value
parachute: rescue equipment consisting of a device that fills with air and retards your fall
parade: march in a procession; ceremonial procession; visible display
paradise: garden of Eden; any place of complete delight and peace
paragraph: distinct division of written or printed matter that begins on a new, usually indented line
parallel: make or place something to another's side; of or relating to multiple operations at same time;
not intersecting
paralyse: make unable to move or act; impair the progress or functioning of
parameter: characteristic or feature that distinguishes something from others
parasite: animal or plant living on another
parliament: discussion; formal conference on public affairs; general council, especially an assembly
of representatives of a nation
partial: incomplete; fragmentary; favoring one person or side over another or others
participant: people who take part in
participate: take part in something; share in something
particle: a tiny piece of anything
partition: divide into parts, pieces, or sections
partner: person who is a member of a partnership; associate who works with others toward a
common goal
passion: strong feeling or emotion ; fervor
passionate: zealous; enthusiastic; filled with or motivated by zeal
passive: lacking in energy or will; peacefully resistant in response to injustice
passport: legal document identifying the bearer as citizen of a country and allowing to travel abroad
pastime: something which amuses, and serves to make time pass agreeably; sport; amusement
pasture: field covered with grass; meadow
patch: a piece of cloth; small area of ground covered by specific vegetation
patent: open for the public to read; obvious; plain
path: way; footway; course or track; route; passage
pathetic: causing sadness, compassion, or pity
patriot: one who loves and defends his or her country
patriotic: inspired by love for one's country
patriotism: love of country; devotion to welfare of one's country; virtues and actions of patriot
patrol: activity of going on an area at regular intervals for security purposes
patron: benefactor; regular customer
patronage: sponsorship; support; state of being a sponsor
pave: coat; cover
pavement: floor or covering of solid material, laid so as to make hard and convenient surface for
travel
pawn: something given as security for loan; pledge or guaranty; article deposited as security
peach: small tree in Prunus persica widely cultivated at temperate regions, having pink flowers and
edible fruit
peak: summit; apex; maximum; prime
pebble: small smooth rounded rock
peck: pick; hit lightly with a picking motion; eat like a bird
peculiar: special; characteristic; unusual; odd; bizarre
peculiarity: eccentricity; oddness; an odd or unusual characteristic; private ownership; proprietorship
pedal: foot-operated lever used for actuating or controlling a mechanism
pedestrian: lacking wit or imagination; ordinary
peel: come off in flakes or thin small pieces; strip the skin off; get undressed
peer: gaze; stare; look searchingly; company with
penalty: punishment established by law or authority for a crime or offense; fine
pending: not yet decided or settled; awaiting conclusion or confirmation
penetrate: pierce; go through; permeate
penetration: act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering
pension: something paid or given; payment to a person in consideration of past services
perceive: become aware of through the senses; detect
percent: out of each hundred; per hundred; one part in a hundred
perception: understanding; feeling; effect or product of perceiving
perch: a place high up; an elevated place serving as a seat
perfect: completed; not defective nor redundant; having all the properties or qualities; without flaw,
fault, or blemish; without error
perfection: flawlessness; excellence; state of being without flaw or defect
perform: carry through; bring to completion; achieve; accomplish; execute
performance: act of performing; dramatic or musical entertainment; process or manner
performer: entertainer; who performs or takes part in a play or performance of any kind
perfume: pleasing, agreeable scent or odor
peril: danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction
perimeter: outer boundary length; closed curve bounding a plane area
period: duration, continuance, term; end of something
periodic: repeated; recurring at intervals of time
periodical: publication that appears at fixed intervals
peripheral: located in outer boundary; unimportant; auxiliary
perish: be destroyed; pass away; become nothing
permanent: remaining without essential change
permission: consent; approval to do something
permissive: approving; tolerant; granting; not strict in discipline
permit: consent to; give permission
perpendicular: vertical; upright; intersecting at or forming right angles; extremely steep
perpetual: everlasting; continuing without interruption
perplex: baffle; confuse
persecute: pursue in a manner to injure, grieve, or afflict; beset with cruelty or malignity; harass;
annoy
persecution: act or practice of persecuting on the basis of race, religion, gender, sexual orientation,
or beliefs that differ from those of the persecutor
perseverance: endurance; steady persistence in adhering to a course of action
persevere: endure; be persistent, refuse to stop
persist: continue; insist; persevere
persistence: endurance; tenacity; state or quality of being persistent; persistency
personal: particular to a given individual; concerning or affecting a particular person
personality: complex of all the attributes of a person; totality of qualities and traits of a person
personnel: group of people willing to obey orders
perspective: appearance of things; view, outlook, or vista
persuade: advise; counsel; urge the acceptance or practice of; convince
pertain: belong; have connection with, or dependence on
pertinent: having precise or logical relevance; pertaining or relating
perturb: disturb greatly; make uneasy or anxious; throw into great confusion
peruse: read or examine, typically with great care
pest: persistently annoying person; organism that injures livestock or crops
pet: animal kept for amusement or companionship
petition: plea; formal message requesting something
petroleum: dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons
petty: trivial; of small importance; very small
phase: any distinct time period in a sequence of events; stage
phenomenon: appearance; anything visible, in matter or spirit; extraordinary or very remarkable
person, thing, or occurrence
philosophy: body of highest truth; investigation of nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge,
or values, based on logical reasoning
phonetics: branch of acoustics concerned with speech processes including its production and
perception and acoustic analysis
photograph: picture or likeness obtained by photography
phrase: brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an
expression
physical: relating to the body as distinguished from the mind or spirit
physician: person skilled in physic, or the art of healing; one duty authorized to treat diseases; doctor
of medicine
piano: stringed instrument that is played by depressing keys
pick: remove something with the fingers, or with the teeth; separate as choice or desirable
picnic: eat in the open air; have informal meal eaten outside or on an excursion
picturesque: scenic; striking or interesting in an unusual way
pier: landing place; platform built out from shore into water and supported by piles; provides access 
to ships
pigment: substance used as coloring; dry coloring matter
pile: large timber or post; heap; hair; fiber of wool, cotton; head of an arrow or spear
pilgrim: traveler; one who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a
devotee
pill: a dose of medicine in the form of a small pellet; something that is unpleasant or offensive
pillar: column; post
pillow: a cushion to support the head of a sleeping person
pilot: one who guides a course of action for others; one who operates or is licensed to operate an
aircraft in flight
pin: a piece of wood, metal, generally cylindrical, used for fastening separate articles together
pinch: clutch; squeeze between the thumb and a finger, the jaws of a tool, or other edges
pine: have desire for something or someone; yearn; grieve or mourn for
pineapple: large sweet fleshy tropical fruit with a terminal tuft of stiff leaves
pioneer: originator; explorer
pioneering: initial; groundbreaking; originating; serving to pioneer
pious: devout; religious; exhibiting strict, traditional sense of virtue and morality
pirate: robber on seas; one who by open violence takes the property of another on seas
pistol: the smallest firearm used, intended to be fired from one hand
piston: sliding piece which either is moved by, or moves against
pit: confront; set into opposition or rivalry
pitch: action or manner of throwing something
pitcher: container for liquids, having a handle and a lip or spout for pouring; player who throws the
ball from the mound to the batter
plague: epidemic disease with a high death rate; annoyance
plain: without elevations or depressions; flat; smooth; not rich; simple; without beauty; not handsome
plane: flat or level surface; level of development, existence, or achievement
planet: celestial bodies that revolve around the sun
plantation: farm; an area under cultivation; a group of cultivated trees or plants
plaster: cover conspicuously, as by pasting something on; adhesive tape used in dressing wounds; a
hardened surface as on a wall or ceiling
plastic: capable of being molded; capable of being shaped or formed; easily influenced
plate: flat piece of metal; thick sheet of metal; small, usually circular, vessel of metal or wood for food
table
plateau: highland; upland; relatively flat highland
platform: stage; a raised horizontal surface
playwright: someone who writes plays
plea: request for help; excuse or pretext
plead: appeal or request earnestly; enter a plea; offer as an excuse
pleasure: agreeable sensations or emotions; excitement, relish, or happiness produced by the
expectation or the enjoyment of something good, delightful, or satisfying
pledge: promise solemnly and formally; binding commitment to do something
plight: condition or state, especially a bad state or condition
plot: small extent of ground; secret scheme or strategy
plough: plow
pluck: pull or draw, especially, to pull with sudden force or effort, or to pull off or out from something
plug: something, such as a cork or a wad of cloth, used to fill a hole tightly; stopper
plumb: checking perpendicularity; exactly vertical
plumber: craftsman who installs and repairs pipes and fixtures and appliances
plume: feather, especially a soft, downy feather, or a long, conspicuous, or handsome feather; an
ornamental tuft of feathers; token of honor or achievement
plump: sound of a sudden heavy fall; well-rounded and full in form
plunder: take goods of by force, or without right; spoil; sack; strip; rob
plunge: dive; submerge; become suddenly lower; decrease dramatically; throw oneself into a
substance or place
plus: involving advantage or good; on the positive side or higher end of a scale
ply: bend; lay on closely, or in folds; work upon steadily, or with repeated acts; press upon
pneumonia: inflammation of the lungs
poke: push at, as with a finger or an arm; search or look curiously; proceed in slow or lazy manner;
thrust forward
polar: pertaining to one of the poles of the earth; of the poles
pole: a long rod; one of two divergent or mutually exclusive opinions
policy: settled method of government to administer; system of public or official administration
polish: remove flaws from; perfect or complete
politics: profession devoted to governing and political affairs; study of government of states and other
political units
poll: voting; survey; number of votes cast or recorded
pollute: make impure; make unfit for or harmful to living things, especially by the addition of waste
matter
pollution: contamination; undesirable state of the natural environment being contaminated
ponder: weigh; weigh in the mind; view with deliberation; examine carefully; consider attentively
pony: small horse; small glass of beer; word for word translation of a foreign language text
popcorn: small kernels of corn exploded by heat
popular: of common people; suitable to common people; easy to be comprehended; not abstruse;
familiar; plain
popularity: quality of being widely admired or accepted or sought after
porcelain: ceramic ware made of a more or less translucent ceramic
porch: covered and enclosed entrance to building; covered passage
pore: gaze intently; stare; scrutinize; read or study carefully and attentively
port: place on waterway with facilities for loading and unloading ships
portable: mobile; easily or conveniently transported
portion: section or quantity within a larger thing; a part of a whole
portrait: portraiture; picture; likeness of a person, especially one showing the face
portray: depict; describe; draw
pose: pretend to be someone you are not; assume a posture as for artistic purposes
positive: involving advantage or good ; greater than zero; very sure; confident
possess: occupy in person; hold or actually have in one's own keeping; have and hold; have the legal
title to
possession: act of having and controlling property; belongings
post: display announcement in a place of public view; publish on a list
postage: token that postal fee has been paid; charge for mailing something
postal: of or relating to the system for delivering mail
postcard: card for sending messages by post without an envelope
posterity: descendants; future generations
postpone: hold back to a later time; delay; defer
postulate: essential premise; underlying assumption
pot: metallic or earthen vessel for boiling meat or vegetables, for holding liquids, or for plant
potent: powerful; having power to influence or convince; having great control or authority
potential: existing in possibility; expected to become or be
potentiality: inherent capacity for coming into being; an aptitude that may be developed
poultry: domestic fowls reared for eating, or for their eggs or feathers, such as cocks and hens,
capons, turkeys, ducks, and geese
pound: unit of weight equal to 16 ounces
pour: flow in a spurt; rain heavily; supply in large amounts
poverty: lack of money; state of being poor; lack of the means of providing material needs or
comforts
practicable: feasible; capable of being effected, done, or put into practice
practical: based on experience; useful
practically: virtually; actually; for all practical purpose
prairie: treeless grassy plain; extensive area of flat or rolling
preach: advocate; speak, plead; argue in favor of
precaution: prevention; measure taken beforehand; act of foresight
precede: come before; antecede
precedence: fact, state, or right of preceding; priority; previous occurrence, or existence before;
preceding act or speech
precedent: act or instance that may be used as example in subsequent similar cases
preceding: ahead; prior to
precious: of high worth or cost
precise: exact; clearly expressed; accurate or correct
precision: exactness; accuracy; number of significant digits to which a value has been reliably
measured
predecessor: former occupant of post; ancestor or forefather
predict: state, tell about, or make known in advance, especially on the basis of special knowledge
prediction: something foretold or predicted; prophecy
predominant: most frequent or common; having superior power and influence
preface: something spoken as introductory to a discourse, or written as introductory to a book or
essay
preferable: favored; better; more desirable or worthy than another; preferred
preference: a strong liking; favorite
pregnancy: condition of being pregnant; fruitfulness; fertility
pregnant: expecting a baby; carrying within the body or being about to produce new life
prejudice: opinion formed without due examination; leaning toward one side of a question
preliminary: prior to or preparing for the main matter; introductory
prelude: introduction; forerunner; preliminary or preface
premature: too soon; too early; occurring before a state of readiness
premium: having or reflecting superior quality or value
prescribe: dictate; guide; advise the use of; assert a right; claim
prescribed: set down as a rule or guide; certain; stated
prescription: written instructions from doctor; written order; act of establishing official rules, laws, or
directions
presence: state of being present; current existence
present: being in existence; something presented as a gift; period of time that is happening now
presentation: show or display; act of presenting something to sight or view
preservation: conservation; protection
preserve: uphold; retain; maintain in safety from injury, peril, or harm
preside: be set, or to sit, in the place of authority; to occupy the place of president, chairman,
moderator, director; direct, control, and regulate, as chief officer
press: machines or devices that apply pressure or print; collecting and publishing of news; journalism 
in general
pressure: stress; tension; condition of being pressed
prestige: impression produced by achievements or reputation; recognized distinction or importance
presumably: assumedly; supposedly
presume: take for granted as true in absence of proof; venture without authority
pretense: act of giving a false appearance; imaginative intellectual play
pretentious: intended to attract notice and impress others; making unjustified claims; overly
ambitious
prevail: induce; be greater in strength or influence; triumph; win out
prevailing: most frequent; widespread; predominant
prevalent: widespread; widely or commonly occurring, existing, accepted
previous: existing or occurring before something else
prey: target of a hunt; animal hunted or caught for food
prick: penetrate or puncture by a sharp and slender thing
primary: of first rank or importance or value; essential or basic
prime: first in excellence, quality, or value; at the best stage; peak; first in degree or rank; chief
primitive: belonging to an early stage; simple or naive in style; primeval
principal: highest in rank, authority, character, importance, or degree
principle: basic truth or law or assumption; rule or law of nature; rule of personal conduct
prior: preceding in the order of time; former; previous
priority: preceding in time, importance, or urgency
privacy: quality of being secluded from view of others; condition of being hidden
privilege: special advantage or benefit not enjoyed by all; right reserved exclusively
probe: explore with tools; investigate; search
problematic: open to doubt; unsettled; questionable; difficult to solve
procedure: act or manner of moving forward; act performed; steps taken in an action
proceed: follow a certain course; move ahead; travel onward
proceeding: a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked
proceeds: profit, money made from selling something; income arising from land or other property
process: act of proceeding; continued forward movement; a series of actions
procession: act of proceeding, moving on, advancing, or issuing; regular, orderly, or ceremonious
progress; continuous course
proclaim: declare; announce
procure: bring into possession; cause to accrue to, or to come into possession of; cause to come;
bring
produce: bring forward; lead forth; offer to view or notice; exhibit; cause to be or to happen
productive: having quality or power of producing; yielding or furnishing results; causing to exist
productivity: quality or state of being productive; productiveness.
profession: occupation requiring special education
professional: engaged in, or suitable for a profession
proficiency: skillfulness in command of fundamentals deriving from practice and familiarity; expertise
proficient: skilled; expert; having or showing knowledge and skill and aptitude
profile: outline; biographical sketch
profit: advantageous gain or return; income received from investments or property
profound: deep; not superficial; far-reaching
progress: moving or going forward; proceeding onward; advance
progressive: forward-looking; advancing; incremental
prohibit: ban; taboo; forbid
prohibitive: tending to discourage; prohibiting; forbidding
project: any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted; program; plan; scheme
projection: plan for anticipated course of action; thing that extends outward beyond a prevailing line
or surface
projector: optical device for projecting a beam of light
proletarian: member of working class; blue collar person
prolong: make longer; draw out; lengthen
prominence: relative importance; property of being prominent; a standing out from the surface of
something
prominent: conspicuous; immediately noticeable; sticking out; widely known
promise: declaration assuring that one will or will not do something; indication of something favorable
to come
promising: likely to develop in a desirable manner; affording hope
promote: help to flourish; advance in rank; publicize
prompt: move to act; incite; give rise to; assist with a reminder
prone: inclined; lying face downward; having a tendency
proof: evidence; demonstration; statement or argument used in such a validation
propaganda: organization or plan for spreading a particular doctrine or a system of principles
propagate: cause something to multiply or breed; cause to extend to broader area or larger number
propel: drive forward; cause to move forward or onward; push
propeller: machine for propelling an aircraft or boat; one who propels
proper: belonging to one; one's own; individual; belonging to natural or essential constitution;
peculiar; not common; particular
property: any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone
prophet: one who speaks by divine inspiration or as the interpreter through whom the will of a god is
expressed
proportion: percentage; quotient obtained when a part is divided by the whole; part considered in
relation to the whole
proposal: something proposed; act of making a proposal; an offer of marriage
propose: make a proposal, declare a plan for something
proposition: plan suggested for acceptance; a matter to be dealt with; subject for discussion or
analysis
proprietor: one who has legal title to something; owner
proprietorship: an unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its
liabilities and entitled to its profits
prose: essay; ordinary speech or writing; commonplace expression or quality
prosecute: seek to obtain or enforce by legal action; carry out or participate in an activity; be involved
in
prosecutor: one who carries out legal action, especially criminal proceedings; one who prosecutes
any purpose, plan, or business
prospect: possibility of future success; belief about future
prosperity: good fortune; financial success; physical well-being
prosperous: successful; thriving; having or characterized by financial success or good fortune
protein: any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of
living cells
protest: expression of disagreement and disapproval; complain against
protocol: code of correct conduct ; rules governing socially acceptable behavior; record of
transaction
prototype: original work used as a model; original type
provincial: relating to a province; limited in outlook; unsophisticated
provision: stipulated condition; act of supplying or fitting out; something provided
provisional: temporary; provided for present need only
provocation: unfriendly behavior that causes anger or resentment; aggravation
provoke: stir to anger; give rise to; stir to action or feeling
prudence: quality or state of being prudent; wisdom in the way of caution and provision; good
judgment
prudent: cautious; careful in regard to one's own interests
psychology: science that deals with mental processes and behavior
publication: act or process of publishing printed matter; communication of information to public
publicity: state of being public; information to attract public notice
publish: make public; make known to mankind, or to people in general
pull: steer or move into a certain direction; take away; remove from a fixed position; extract
pulse: beat; rhythm; rate at which heart beats;
pump: draw fluid or gas by pressure or suction; supply in great quantities
pumpkin: usually large pulpy deep-yellow round fruit of the squash family
punch: blow; drive forcibly; pierce; hit with a sharp blow of the fist
punctual: consisting in a point; limited to a point; unexpended; precise
pupil: a learner who is enrolled in an educational institution
puppy: young dog; pup; doll; puppet
purchase: act or an instance of buying; something bought
purify: refine; make pure or free from sin or guilt; become clean
purity: condition of being pure; freedom from foreign admixture or deleterious matter; cleanness
purple: chromatic color between red and blue; belonging to or befitting a supreme ruler
purse: gather or contract into wrinkles or folds; contract one's lips into a rounded shape
pursue: follow in; go in search of or hunt for
pursuit: follow after; follow with a view to obtain; endeavor to attain
puzzle: difficult question or problem
pyramid: a massive memorial with a square base and four triangular sides; built as royal tombs in
ancient Egypt 


Q

qualification: an attribute that must be met
qualified: restricted; having the appropriate qualifications for an office, position, or task
qualify: make such as is required; give added or requisite qualities to; make legally capable
qualitative: relating to quality; having the character of quality
quantitative: expressed or expressible as a quantity; relating to measurement of quantity
quarter: one of four equal parts; a fourth part or portion
quarterly: every three months; in three month intervals
quartz: a hard glossy mineral consisting of silicon dioxide in crystal form
quay: dock; landing place; reinforced bank where ships are loaded or unloaded
queer: odd or unconventional, as in behavior; eccentric; mysterious; suspicious; questionable
quench: put out a fire; extinguish; put an end to; destroy
query: inquiry; doubt in the mind; mental reservation
quest: act of searching for something
questionnaire: form containing a set of questions; submitted to people to gain statistical information
quilt: bedding made of two layers of cloth filled with stuffing
quiver: shake with slight, rapid, tremulous movement
quota: limitation on imports; ration; prescribed number
quotation: passage or expression that is quoted or cited; practice of quoting from books
quote: cite or repeat a passage from; repeat or copy the words of another


R

rack: framework for holding objects
racket: thin strip of wood, having the ends brought together, forming elliptical hoop, across which a
network of catgut or cord is stretched; broad wooden shoe or pattern for a man or horse, to enable
him to step on marshy or soft ground
radar: measuring instrument to detect distant objects by microwave
radiant: brilliant; delighted
radiate: spread out; effuse; issue or emerge in rays or waves
radiation: very small particles of a radioactive substance that can cause illness or death
radical: drastic; extreme; arising from or going to a root or source; basic
radius: right line drawn or extending from the center of a circle to the periphery
rage: something that is desired intensely; state of extreme anger
raid: search without warning; surprise attack by a small armed force
rail: scold; express objections or criticisms in bitter, harsh, or abusive language
rainbow: arc of colored light in sky caused by refraction of the sun's rays by rain
rally: call up or summon; call together for a common purpose
ramble: wander aimlessly; move about aimlessly; walk about casually or for pleasure
ranch: farm consisting of a large tract of land
random: without definite purpose, plan, or aim; having no specific pattern
range: limits within which something can be effective; variety of different things or activities
rank: hold a particular position in a social hierarchy; form or stand in a row or rows
rapture: seizing by violence; hurrying along; rapidity with violence; state or condition of being rapt, or
carried away from one's self by agreeable excitement
rare: scarce; infrequently occurring; uncommon
rarely: not often; in an unusual degree; exceptionally
rat: any of various long tailed rodents, similar to but larger than mouse
ratify: approve formally; confirm; verify
ratio: relation which one quantity or magnitude has to another of the same kind; rate; proportion
ration: allotment; allowance; portion; allot; distribute in rations
rational: consistent with; based on; using reason
rattle: a rapid series of short loud sounds; loosely connected horny sections
ravage: bring heavy destruction on; devastate
raw: in the natural unprocessed condition; cruel and unfair; uncooked; untrained and inexperienced
ray: one of a number of lines diverging from a point; a line of light or heat proceeding from a point
razor: sharp-edged cutting instrument used especially for shaving the face or other body parts
react: act against or in opposition to; show a response or a reaction
reactionary: opposition to progress or liberalism; extremely conservative
readily: easily; quickly; in a prompt, timely manner; promptly
realization: fulfillment; awareness; coming to understand something clearly and distinctly
realm: kingdom; domain ruled by a king or queen
reap: gain; harvest a crop from; get or derive; obtain as a result of effort
rear: side of an object that is opposite its front; hind part; point or area farthest from the front
reasonable: showing reason or sound judgment; capable of reasoning; rational; being within bounds
of common sense
reassure: give or restore confidence in; cause to feel sure or certain
rebel: one who takes part in an armed group against the constituted authority; revolt;
rebellion: organized opposition to authority
rebuke: scold harshly; criticize severely
recall: remember; call back; cause to be returned
recede: move back; retreat; withdraw a claim or pretension
receipt: act of receiving; acknowledgment of goods delivered or money paid
reception: act of receiving; manner in which something is greeted
receptionist: secretary whose main duty is to answer the telephone and receive visitors
recession: withdrawal; retreat; time of low economic activity
recipe: medical prescription; a set of directions for making or preparing something, especially food
recipient: receiver; one that receives or is receptive
reciprocal: concerning each of two or more persons or things; exchangeable; interacting
recite: repeat, as something already prepared, written down, committed to memory; rehearse, as a
lesson to an instructor
reckless: headstrong; rash; indifferent to or disregardful of consequences
reckon: compute; take account of; have faith or confidence in
reclaim: bring into or return to a suitable condition for use; claim back; make useful again
recognition: acceptance ; appreciation; approval
recognize: perceive the identity of; consent or admit with a formal acknowledgment; show
appreciation of
recollection: memory; remembrance; power of recalling ideas to the mind
recommend: suggest; bestow commendation on; represent favorably
recommendation: making attractive or acceptable; pushing for something
recompense: render an equivalent to, for service, loss; requite; remunerate; compensate; give in
return; pay back
reconcile: correct inconsistencies; become friendly after a quarrel; become compatible or consistent
reconnaissance: gain information about enemy; inspection or exploration of an area
recourse: one that is turned or applied to for aid or security; resort for help or protection; access or
admittance
recover: get or find back; regain a former condition
recreation: amusement; entertainment
recruit: enlist; register formally as a participant; engage for military service
rectangle: a parallelogram with four right angles
rectify: set right; correct by calculation or adjustment
recur: reappear; happen or occur again
recurrence: act of recurring, or state of being recurrent; return
redeem: purchase back; regain possession of by payment; ransom or rescue from captivity; pay
penalty; make amends for
reed: tall woody perennial grasses with hollow slender stems
reef: chain or range of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water
reel: frame with radial arms, or a kind of spool, turning on axis, on which threads or lines are wound
referee: someone to investigate and report on a case or to ensure fair play
reference: act of referring or consulting; remark that calls attention to something or someone
refine: purify; make more precise; improve
refined: cultured; purified; made pure
refinement: result of improving something; process of removing impurities
reflect: throw or bend back light from a surface; give back or show an image of; mirror
reflection: image of something as reflected by mirror; remark expressing careful consideration
refrain: abstain from; resist; hold oneself back
refreshment: activity that refreshes and recreates; snacks and drinks served as a light meal
refrigerator: machines in which food can be stored at low temperatures
refugee: one who flees to shelter, or place of safety
refund: repayment of fund; an amount repaid
refusal: act of refusing; denial of anything demanded
refute: disprove; prove to be false or incorrect
regarding: with respect to; by concerning
regardless: without consideration; in spite of everything; anyway
regime: form of government; government in power; administration; prevailing social system or pattern
regiment: government; mode of ruling; rule; authority
region: province; district; tract; neighborhood; the upper air; sky or heavens; inhabitants of a district
register: give outward signs of; express; record in writing; enroll as a student
regulate: bring into conformity with rules or principles or usage; impose regulations; fix or adjust the
time, amount, degree, or rate of
regulation: act of controlling or directing according to rule; prescribed by or according to rule
rehearsal: act of rehearsing; exercise or practice to prepare for a public performance
rehearse: practice; drill; engage in preparation for a public performance
reign: sovereignty; rule; dominance or widespread influence
reimburse: pay back for some expense incurred
rein: strap or rope attached to the bridle or bit, used to control a horse or other animal; instrument or
means of curbing, restraining, or governing
reinforce: give more force or effectiveness to; strengthen; enhance
reiterate: say, state, or perform again or repeatedly
reject: turn down; refuse to accept; dismiss from consideration
rejection: act of rejecting something
rejoice: feel joy; experience gladness in a high degree; have pleasurable satisfaction; be delighted;
enjoy
relax: make less severe or strict; become less tense
relaxation: state of refreshing tranquility; act of making less strict
relay: act of passing something along from one person, group, or station to another
release: give off; liberate; grant freedom to; make something available
relevant: pertinent; having connection with matter at hand
reliability: trait of being dependable or reliable
reliable: worthy of being depended on; trustworthy
reliance: dependence; certainty based on past experience
relief: easing of burden or distress, such as pain or anxiety; release from post or duty; pleasant or
amusing change
relieve: free from a burden; alleviate; save from ruin
religion: belief in supernatural power regarded as creator and governor of the universe
religious: of religion; concerned with religion; having or showing belief in and reverence for God or a
deity
relinquish: give up something with reluctance; retire from; give up or abandon
relish: take keen or zestful pleasure in; enjoy the flavor of; give spice or flavor to
reluctance: state of being reluctant; unwillingness; hesitancy in taking some action
reluctant: not wanting to take some action; averse
rely: rest with confidence; have confidence; depend
remainder: remnant; something left after other parts have been taken away
remains: all that is left after other parts have been taken away, used up, or destroyed; corpse;
ancient ruins or fossils
remark: expression, in speech or writing, of something remarked or noticed
remarkable: worthy of notice; extraordinary
remedy: a medicine or therapy; ; cure; fix; repair; provide relief for
remind: recall knowledge from memory; have a recollection
reminiscence: recollection; process of remembering
remit: send back; give up; surrender; resign; restore; transmit or send, especially as money in
payment of a demand
remittance: transmitting money, bills, especially to a distant place, as in satisfaction of a demand, or
in discharge of an obligation
remnant: remainder; small part or portion that remains after the main part no longer exists
remove: move away from the position occupied; cause to change place; take away
renaissance: revival; renewal; revival of learning and culture
render: deliver;give or make available; provide; represent in a drawing or painting
renew: renovate; make new or as if new again; restore
renewable: capable of being renewed or extended
renewal: act of renewing; filling again by supplying what has been used up
rent: payment, usually of an amount fixed by contract
rental: amount paid or collected as rent; act of renting
repeal: revoke or annul, especially by official or formal act
repel: force or drive back; disgust; offer resistance to; fight against
repent: cause to feel remorse or regret; feel regret or self-reproach for
repetition: act of doing or performing again
replace: substitute; put in the place of another; switch seemingly equivalent items
replacement: act of replacing; substitution; person or thing that takes the place of another
replenish: fill or make complete again; add a new stock or supply to
represent: stand for; describe or present; play a role or part
representation: act of representing; standing in for someone or some group and speaking with 
authority in their behalf
representative: one that represents anything; that which exhibits a likeness or similitude; agent
reproach: express disapproval or disappointment; bring shame upon; disgrace
reproduce: have offspring or young; duplicate; make a copy
reproduction: act of making copies
reptile: cold-blooded vertebrate including tortoises turtles snakes lizards alligators crocodiles
repudiate: disown; refuse to acknowledge; reject validity or authority of
reputable: having a good reputation; honorable
reputation: state of being held in high esteem; general estimation in which a person is held by the
public
repute: ascribe a particular fact or characteristic to; consider; suppose
request: express the need or desire for; ask for
require: insist upon having; request and expect
requisite: necessary requirement; indispensable item
rescind: cancel; make void; repeal or annul
rescue: free from harm or evil; take from legal custody by force
research: inquire into; attempt to find out in scientific manner
resemblance: likeness; similarity in appearance or external or superficial details
resemble: be similar to; take after; look like
resent: feel bitter; consider as injury or affront; be in angry
resentment: indignation; deep sense of injury; strong displeasure
reserve: lack of enthusiasm; skeptical caution; something saved for future use; self-restraint in
expression
reservoir: tank used for collecting and storing a liquid; holding pond; lake used to store water for
community use
reside: dwell; live in a place permanently or for an extended period
residence: official house; large house; act of dwelling in a place
resident: one who resides in a place permanently or for an extended period; dweller
residual: remaining as a residue; surplus
resign: sign back; return by a formal act; yield to another; abandon
resignation: act of resigning or giving up, as a claim, possession, or office; surrender
resist: stand up or offer resistance; refuse to comply; withstand the force of something
resistance: action of opposing something that you disapprove or disagree with
resistant: unaffected; incapable of being affected
resolute: firm, unyielding, or determined; having decided purpose
resolution: determination; resolving to do something; formal statement of a decision
resolve: determination; formal expression by a meeting; agreed to by a vote
resort: vacation spot; act of turning to for assistance
resource: materials; abilities; available source
respect: honor or esteem; admire; aspect; detail or point
respective: individual; relating to particular persons or things, each to each; particular; respectful;
regardful
respectively: separately; individually; in the order given
respond: show a reaction to something favorably or as hoped
responsibility: duties; obligation; state of being responsible, accountable, or answerable
responsible: accountable; held accountable
restless: never resting; unquiet; uneasy; continually moving; eager for change; discontented
restore: give or bring back; return to its original condition
restrain: keep under control; hold back ; place limits on
restraint: moderation or limitation; controlling force; loss of freedom; control of feelings
restrict: keep or confine within limits
restriction: act of keeping something within specified bounds; a principle that limits the extent of
something
restrictive: tending or serving to restrict; limiting; confining
resume: give a summary; return to a previous location or condition
retail: selling of goods to consumers
retailer: company which sells goods
retain: keep; maintain possession of; hire by payment of a fee; keep in mind; remember
retire: move back and away from; stop performing one's work or withdraw from one's position
retirement: period of your life after you have stopped work at a certain age
retort: reply, especially to answer in a quick, caustic, or witty manner
retreat: receding; pull back or move away or backward; withdrawal of troops to a more favorable
position
retroactive: extending in scope or effect to a prior time or to prior conditions
reveal: make known; disclose or show
revenge: do punishment in return for injury or insult; avenge
revenue: money which returns from an investment; annual income; reward
reverence: profound respect and esteem mingled with fear and affection, as for a holy being or place;
disposition to revere; act of revering
reverse: overturn; turn inside out or upside down; turning in the opposite direction
revert: return to a former condition, practice, subject, or belief; backslide; turn back to
review: summary of a longer discussion; formal examination; practice to refresh memory
revise: amend; change
revision: modification; correction; act of altering
revival: bringing again into activity and prominence
revive: restore from a depressed; renew
revoke: void or annul by recalling, withdrawing, or reversing; cancel; retract
revolt: organize opposition to authority; make revolution
revolution: act of revolving; motion of body round a fixed point or line; rotation; total or radical
change; fundamental change in political organization
revolutionary: marked by new or introducing radical change
revolve: turn or roll round on, or as on, an axis, like a wheel; rotate; move in curved path round a
center; pass in cycles
reward: satisfying return or result; profit, return for performance of a desired behavior; positive
reinforcement.
rhythm: pattern; beat; recurring at regular intervals
rib: one of the curved bones attached to the vertebral column and supporting the lateral walls of the
thorax
ribbon: fillet or narrow woven fabric, commonly of silk; narrow strip of fine material used for trimming
riddle: pierce with numerous holes; perforate; permeate or spread throughout
ridge: long, narrow upper section or crest; chain of hills or mountains
ridicule: words or actions intended to evoke contemptuous laughter; make fun of
ridiculous: completely lacking of wisdom or good sense
rifle: shoulder firearm with a long barrel
righteous: morally justified; equitable; free from wrong, guilt, or sin
rigid: stiff and unyielding; strict; hard and unbending; not flexible
rigidity: stiffness; physical property of being stiff and resisting bending
rigor: strictness or severity, as in temperament, action, or judgment; something hard to endure
rigorous: full of rigors; harsh; rigidly accurate; precise
rim: border, edge, or margin of a thing, usually of something circular or curving
rinse: cleanse with water; flush; wash lightly without soap
riot: state of disorder involving group violence; rebellion
rip: tear or be torn violently; criticize or abuse strongly and violently
ripe: ready; fully developed; mature
ripen: grow ripe; cause to ripen or develop fully
ripple: form or display little undulations or waves on the surface, as disturbed water does
rise: move from a lower position to a higher; mount up; move upward; reach a higher level
risky: involving risk or danger; hazardous
rival: compete; be equal to in quality or ability; match
rivalry: competition; the act of competing as for profit or a prize
roam: wander; ramble; stroll
roar: bellow; rumble; make a loud noise
roast: cook with dry heat, usually in an oven; subject to laughter or ridicule
robe: outer garment; dress of rich, flowing, and elegant style or make; dress of state, rank, office
robust: vigorous; full of health and strength; vigorous
rod: stick; a long thin implement made of metal or wood
role: normal activity of a person in particular social setting; part played by a performer
roll: a list of names
rooster: adult male chicken
rot: become decomposed by a natural process; perish slowly; become corrupt
rotary: turning, as a wheel on its axis; pertaining to, or resembling, the motion of a wheel on its axis
rotate: plant or grow in a fixed cyclic order of succession; swirl; revolve; turn on or around an axis or
a center
rotation: revolution; act of rotating as if on an axis
rough: not perfected; having or caused by an irregular surface
roughly: approximately; more or less
round: by moving in or forming a circle; from beginning to end; throughout; to a specific place or
person
roundabout: circuitous; going round; indirect; encircling; enveloping; comprehensive
rouse: pull or haul strongly and all together, as upon a rope, without the assistance of mechanical
appliances
route: way for travel or transportation
routine: unvarying or habitual method of procedure; occurring at fixed times or predictable intervals
royalty: being royal; quality of royal person; kingship; sovereignty; share of product, as a percentage
paid to owner of copyright
rub: move over the surface with pressure and friction; spread a substance thinly over
ruin: fall or tumble down; destroy; devastate; exterminate
ruinous: causing, or tending to cause, ruin; destructive; baneful; pernicious
rule: governing direction for a specific purpose; regulation; systematic method
rural: country; relating to rural areas
rust: become destroyed by water, air, or an etching chemical such as an acid
ruthless: pitiless; cruel; having no compassion or pity; me 


S

sack: bag made of paper or plastic for holding customer's purchases; enclosed space
sacred: concerned with religion; worthy of respect or dedication
sacrifice: offering of something to god; victim offered to god; surrender or loss of profit for higher
object
saddle: load or burden; put harness onto animal's back to ride
sag: sink, in the middle, by its weight or under applied pressure, below a horizontal line or plane
sake: purpose; reason for wanting something done
salmon: several species of fish of the Salmonidae family; reddish yellow or orange color, like the
flesh of the salmon
salute: give a sign of good will; compliment by an act or ceremony, as a kiss, a bow; honor
sample: small part of something intended as representative of the whole
sandy: loose and large-grained in consistency
sanitary: relating to health or the protection of health
sarcasm: cutting, often ironic remark intended to wound; stinging rebuke; form of humor by mocking
with irony
sarcastic: ironic; expressing or expressive of ridicule that wounds
satellite: small body revolving around a larger one; subordinate
satire: form of literature in which irony and ridicule are used to attack human vice and folly
satisfaction: fulfillment or gratification of a desire, need, or appetite; source or means of gratification
satisfactory: acceptable; passable
sauce: stewed fruit served with other foods; appetizing ingredients for meat, fish or puddings
saucer: dish; small shallow dish having a slight circular depression in the center for holding a cup
savage: in a state of nature; wild; untamed; uncultivated; inhuman; brutal; not civilized; lacking polish;
rude
save: rescue; preserve; make unnecessary; set aside for future use
savings: resources; money saved
scale: climb up or over; alter according to a standard; estimate or measure; remove in layers
scan: make a wide, sweeping search of; examine
scandal: publicized incident that brings about disgrace; damage to reputation by disclosure of
improper behavior
scar: mark of damage; mark left on the skin after injury
scarce: hard to find; absent or rare; limited
scarcely: hardly; barely; only just
scare: frighten; alarm; strike with sudden fear
scarf: long piece of cloth worn about the head, neck, or shoulders
scarlet: bright red
scatter: sprinkle; disseminate; cause to separate and go in different directions
scene: structure on which something is shown; part of theater where the acting is done; place, time,
or circumstance in which anything occurs
scenery: landscape; view; view or views of natural features, especially in open country
scenic: constituting or affording pleasing views of natural features; beautiful
scent: distinctive odor that is pleasant; fragrance; perfume
schedule: plan for an activity or event; arrange
scheme: elaborate and systematic plan of action; chart or outline of a system or object
scholar: professor; a learned person
scholarship: knowledge resulting from study and research; grant of financial aid awarded to student
scissors: edge tool having two crossed pivoting blades
scoff: mock; ridicule; show or express scorn; eat quickly and greedily
scold: find fault or rail with rude clamor; utter harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke
scope: range of one's perceptions, thoughts, or actions; extent; bound
scorch: burn superficially; parch, or shrivel, the surface of, by heat; affect painfully with heat; burn
score: act of getting point in a game or sport; facts about an actual situation
scorn: extreme and lofty contempt; haughty disregard
scotch: put an abrupt end to; block to prevent rolling or slipping
scout: find paths through unexplored territory
scramble: unceremonious and disorganized struggle; rushing about hastily in an undignified way
scrap: small piece or bit; fragment; fragment; leftover bits of food; remnant
scrape: gather something together over time; scratch repeatedly
scratch: cut the surface of; cause friction
screen: surface where pictures can be projected for viewing ; examine; test
screw: cause to penetrate with a circular motion; fastener with shank and slotted head
screwdriver: a hand tool for driving screws
script: prepare text for filming or broadcasting
scrub: rub hard; wash with rubbing
scrutiny: close examination; minute inspection; critical observation.
sculptor: artist who creates sculptures
sculpture: statue; creating figures or designs in three dimensions
seal: middle size aquatic mammal; stamp used for authentication or security
seam: line of junction formed by sewing together two pieces; line across a surface, as a crack; scar
seaport: sheltered port where ships can take on or discharge cargo
seashore: coast; beach; the shore of a sea or ocean
seasonal: occurring at or dependent on a particular season
secondary: not of major importance; of second rank or importance or value; not direct or immediate
secret: something studiously concealed; a thing kept from general knowledge
section: one of several parts; pieces that fit with others to constitute a whole object
sector: particular aspect of life or activity; body of people who form part of society or economy
secure: free from fear, care, or anxiety; not have reason to doubt
security: freedom from risk or danger; safety
seek: make an effort to; try to get; try to discover
seemingly: apparently; supposedly
segment: sector; portion; any of the parts into which something can be divided
select: taken from a number by preference; picked out as more valuable or excellent than others; of
special value or excellence
selection: choice; variety; collection
senator: a member of a senate; a member of the king's council; a king's councilor
sensation: feeling; perception associated with stimulation of a sense organ or with a specific body
condition
sensational: arousing or intended to arouse strong curiosity, interest, or reaction
sense: faculty through which to know external world; feeling produced by stimulus
sensible: able to feel or perceive; perceivable; wise; showing reason or sound judgment
sensitive: able to feel; responsive to external conditions; susceptible to attitudes of others
sensitivity: sense; acuteness; capacity of an organ or organism to respond to stimulation
sentence: final judgment of guilty in criminal case and punishment that is imposed
sentiment: thought prompted by passion or feeling; feeling toward or respecting some person or
thing; disposition prompting to action or expression
sentimental: emotional; Resulting from emotion rather than reason or realism
separate: set or keep apart; disunite; divide; disconnect
sequence: serial arrangement in which things follow in logical order or a recurrent pattern
serene: completely clear and fine
serenity: calmness of mind; quietness; stillness; peace
series: a number of things or events standing or succeeding in order; sequence
serious: grave in manner or disposition; earnest; thoughtful; solemn; really intending what is said
seriously: in a serious or literal manner; gravely; solemnly; in earnest; without levity
session: meeting devoted to a particular activity; time for school to hold classes
setting: context and environment in which something is set
settle: take up residence; form a community; come to rest; bring to an end; fix firmly
severe: serious in feeling or manner; not light, lively, or cheerful
shabby: torn or worn to rage; poor; mean; ragged
shade: a slight amount or degree of difference; shadow; protective covering that protects something
from direct sunlight
shaft: axes; vertical passage into a mine; long narrow stem or body of a spear or arrow
shallow: lacking physical depth; not deep or strong
sham: pretend; put on false appearance of; feign
sharpen: make pointed; make sharp or sharper
sharply: steeply; changing suddenly in direction and degree; acutely
shatter: destroy; break up; break into many pieces
shave: act of removing hair with a razor; thin slice or scraping
shear: cut or clip hair; strip of something; remove by cutting or clipping
shed: get rid of ; cast off; cause to pour forth
sheer: very thin or transparent; very steep; absolute or pure
sheet: bed linen consisting of a large rectangular piece; any broad thin surface
shell: ammunition consisting of a cylindrical metal casing containing an explosive charge; usually
hard outer covering that encases certain organism
shelter: structure that provides privacy and protection from danger
shepherd: a herder of sheep; someone who keeps the sheep together in a flock
sheriff: chief officer of a shire or county, to whom is entrusted the execution of the laws
shield: protective covering or structure; protect; guard
shift: moving from one setting or context to another; moving very slightly
shine: emit rays of light; give light; beam with steady radiance; exhibit brightness or splendor
shiny: reflecting light; radiant; bright from reflected light
shipment: sending of cargo; act of sending off something
shipwreck: destruction of a ship, as by storm or collision; complete failure or ruin
shiver: shake with or as if with cold; tremble; break into fragments or splinters
shock: unpleasant or disappointing surprise; surprise greatly; effect of such a collision or blow
short: not long; unwilling to endure; inadequate or insufficient; most direct; lasting a brief time
shortcut: a direct route; a route shorter than the usual one
shot: photographic view or exposure
shove: drive along by the direct and continuous application of strength; push along, aside, or away, in
a careless manner
shovel: tool consisting of a broad scoop, or hollow blade, with a handle, used for lifting and throwing
loose substances
shower: one who shows or exhibits; brief fall of precipitation, such as rain, hail; bath in which the
water is sprayed
shrewd: clever; characterized by keen awareness, sharp intelligence
shriek: sharp, shrill outcry or scream; shrill wild cry such as is caused by sudden or extreme terror,
pain, or the like
shrill: acute; sharp; piercing; having or emitting a sharp, piercing tone or sound
shrine: case or box, especially one in which are deposited sacred relics, as the bones of a saint;
sacred place, as altar or tomb
shrink: become smaller or draw together; compress
shroud: hide from view; wrap for burial; shut off from sight; shelter
shrub: bush
shrug: draw up or contract the shoulders, especially by way of expressing dislike, dread, doubt, or
the like
shuffle: disorder; move back and forth; mix so as to make a random order or arrangement
shun: avoid deliberately; keep away from
shutter: a hinged blind for a window
shuttle: public transport that consists of a bus or train or airplane that run between two points;
spacecraft
shy: timid; bashful; easily startled; distrustful
sick: affected with disease of any kind; ill; indisposed; not in health
sickness: state that precedes vomiting; disease
sideways: with the side forward; to or from a side
siege: seat, especially a royal seat; throne; rank; grade; sitting before a fortified place; surrounding or
investing of a place by army
sieve: a utensil for separating the finer and coarser parts; a kind of coarse basket
sift: separate with a sieve, as the fine part of a substance from the course; examine critically or
minutely; scrutinize
sigh: inhale a larger quantity of air than usual, and immediately expel it; make a deep single audible
respiration, especially to express fatigue, exhaustion, grief, or sorrow
sightseeing: act or pastime of visiting sights of interest
sign: public display of message; visible mark or indication
signal: a sign made for the purpose of giving notice to a person
signature: name written in own handwriting
significance: message that is intended or expressed or signified; meaning
significant: fairly large; important in effect or meaning
signify: denote; mean; indicate
silly: exhibiting a lack of wisdom or good sense; foolish; stupid
similar: nearly corresponding; somewhat like; having a general likeness
simplicity: easiness; plainness; absence of luxury or showiness; lack of good sense or intelligence;
foolishness
simplify: make simple; make less complex; make clear by giving the explanation for
simulate: make a pretence of; reproduce someone's behavior or looks
simultaneous: existing, happening, or done at the same time
sincere: open and genuine; not deceitful; pure; unmixed
single: one only; consisting of one alone; alone; having no companion
singular: unique; extraordinary; being only one
sink: fall by, force of gravity; descend lower; decline gradually; enter deeply
siren: electronic device producing a similar sound as a signal or warning; something insidious or
deceptive; mermaid
site: physical position in relation to the surroundings; position; location
skeleton: framework; internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape
sketch: draw or describe briefly; give the main points; summary of
skim: pass near surface of; brush surface of; glide swiftly along surface of; read or examine
superficially and rapidly, in order to cull the principal facts or thoughts
skip: jump lightly; hop; bypass
skirmish: minor battle in war; minor or preliminary conflict or dispute
skull: bony skeleton of the head of vertebrates
skyrocket: increase rapidly; rise quickly; soar
skyscraper: very tall building with many stories
slack: area of still water; lack of tension; cord, rope, or cable that is hanging loosely; unused capacity; 
casual trousers
slam: shut with force and a loud noise; strike with force
slander: defamation; false and malicious statement or report about someone
slap: sharp blow from a flat object as an open hand; smack; sharp insult
slaughter: act of killing; extensive, violent, bloody, or wanton destruction of life; carnage
slay: put to death with a weapon, or by violence; kill; put an end to; destroy; overwhelm, as with
laughter or love
slender: having little width in proportion to height or length; long and thin
slice: a serving that has been cut from a larger portion; piece; a share of something
slide: slip; move usually in an uncontrolled manner; move smoothly along a surface
slight: almost no; very little; deliberate discourtesy
slightly: a little; a bit
slim: small in quantity; being of delicate or slender build
slip: move smoothly and easily; move out of position; move stealthily
slipper: low footwear that can be on and off easily; one who slips or slides because of loss of traction
slippery: smooth; being such as to cause things to slip or slide
slit: long, straight, narrow cut or opening; slot; pocket
slogan: phrase used repeatedly, as in advertising or promotion
slope: be at an angle; incline; gradient
slum: a district of a city marked by poverty and inferior living conditions
slumber: sleep; state of inactivity or dormancy
slump: sudden falling off or decline, as in activity, prices, or business; gross amount; mass
smart: clever; intelligent; showing mental alertness and calculation
smash: break in pieces by violence; dash to pieces; crush
smog: air pollution by a mixture of smoke and fog
smooth: free from obstructions; make surface shine
smoothly: in a smooth manner; successfully; easily
smuggle: import or export without paying customs duties
snack: eat light informal meal; eat lightly
snap: make a sharp sound; break suddenly as under tension; utter in angry or sharp tone
snatch: grasp or seize hastily, eagerly, or suddenly
sneak: creep or steal privately; come or go meanly, as a person afraid or ashamed to be seen
sneer: show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a particular facial expression; speak derisively;
show mirth awkwardly
snob: vulgar person who affects to be better, richer, or more fashionable, than he really is; one who
apes his superiors.
snobbish: of or pertaining to a snob; vulgarly pretentious
soak: cause or suffer to lie in a fluid; absorb; drain; drink intemperately or gluttonously
soar: fly aloft, as a bird; mount upward on wings; rise in thought, spirits, or imagination
sober: not extreme; marked by seriousness or gravity; not affected by use of drugs; self-restraint
sociable: gregarious; friendly; inclined to or conducive to companionship with others
sociology: branch of philosophy which treats of the constitution, phenomena, and development of
human society; social science
sock: plowshare; short stocking reaching a point between ankle and knee; hard blow or punch; comic
drama
soil: material in the surface of the earth
solar: of or relating to the sun
soldier: one who is engaged in military service as an officer or a private; one who serves in an army
sole: bottom; underside of foot or shoe or boot; bottom surface of a plow
solely: alone; only; without another
solemn: serious; somber; deeply earnest, serious, and sober
solicitor: petitioner who seeks contributions or trade or votes; chief law officer of a city, town, or
government department
solidarity: union of interests, purposes, or sympathies among members of a group; accord
solitary: isolated; existing, living, or going without others; alone; unaccompanied
solitude: state of being alone; seclusion; lonely or secluded place
solo: composed or performed by a single voice or instrument; unaccompanied; single
solution: method for solving a problem; successful action of solving a problem
solvent: able to pay all debts; capable of meeting financial obligations
somehow: in one way or another; in some way not yet known; by some means
somewhat: to some extent or degree; rather; a bit; slightly
soothe: cause to feel better; give moral or emotional strength to
sophisticated: wide-ranging knowledge; complex; intellectually appealing
sophistication: being expert or having knowledge of some technical subject
sore: skin infection; hurting; inflamed and painful; source of pain, distress, or irritation
sort: kind or species; a class of;
sound: sensation perceived by the ear; distinctive noise; long narrow inlet
sour: taste experience when vinegar or lemon juice; showing ill humor
source: point of origin, such as spring, of stream or river; one that causes, creates, or initiates
souvenir: token of remembrance; memento; something of sentimental value
sovereign: having supreme rank or power; self governing; excellent; independent
sovereignty: autonomy; independence
sow: plant; place seeds in or on
soy: soybean; most highly protein vegetable
spacecraft: a vehicle for travelling in space
spaceship: spacecraft designed to carry a crew into interstellar space
spacious: wide; generous or large in area or extent; sizable
span: duration; distance; cover; extent or measure of space between two points
spare: give up what is not strictly needed; hold back from; withhold or avoid; save or relieve from
action
spark: flash; sparkle; emit or produce sparks
sparkle: be brilliant in performance; give off or reflect flashes of light; glitter
sparrow: any of several small dull-colored singing birds feeding on seeds or insects
spatial: relating to space; existing in or connected with space
spear: a long, pointed weapon, used in war and hunting, by thrusting or throwing
specialize: mention specially; particularize; apply to some specialty or limited object
specialized: developed or designed for a special activity or function
species: a specific kind of something
specific: stated explicitly or in detail; definite
specification: instruction; description; act of specifying, or making a detailed statement
specify: detail; designate
specimen: model; sample; an example regarded as typical of its class
spectacle: demonstration; show
spectacular: impressive or sensational; lavishly produced performance; grand
spectator: observer; audience; one who looks on
spectrum: colored band produced when beam of light passes through a prism; a range of values
speculate: assume to be true without conclusive evidence; engage in buying or selling of a
commodity for profit
speculation: speculating; examination by eye; intellectual check; business venture in unusual risks,
with a chance for large profits
speedy: fast; rapid; accomplished or arrived at without delay; prompt
spell: name or write in order the letters constituting; add up to; signify
sphere: ball; globe; a particular aspect of life or activity
spill: pour; sudden drop from an upright position; flow or run out
spin: turn round rapidly; move round rapidly; move swiftly
spiral: rotary; curled; moving in a zigzag course; moving in shape of a coil
spiritual: not tangible or material; belonging to religion; sacred; supernatural
spit: expel or eject from the mouth; rain gently
spite: ill-will or hatred toward another, accompanied with the disposition to irritate, annoy, or thwart
splash: cause fluid to scatter in flying masses; strike and dash about, as water, mud
splendid: shining; very bright; magnificent; brilliant
split: break apart; cut; devide
spoil: go bad; rot; decay; become unfit for consumption or use
spokesman: one who speaks for another
sponge: soaking up; small absorbent contraceptive pad, used for bathing or cleaning
sponsor: one who binds himself to answer for another, and is responsible for his default; godfather or
godmother
spontaneous: arising without external cause; growing without cultivation or human labor
spoon: a piece of cutlery with a shallow bowl-shaped container and a handle
sport: activity that is governed by a set of rules or customs and often engaged in competitively
spot: location; place; site; pinpoint; mark to allow easy recognition
sprain: violent wrenching of the soft parts surrounding a joint; injury caused by pushing or pressing;
painful injury to a joint caused by a sudden wrenching of its ligaments
spray: a quantity of small objects flying through air
spring: develop suddenly; jump; move forward by leaps and bounds
sprout: have new growth of a plant such as a new branch or a bud; shoot up
spur: urge a horse; incite or stimulate; ride quickly by spurring a horse; proceed in haste
square: be compatible with; cause to match; cut to rectangular shape; bring into agreement or
balance; settle
squash: a game played in an enclosed court by two or four players who strike the ball with longhandled
rackets; crush; press; depress
squat: stocky; short and thick; low and broad
squeeze: force something into or through a restricted space; compress with violence
squirrel: a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail
stab: pierce with a pointed weapon; wound or kill by pointed instrument
stability: balance; constancy
stable: not easily moved or disturbed
stack: an orderly pile; heap; a large number ; arrange in pile
stadium: large, usually open structure for sports events with tiered seating for spectators
staff: personnel who assist superior to carry out assigned task
stagger: sway; walk as if unable to control one's movements
stain: soiled or discolored; symbol of disgrace or infamy; natural spot of a color different from the
gound
staircase: a way of access consisting of a set of steps
stake: money risked on gamble; pole set up to mark something; right or legal share of something
stale: having lost freshness; lacking originality or spontaneity
stalk: go through an area in search of prey; pursue; walk with a stiff or angry gait; move threateningly
stall: small area set off by walls for special use; booth
stammer: make involuntary stops in uttering syllables or words; hesitate or falter in speaking; speak
with stops and difficulty
standard: criteria; basis for comparison
standardize: normalize; cause to conform to a standard
standing: high reputation; esteem; maintaining an erect position
standpoint: a mental position from which things are viewed
staple: necessary foods or commodities; basic elements; secure or fasten; a short U-shaped wire nail
for securing cables
stapler: one who deals in staple goods or staple fibers; device used to bind material together by
means of staples
startle: move suddenly, or be excited; excite by sudden alarm, surprise
starvation: act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine
starve: hunger; deprive of food
statesman: one occupied with the affairs of government, and influential in shaping policy
static: having no motion; being at rest; fixed; stationary
stationary: fixed; immobile; static; not capable of being moved
stationery: paper cut to right size for writing letters; writing materials and office supplies
statistics: a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation of
quantitative data
statue: sculpture representing a human or animal
status: position relative to others; standing
statute: law enacted by legislature; decree or edict, as of a ruler
steady: securely in position; not shaky; not easily excited
steak: slice of meat, typically beef, usually cut thick
steamer: vessel propelled by steam; steamship or steamboat; road locomotive for use on common
roads
steep: soak; make thoroughly wet
steer: drive; direct; guide by means of a device such as a rudder, paddle, or wheel
stem: stop flow of a liquid; make headway against
stereo: stereophonic sound-reproduction system
sterling: any English coin of standard value; coined money
stern: hard, harsh, or severe in manner or character; firm or unyielding
steward: man employed in a large family, a large estate, a hotel, a club, or on board a ship to
manage service
stick: fasten into place by fixing an end; be a follower or supporter
sticky: glutinous; adhesive; covered with an adhesive agent; humid; stiff
stiff: not moving or operating freely; lacking ease in bending; resistant
stimulate: encourage; motivate; arouse; spur; excite or invigorate with a stimulant
stimulation: arousing an organism to action
sting: pierce painfully with sharp pointed structure or organ; cause to suffer keenly in the mind or
feelings
stink: strong, offensive smell; disgusting odor; stench
stipulate: specify or arrange in agreement; express demand in agreement; promise in agreement
stipulation: provision; an agreement made by parties in a judicial proceeding
stitch: sew; knit; fasten or join with or as if with thread
stock: certificate for shareholder of corporation; total amount of goods in a shop
stomach: principal organ of digestion; abdomen or belly; appetite for food; desire, especially for
something difficult
stoop: bend forward and down from the waist or the middle of the back
storey: story
stout: dependable; stocky; euphemisms for fat
straightforward: proceeding in a straight course or manner; not deviating; honest; frank.
strain: group of organisms within a species; tension; pressure
strait: difficult; stressful; narrow; not broad; tight; close; closely fitting
strand: complex of fibers that twisted together to form a cable, rope, thread; land bordering a body of
water; single filament
strap: belt; band that goes over the shoulder and supports a garment or bag
strategic: important or essential in relation to a plan of action; essential to the effective conduct of
war; highly important to an intended objective
strategy: elaborate and systematic plan; plan of action intended to accomplish a specific goal
streak: a line or long mark of a different color from the ground; stripe; vein
strengthen: reinforce; fortify; make strong or increase the strength of
stress: put special emphasis on; utter with an accent; state of extreme difficulty, pressure, or strain
stretch: extend; pull in opposite directions; lie down comfortably
stride: step; pace; significant progress
strife: act of striving; earnest endeavor; exertion or contention for superiority; contest of emulation,
either by intellectual or physical efforts
strike: a group's refusal to work in protest against low pay or bad work conditions
striking: dramatic; outstanding; arresting attention and producing a vivid impression
string: lightweight cord; a collection of objects threaded on a single strand; plant fiber
strip: remove the surface from
stripe: a kind or category; band; ribbon
strive: endeavor; struggle or fight forcefully; exert much effort or energy
stroke: blow; light touch; sudden loss of consciousness for brain blood vessel lacking oxygen
stroll: wander on foot; ramble idly or leisurely
structural: of structure; affecting structure; constructional
structure: complex construction or entity; complex composition of knowledge
stubborn: unreasonably, often perversely unyielding; persistent; difficult to treat
studio: workplace for the teaching or practice of an art
stuff: unspecified objects; tangible substance
stuffy: stout; lacking sufficient ventilation; close; dull and boring
stumble: miss a step and fall or nearly fall; walk unsteadily
sturdy: robust; strong; substantially made or constructed
style: particular kind; a way of expressing something
subdue: quiet or bring under control by physical force or persuasion; make less intense; tone down
subject: something to be treated; course or area of study
subjective: occurring or taking place in person's mind rather than external world; unreal
submarine: submersible warship; move forward or under in a sliding motion; underwater
submerge: sink; immerse; put under water
submit: refer for judgment or consideration; hand in; present
subordinate: occupying lower rank; inferior; submissive
subscribe: write underneath, as one's name; sign to a document; give consent to; promise to give, by
writing one's name with the amount
subsequent: following in time or order; succeeding; later
subsequently: in a subsequent manner; at a later time; accordingly; therefore
subsidiary: subordinate; secondary; serving to assist or supplement
substantial: fairly large; in essentials; material; true or real; not imaginary; solidly built
substantiate: establish by evidence; make firm or solid; support
substitute: exchange; put in the place of another
subtle: slight; be difficult to detect or grasp by the mind
subtract: remove a part from the whole
subtraction: reduction; deduction; removing a part from the whole
suburb: outskirts; usually residential area or community outlying a city
succession: act of succeeding, or following after; following of things in order of time or place, or a
series of things so following; sequence
successive: consecutive
successor: one who or that which succeeds or follows; one who takes the place which another has
left
suck: draw liquid into mouth; take in; draw something by vacuum
suffice: be enough, or sufficient; meet the need; be equal to the end proposed; be adequate; satisfy
sufficient: adequate; enough; being as much as is needed
suit: meet the requirements of; fit; please; satisfy
suitable: appropriate to a purpose or an occasion
suitcase: portable rectangular traveling bag for carrying clothes
suite: apartment consisting of a series of connected rooms; a matching set of furniture
sullen: lonely; solitary; desolate; gloomy; dismal; affected with ill humor
sultry: burning hot; extremely and unpleasantly hot
sum: mount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added together; principal points or
thoughts when viewed together; amount
summary: brief statement that presents the main points
summit: utmost height; highest point of a mountain
summon: call, bid, or cite; notify to come to appear; call upon to surrender
sunburn: redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun
sunflower: plant having large flower heads with dark disk florets and showy yellow rays
sunlight: rays of the sun
sunrise: daily event of the sun rising above the horizon
sunset: daily event of the sun sinking below the horizon
sunshine: moderate weather; suitable for outdoor activities; the rays of the sun
superb: of unusually high quality; excellent; wonderful
superficial: trivial; of little substance; involving a surface only
superintendent: director; person who has the authority to supervise or direct; janitor or custodian in a
building
superior: greater rank or station or quality; excellent
supersede: be placed in or take the room of; replace; make obsolete; make void or useless by
superior power
supersonic: having, caused by, or relating to speed greater than the speed of sound
superstition: excessive reverence for, or fear of, that which is unknown or mysterious; worship of a
false god; false religion
supervise: administer; direct
supervision: management by overseeing the performance
supervisor: director; overseer; one who is in charge of a particular unit, as in government or school
system
supplement: add as something seems insufficient; complement; extension; addition
supplementary: added to complete or make up a deficiency
suppose: imagine or admit to exist; assume to be true; believe; receive as true
suppress: put down by force or authority; overwhelm; keep from being revealed
supreme: most outstanding; highest; superior
surcharge: an additional charge; charge an extra fee
surface: exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; outside; outward or external
appearance
surge: outburst; roll or be tossed about on waves, as a boat
surgeon: one who performs manual operations on a patient
surgery: medical treatment that involves cutting open a person's body
surmise: guess; infer something without sufficiently conclusive evidence
surpass: be or go beyond, as in degree or quality; exceed
surplus: remainder; more than is needed; quantity much larger than is needed; remaining
surrender: hand over, give up, give something into another's control
survey: poll; detailed critical inspection
survival: existence; remaining alive
survive: continue to live; endure or last
survivor: one who outlives another; one who lives through affliction
suspect: have doubts about; distrust
suspend: hang freely; postpone; delay
suspense: uncertain cognitive state; uncertainty
suspicion: mistrust; act of suspecting something, especially something wrong, on little evidence or
without proof
suspicious: openly distrustful and unwilling to confide; questionable
sustain: admit as valid; keep in existence; lengthen or extend in duration or space
swallow: take back what one has said ; enclose or envelop completely
swamp: low land that is seasonally flooded; low land region saturated with water
swarm: dense moving crowd; large group of honeybees
sway: swing; move back and forth or sideways; win approval or support for; convince
swear: affirm or utter a solemn declaration; make promise or resolve on oath
sweater: knitted garment covering the upper part of the body
sweep: movement in an arc; clean with a broom; wide scope; winning all
swell: bulge; expand abnormally; increase in size; become filled with pride or anger
swift: quick; moving or capable of moving with great speed
swing: sway or move from one side to another; turn round by wind or tide; be hanged
syllable: a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme
symbol: sign; something visible to represent something else invisible
symbolize: represent; signify; stand for
symmetry: arrangement of parts so that balance is obtained; congruity
sympathetic: expressing compassion or friendly fellow feelings; approving; having similar disposition
and tastes
sympathize: be understanding of; feel or express sympathy or compassion
sympathy: compassion; pity; concern
symphony: large orchestra; harmony, especially of sound or color
symposium: collection of writings on a particular topic, as in a magazine; meeting or conference for
discussion of a topic; drinking together; merry feast
symptom: sign; indication; any sensation or change in bodily function that is experienced by a patient
synonym: two words that can be interchanged in a context
synthesis: combining parts into a coherent whole; putting of two or more things togethe
synthetic: artificial; involving or of the nature of synthesis as opposed to analysis
system: organized structure for arranging or classifying
systematic: ordered; methodical; carried on using step-by-step procedures 


T

table: set resolution or proposal for future consideration; hold back to a later time
tablet: a small flat compressed cake of some substance; a dose of medicine
tack: small, short, sharp-pointed nail, usually having a broad, flat head
tackle: apparatus for raising or lowering heavy weights, consisting of a rope and pulley blocks; act of
stopping an opposing player carrying the ball
tact: sense of touch; feeling; stroke in beating time; sensitive mental touch; peculiar skill or faculty
tactics: strategy; policy; plan for attaining a particular goal
tag: attach; append; provide with a name or nickname; label
tailor: one whose occupation is making garments; create clothes with cloth
talent: skill; gift; marked innate ability, as for artistic accomplishment
tally: record by making a mark; reckon or count; keep score
tame: domesticated; very restrained or quiet; make less strong or intense; soften
tan: yellowish-brown color; brown color imparted to the skin by exposure to the sun
tangle: uniting or knitting together confusedly; knot of threads, or other thing, united confusedly, or so
interwoven as not to be easily disengaged
tap: draw upon; strike lightly; make good use of
tape: long thin piece of cloth or paper; measuring instrument for length by narrow strip
tar: sailor or seaman; thick, black, viscous liquid obtained by the distillation of wood, coal
target: reference point to shoot at; goal intended to be attained
tariff: tax on goods coming into a country
task: labor or study imposed by another; undertake; labor
taste: have experience or enjoyment; take a sample of; have flavor
taxation: laying a tax, or imposing taxes, as on the subjects of a state, by authority; raising of
revenue
team: a number of persons associated together in any work; a flock of wild ducks
teapot: pot for brewing tea; usually has a spout and handle
tear: separate or be separated by force; divide or disrupt; fill with tears or shed tears
tease: tear into pieces; raise the fibers of
technical: having special skill or knowledge; according to principle; formal rather than practical;
relating to technique
technician: one skilled particularly in the technical details of work
technique: practical method or art applied to some particular task; skillfulness
technology: application of science, especially to industrial or commercial objectives
tedious: tiresome by reason of length, slowness, or dullness; progressing very slowly
telegraph: apparatus used to communicate at a distance over a wire
telescope: a magnifier of images of distant objects
telex: communications system consisting of teletypewriters connected to a telephonic network to
send and receive signals
temper: moderate; tone down or restrain; bring to a desired consistency; adjust finely
temperature: degree of any quality; condition with respect to heat or cold; degree of heat or cold
temple: church; place of worship
temporary: not permanent; not lasting
tempt: give rise to a desire by being attractive
temptation: act of tempting, or enticing to evil; seduction
tenant: occupant; one that pays rent to use land or building
tend: make a tender of; be disposed or inclined; move or extend in a certain direction
tendency: trend; a general direction in which something tends to move
tender: offer formally; extend; propose a payment
tenor: general, usual, or prevailing course or direction; settled or prevailing or habitual course of a
person's life
tense: stretch or force to the limit; tight
tension: action of stretching something tight; anxiety; feelings of hostility
tentative: hesitant; not fully worked out or developed; experimental; not definite or positive
term: limited period of time; point in time at which something ends; termination; deadline
terminal: causing or ending in or approaching death; station
terminate: stop; bring to an end or halt
termination: end of something in time or space; result or outcome; conclusion
terminology: vocabulary of technical terms used in a particular field, subject, science, or art
terrace: row of houses built in a similar style; level shelf of land with steep slopes
terribly: dreadfully; frightfully; to a great extent; very much
terrific: causing extreme terror; very great; extraordinarily good
terrify: frighten; fill with terror
territory: large extent of land; organized portion of country
terror: extreme fear; violent dread; fright
testify: give testimony in a court of law; provide evidence for
testimony: solemn declaration or affirmation; something that serves as evidence
text: written words; book prepared for use in schools or colleges
textile: cloth; fabric
theatrical: of or pertaining to theater, or to scenic representations; resembling manner of dramatic
performers; histrionic; artificial
theft: act of taking something from someone unlawfully; stealing
theme: subject of conversation or discussion; topic; essay
theoretical: not practical or applied; hypothetical; of or based on theory
theory: doctrine or scheme of things; general or abstract principles of any science
thereby: thus; accordingly; by that means; because of that
therefore: consequently; hence
thermometer: instrument for measuring temperature
thesis: paper; dissertation; an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument
thigh: part of the leg between the hip and the knee
thirst: sensation of dryness in the throat
thorn: something that causes irritation; a sharp-pointed tip on a stem or leaf
thorough: accurate or careful; complete
thoughtful: considerate; having intellectual depth; giving close attention
thrash: beat severely; discuss or examine repeatedly; use a machine or flail to separate grain or
seeds from straw
thread: a very small twist of flax, wool, cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance; filament, as of a flower,
or of any fibrous substance
threaten: pose a threat to; present a danger to
threshold: entrance; starting point for a new state or experience
thrifty: careful about money; economical
thrill: feel sudden intense sensation or emotion; tremble as from fear or excitement
thrive: make steady progress; prosper; flourish
throat: part of neck in front of; passage to stomach and lung
throng: large group of people gathered or crowded closely together
throughout: in every part; in or through all parts; everywhere; during the entire time or extent
thrust: push; force used in pushing ; activity or idea is the main or essential thing it expresses
thumb: short, thick first digit of human hand
thunder: sound which follows flash of lightning; discharge of electricity; loud noise
thunderstorm: storm resulting from strong rising air currents; heavy rain or hail along with thunder
and lightning
tick: emit recurring clicking sounds; do well or as designed
tide: periodic rise and fall of the sea level
tidy: being in proper time; timely; arranged in good order; orderly; appropriate; neat; kept in proper
tighten: draw tighter; straiten; make closer in any manner.
tile: flat thin rectangular slab used to cover surfaces; short length of pipe made of clay or concrete,
used in sewers and drains
tilt: slight but noticeable partiality; line or surface that departs from the vertical
timber: wood; lumber; trees or wooded land considered as a source of wood
timely: being or occurring in good time; sufficiently early; seasonable
timid: shy; craven; lacking self-confidence; shy
tip: piece or attachment; end of a pointed or projecting object; a V shape ; indication of potential
opportunity
tissue: groups of cells that make particular parts of the body; soft thin paper
title: right or claim to possession; mark of rank; name of a book or film
toast: dry and brown by heat of fire; warm thoroughly; drink to the health or in honor
toe: one of digits of the foot; forepart of a foot or hoof
toil: exhausting labor or effort; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey
token: something intended or supposed to represent or indicate another thing or an event; sign or
symbol; memorial of friendship
tolerable: capable of being borne or endured; supportable, either physically or mentally.
tolerance: capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or practices of others;
capacity to endure hardship or pain
tolerant: showing respect for the rights of others; open-minded; showing capacity for endurance
tolerate: endure; withstand; allow without prohibiting or opposing; permit
toll: take away; vacate; annul; entice; allure; cause to sound, as a bell, with strokes slowly and
uniformly repeated; call, summon, or notify
tongue: organ situated in floor of mouth; speech; language; clapper of bell
topic: subject of a speech, essay, thesis, discussion, or conversation
torch: large candle or lamp giving flaring flame; flashlight
torrent: rushing stream; flood; heavy downpour
torture: extreme pain; anguish of body or mind
toss: throw carelessly; throw to see which side comes up; move or stir about violently
tough: hard; difficult; feeling physical discomfort or pain; hard to bear
tourism: practice of traveling for pleasure; business of providing tours and services for tourists
tow: draw or pull behind by a chain or line
towel: rectangular cloth or paper for drying or wiping
tower: building or part of a building that is exceptionally high in proportion to its width and length; tall,
slender structure used for observation, signaling, or pumping
trace: follow, discover; make a mark or lines on a surface
track: road or path affording passage; line or route along which something moves
tractor: a truck that has a cab but no body
tradition: thought or behavior followed from generation to generation; heritage
tragedy: disaster; event resulting in great loss and misfortune
trail: path or track roughly through wild or hilly country; overland route
traitor: one who violates his allegiance and betrays his country
tramp: travel or wander through; cleanse clothes in water
trample: destroy; step on
tranquil: free from disturbance; pacific
transaction: deal; communication involving two or more people that affects all those involved
transfer: shifting; conveyance or removal of something from one place, person, or thing to another
transform: change in outward structure or looks; convert
transformation: change in form , appearance, nature, disposition, condition, or the like
transistor: small electronic device containing a semiconductor and having at least three electrical
contacts
transit: act of passing; passage through or over; line or route of passage
transition: going from one state of action to another
transmission: act of transmitting; automotive assembly of gears; sending of a signal
transmit: forward; send from one person or place to another
transparent: easily detected; permitting light to pass through freely
transplant: act of uprooting and moving a plant to a new location
transport: carry from one place to another; carry away; deport
trap: catch; hold or catch as if in a hole
traverse: go through or across, often under difficult conditions
tray: an open receptacle for holding or displaying or serving articles or food
tread: step on; mate with; place the foot
treason: disloyalty; betrayal of trust or confidence
treatment: handling; care that are intended to relieve illness or injury
treaty: act of treating for the adjustment of differences; negotiation
tremble: shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness; quake; quiver; shiver; shudder
tremendous: huge; capable of making one tremble; terrible
trench: canal; deep furrow or ditch; long, steep-sided valley on the ocean floor
trend: popular taste; general direction in which something tends to move
trial: experiment; act of testing; examination of evidence to determine the charges or claims
tribe: family, race, or series of generations, descending from the same direct ancestor, and kept
distinct
tribute: payment in money made by one ruler or nation; tax; mark of respect; praiseworthy quality
trick: cunning or deceitful activity; attempt to get others to do something foolish
trickle: flow in drops; run or flow slowly; drip
trifle: a thing of very little value or importance
trigger: cause something happen; set off
trim: clip; cut down to the desired size or shape
triple: consisting of three united; multiplied by three; threefold; three times repeated
triumph: victory; win; expressing great joy
trivial: unimportant; of little significance or value; ordinary; commonplace
tropic: one of the two small circles of the celestial sphere, situated on each side of the equator, and
parallel to it, which the sun just reaches at its greatest declination north or south; region lying between
these parallels of latitude
tropical: relating to region on either side of the equator; hot and humid
troublesome: annoying; bothersome
trumpet: brass musical instrument with brilliant tone
trunk: stem, or body, of a tree; main stem, without the branches; body of animal apart from the head
and limbs
tub: a large open vessel for holding or storing liquids
tube: hollow cylindrical shape; underground railway
tuck: make one or more folds in; store in a safe spot; put in a snug spot
tug: pull or draw with great effort; draw along with continued exertion; haul along; tow
tuition: teaching pupils individually; fee for instruction, especially at a formal institution of learning
tumble: fall down, as if collapsing
tumult: noise, as made by a crowd; riot or uprising
tunnel: passageway through or under something, usually underground
turbulent: characterized by unrest or disorder
turnover: act or result of turning over; upset; abrupt change; number of workers hired by an
establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time
tutor: guide; give individual instruction
twig: small branch or division of a branch
twilight: light perceived before the rising, and after the setting, of the sun; faint light; dubious or
uncertain medium through which anything is viewed
twinkle: open and shut the eye rapidly; blink; wink
twist: turn in the opposite direction; form into a spiral shape
typhoon: tropical cyclone occurring in the western Pacific; violent whirlwind
typical: conforming to a type; representative
tyranny: oppression; cruel government; office or authority of an absolute ruler; absolute power
tyrant: absolute ruler; sovereign unrestrained by law or constitution
tyre: tire; covering for a wheel, usually made of rubber reinforced with cords of nylon  


U

ugly: offensive to the sight; contrary to beauty; disagreeable aspect; unsightly
ultimate: final; being the last or concluding; fundamental; elemental; extreme
ultimately: as final consequence; at last; in the end
ultrasonic: supersonic; higher in frequency than the range of sound perceptible to the human ear
ultraviolet: wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays
unanimous: uniform; in complete agreement
unbearable: unendurable; so unpleasant, distasteful, or painful as to be intolerable
unconscious: lacking awareness; senseless; unaware
uncover: remove the cover from; expose; disclose
underestimate: make too low an estimate of the quantity; undervalue
undergo: experience; suffer; pass through
undergraduate: university student who has not yet received a first degree
underground: under the level of the ground; buried
underline: mark a line below, as words; underscore.
underlying: lying under or beneath something; basic; implicit; taking precedence; prior
undermine: weaken by wearing away base or foundation; injure or impair; dig a mine or tunnel
beneath
underneath: under or below an object or a surface; lower down on the page
undertake: take on; embark on; assume
undertaking: task or assignment undertaken; career
undo: release; cause the ruin or downfall of; cancel or reverse an action
undoubtedly: unquestionably; without doubt; certainly
undue: not due; not yet owing; not just, proper, or legal; ; excessive
uneasy: not easy; difficult; restless; disturbed by pain, anxiety
unfair: unjust; contrary to laws or conventions, especially in commerce
unfold: extend or stretch out to a greater or the full length; happen
unfortunately: unluckily; by bad luck
uniform: consistent; standardized; clothing of a particular group
unique: without an equal; being the only one of its kind
unity: cohesion; harmony; quality of being united into one
universal: affecting all; general; present everywhere; relating to the entire world or all within the
world; worldwide
universe: cosmos; everything that exists anywhere
unlikely: improbable; has little chance of being the case or coming about
unload: take something off a container
unprecedented: having no previous example; novel; unparalleled
unsatisfactory: not giving satisfaction; inadequate
unstable: inconstant; variable; lacking control of one's emotions; constantly changing
unwarranted: having no justification; groundless; not guaranteed to be good, sound, or of a certain
quality
uphold: support; preserve; hold aloft; raise
upright: in an erect position or posture; perpendicular; vertical, or nearly vertical; pointing upward
upset: concerned by anxious uneasiness or trouble or grief
urban: metropolitan; of, relating to, or located in a city
urge: force in an indicated direction; stimulate; excite
urgent: pressing; compelling immediate action or attention
utensil: instrument, implement, or container for practical use, especially in kitchen or laboratory
utility: something useful; public service
utilization: state of having been made use of; the act of using
utilize: put into service; take advantage of
utmost: farthest point or extremity; most distant; extreme
utter: speak; express; send forth with the voice
utterance: vocal expression; power of speaking; last or utmost extremity 
 

V

vacancy: absence; emptiness
vacant: void of thought or knowledge; without an occupant or incumbent
vacation: leisure time away from work; act of making something legally void
vaccinate: perform or produce immunity
vacuum: empty area or space; electrical home appliance that cleans by suction
vague: imprecise; indistinct; not clearly expressed; inexplicit
vain: having no real substance, value, or importance; empty; void; worthless; unsatisfying
valid: logically convincing; sound; legally acceptable; well grounded
validity: quality of having legal force or effectiveness
valley: space between ranges of mountains; area drained or irrigated by a river system; internal angle
formed by intersection
valve: device or structure for controlling the flow of a fluid
vanish: disappear; pass out of sight, especially quickly; die out
vanity: quality or state of being vain; emptiness; feelings of excessive pride; conceit
vapor: gas; steam; barely visible or cloudy diffused matter, such as mist or smoke
variable: factor; something that is likely to vary; changeable; inconstant
variance: an event that departs from expectations; the expected value of the square of the deviations
of a random variable from its mean value
variant: varying in from, character, or the like; variable; different; diverse.
variation: act of changing or altering
varied: differed; diversified; various
variety: diversity; quality or condition of being various or varied
various: different; diverse; several; manifold; changeable; uncertain
varnish: deceptively attractive external appearance; paint to coat a surface with a hard, glossy,
transparent film
vary: change aspect of; alter in form, appearance, substance, position; make different by a partial
change; modify
vast: large; broad; extensive; very great in size, number, amount, or quantity
vault: arched brick or stone ceiling or roof; burial chamber usually underground
vegetable: any of numerous herbaceous plants to eat in meal
vehicle: automobile; means of conveying; medium
veil: a length of cloth worn by women over the head, shoulders, and often the face; cover; hide
vein: blood vessel that carries blood
velocity: rapidity or speed of motion; swiftness
vengeance: punishment inflicted in return for an injury or an offense; retribution
ventilate: freshen; circulate through and freshen
ventilation: act of supplying fresh air and getting rid of foul air
venture: put at risk; adventure
verbal: expressed in spoken rather than written words; consisting of words alone without action
verge: extreme edge or margin; border; enclosing boundary; space enclosed by such a boundary
verify: confirm; prove the truth of by presentation of evidence or testimony
versatile: having many talents; capable of working in many fields
verse: a piece of poetry
version: written work in a new form; edition; interpretation of a particular viewpoint
vertical: upright in position or posture; oriented vertically
vessel: craft; ship; container for liquids
veteran: someone who has given long service
veto: rejection; vote that blocks a decision; deny; prohibit; command against
vex: annoy; disturb, especially by minor irritations; be a mystery or bewildering to
via: by the way of
vibrate: shake, quiver; move or swing from side to side regularly
vibration: act of vibrating; a shaky motion 
vice: moral fault or failing; evil, degrading, or immoral practice or habit; physical defect or weakness
vicinity: state of being near in space or relationship; proximity
vicious: by vice or defects; defective; imperfect; having the nature of vice; evil, immoral, or depraved
victorious: successful; being the winner in a contest or struggle
victory: successful ending of struggle or contest; defeat of an enemy or opponent
vigor: active strength of body or mind; imaginative lively style, especially style of writing; exertion of
force
vigorous: robust; strong; energetic, and active in mind or body
vine: weak-stemmed plant that derives support from climbing
violate: treat in a violent manner; abuse; do violence to; disturb; interrupt
violence: physical force exerted for the purpose of violating, damaging, or abusing
violent: turbulent; intensely vivid or loud; by violence or bloodshed
violin: small instrument with four strings, played with a bow; a fiddle
virtual: existing or resulting in essence or effect though not in actual fact; existing in mind, especially
as a product of imagination
virtually: almost completely; practically; essentially
virtue: goodness, moral excellence; good quality
virus: disease communicator; something that poisons one's soul or mind; program for unwanted
actions in computer
viscous: sticky; gluey; having high resistance to flow
visible: being often in public eye; obvious to the eye
vision: ability to see; sight; vivid mental image
visual: seen or able to be seen by the eye; visible; optical
vital: full of life; animated; necessary to continued existence; living or breathing
vivid: bright; lively; graphic; having striking color
vocation: career; profession
vogue: popular fashion; current state or style of general acceptance and use
void: emptiness; containing nothing; clear or empty a place
volcano: fissure in the earth's crust through which molten lava and gases erupt
volley: flight of missiles; round of gunshots; tennis return made by hitting the ball before it bounces
voltage: difference in electrical charge between two points
volume: capacity; amount of space occupied by an object
voluntary: done or undertaken of one's own free will; unforced
volunteer: person who performs or offers to perform a service voluntarily
vote: formal expression of preference for a candidate; number of cast in election; result of election or
referendum
voter: a citizen who has a legal right to vote
voucher: a piece of substantiating evidence; proof; written authorization or certificate
vow: solemn promise made to God; promise of fidelity; pledge of love or affection
vowel: speech sound made with the vocal tract open
voyage: long journey to a foreign or distant place, especially by sea; aviation
vulgar: common; low; coarse; belonging or relating to the common people, as distinguished from the
cultivated or educated; lacking cultivation or refinement
vulnerable: susceptible to wounds; capable of being wounded or hurt


W

wade: paddle; walk through relatively shallow water
wag: move one way and the other with quick turns; shake to and fro; move in vibrating; cause to
vibrate
wage: hazard on the event of a contest; stake; engage in, as a contest; adventure, or lay out, for hire
or reward; hire; employ
wagon: any of various kinds of wheeled vehicles drawn by a horse or tractor
waist: narrowing of the body between the ribs and hips
waive: give up temporarily; yield; give up voluntarily; defer
wake: trail of ship or other object through water; path of something that has gone before
walnut: tree with 10 - 40 meters tall; hard, dark brown wood of any of these trees
wander: move about without a definite destination or purpose; range about; stroll; go away; depart
ward: guard; defender; protector; state under guard; division of a county; division of a hospital
wardrobe: tall cabinet, closet, or small room built to hold clothes
ware: articles of merchandise; style or class of manufactures; especially, in the plural, goods;
commodities; merchandise
warehouse: depot; storehouse for goods and merchandise
warfare: military service; military life; contest carried on by enemies
warrant: guarantee; assurance by seller; authorization or certification
warrior: fighter; combatant; one who is engaged in or experienced in battle
waterproof: tight; unaffected by water; made of or covered with material that doesn't allow water in
waver: play or move to and fro; move one way and the other; swing; be unsettled in opinion
wax: increase gradually in size, number, strength, or intensity; show a progressively larger illuminated
area
weapon: arms
weary: tired; exhausted; physically or mentally fatigued
weather: endure the effects of weather or other forces; come through safely; survive
weave: pattern or structure by weaving ; knit; interlace
weaver: craftsman who weaves cloth
web: textile fabric; complex, interconnected structure or arrangement; the World Wide Web; radio or
television network
wedding: marriage ceremony; act of marrying; anniversary of a marriage
wedge: a piece of metal, or other hard material, thick at one end, and tapering to a thin edge at the
other, used in splitting wood, rocks
weed: undesirable or troublesome plant, especially growing where it is not wanted as in a garden.
weld: unite closely or intimately; join together by heating
welfare: benefit; something that aids health or happiness
whereas: considering that; it being the case that; since
whereby: by which; by what; how
whilst: while
whip: overlay with other cords going round and round it; take or move by a sudden motion; clean
completely
whirl: act of rotating or revolving rapidly; state of confusion; tumult
whisper: speaking in a quiet voice; soft speech produced without full voice; secretly expressed belief,
rumor, or hint
whistle: make a kind of musical sound by lips; emit a similar sound from mouth as birds
wholesale: selling or related to selling goods in large quantities; large-scale; on a large scale without
careful discrimination
wholesaler: someone who buys large quantities of goods and resells to merchants
wholesome: conducive to sound health or well-being; beneficial
wicked: evil in principle or practice; contrary to moral or divine law; addicted to vice or sin
widespread: spread or scattered over a considerable extent; occurring or accepted widely
width: extent of something from side to side
wield: handle (a weapon or tool, for example) with skill and ease. exercise effectively; handle; have
power over; rule; manage
wilderness: a tract of land, or a region, uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings, whether a
forest or a wide, barren plain; wild or desert
willow: trees having usually narrow leaves
winding: twisting or turning; spiral
wisdom: quality of being wise; knowledge ; results of wise judgments
wit: intellect; mental ability; natural ability to perceive and understand
withdraw: remove from; pull back; break from gathering; retreat; depart
withdrawal: secession; retreat or retirement
wither: shrivel; decay; lose freshness, vigor, or vitality; loss of moisture
withhold: refuse to give; refrain from giving, granting, or permitting; deduct from employee's salary
withstand: stand up against; successfully resist; oppose with force or resolution
witness: someone who sees an event and reports what happened; observe; watch
woe: deep, inconsolable grief; affliction; suffering; deep distress or misery, as from grief
woods: small forest; woodland; dense collection of trees covering a relatively small area
wool: dense, soft, often curly hair forming the coat of sheep and certain other mammals
wording: act or style of expressing in words; expression, or power of expression
worldwide: global; universal; throughout the world
worst: be better than; defeat; gain the advantage over
worthwhile: sufficiently valuable
wrap: enclose; arrange or fold as a cover or protection
wrath: forceful, often vindictive anger; fury; just punishment of an offense or crime
wreck: destruction; destroy; smash or break forcefully
wrench: twist or turn suddenly and forcibly; move, extract, or force free by pulling violently
wrestle: contend by grappling with, and striving to trip or throw down an opponent; struggle or strive
earnestly
wretched: very miserable; sunk in, or accompanied by deep affliction or distress; calamitous; woeful;
worthless
wring: twist; squeeze; compress, especially so as to extract liquid
wrinkle: a minor difficulty; a slight depression in the smoothness of a surface
wrist: joint between the hand and the forearm


Y

yacht: light ship used for private pleasure trips
yard: rod; stick; branch; long piece of timber; measure of length, equaling three feet
yawn: open the mouth wide with a deep inhalation, usually involuntarily from drowsiness, fatigue, or
boredom
yearn: pain; grieve; vex; be pained or distressed; feel deep pity, sympathy, or tenderness
yeast: foam, or troth (top yeast), or the sediment (bottom yeast), of beer or other in fermentation
yield: give in; surrender; give forth a natural product; be productive
yoke: join together, unite; harness a draft animal to; join securely; force into heavy labor
yolk: nutritive material; greasy substance found in unprocessed sheep's wool; yellow part of an egg
Sưu tầm & tổng hợp : Admin Group IELTS SHARE


Z

zeal: intense interest; eagerness to accomplish some object
zealous: enthusiastic; filled with or motivated by zeal
zone: region; portion of the surface of a sphere;
zoology: part of biology which relates to the animal kingdom