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 This whitepaper serves as an introduction to the novel concept, models and mechanism of Smart Layer. It discusses its potential applications in the next-generation Web. It is not intended as a guide for the implementors of Smart Layer Nodes (which is addressed in a future separate specification, akin to Ethereum’s Yellow Paper).
 
 # Problem statement
-Dr. Gavin Wood has attributed the centralization of the web to a combination of factors. These factors include network effects, economies of scale, big data ownership, and intellectual property laws[@wood2017]. The centralization Dr. Wood identified has led to a situation where most websites today are integrated with integrations like Google or Facebook login, or Apple Pay, with several websites using all those integrations listed.
+Dr. Gavin Wood has attributed the centralization of the web to a combination of factors. These factors include network effects, economies of scale, big data ownership, and intellectual property laws[@wood2017]. The centralization Dr. Wood identified has led to a situation where most websites today are integrated with Google or Facebook login, or Apple Pay, white the most popular websites use all those integrations listed.
 
 The harm caused by web centralization notwithstanding, it has enhanced usability tremendously. But it has also stalled the development of new integrations. This is especially evident in areas where world-renowned internet companies have no major influence, such as with airlines and purchasing tickets for flights. Central points in those areas (see Amadeus in flight booking as an example), can reach only the back offices of various websites. As a result, a flight ticket booked on one website can also be used to book a car rental on the same website, but that website only. Similar to the airline industry, in social media or e-commerce, a user reputation would work on one website exclusively.
 
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