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index.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-au">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>MathMLNow demo</title>
<style>
body, body {
margin:0;
}
main {
width: 100%;
height: auto;
padding: 0 1em;
box-sizing: border-box;
}
h1 {
margin-top: 0;
}
article {
width:63em;
max-width: 100%;
margin: auto;
padding-bottom: 1em;
text-align: justify;
}
table{
border-collapse: collapse;
}
td, th{
border: 1px solid grey;
}
blockquote {
border: 1px dotted grey;
}
figure {
max-width: 100%;
overflow-x: auto;
}
label#darkmode, label#lightmode {
text-align: right;
display: none;
width: 100%;
}
input#modeswitch {
display: none;
}
.ms{
display: none;
}
@supports (filter: invert(80%)) {
input#modeswitch:checked ~ label#lightmode {
display: inline-block;
}
input#modeswitch:not(:checked) ~ label#darkmode {
display: inline-block;
}
.ms{
display: inline;
}
/*Dark mode*/
input#modeswitch:checked ~ main,
input#modeswitch:checked ~ main svg a,
input#modeswitch:checked ~ label {
background-color: rgb(25, 31, 45);
color: rgb(204,204,204);
}
input#modeswitch:checked ~ main a {
color: lightblue;
}
input#modeswitch:checked ~ main a:visited {
color: lightgrey;
}
input#modeswitch:checked ~ main img {
filter: invert(80%);
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<input type="checkbox" id="modeswitch"/>
<label id="darkmode" for="modeswitch">Switch to dark mode</label>
<label id="lightmode" for="modeswitch">Switch to light mode</label>
<main>
<article>
<h1>MathMLNow - MathML with scriptless fallback</h1>
<p>
<q cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML">Mathematical Markup Language (<dfn>MathML</dfn>) is a
dialect of XML for describing mathematical notation and capturing both its structure and content.</q> -
<abbr title="Mozilla Developer Network"><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML">MDN</a></abbr>
</p>
<p>
In browsers that support it, MathML allows for the display of maths equations in a simple way that never pixilates, can be copied and pasted,
and can be read by screen readers.
</p>
<p>
But because most browsers do <em>not</em> support MathML, fallback content is necessary. Traditionally, this has been done with the JavaScript library
<a href="https://www.mathjax.org/" rel="external">MathJax</a>, but MathJax suffers from the same problem any JavaScript library has - it is a large download
that slows down the users browsing; and doesn't work when JavaScript is turned off (or more likely, broken by another script on the page).
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://github.com/Sora2455/MathMlNow">MathMLNow</a> is a server-side rendering technique that produces a series of <abbr title="Hypertext Markup Language">HTML</abbr> tags that show MathML if available,
gracefully degrading to an <abbr title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</abbr> image if MathMl is not supported.
</p>
<p>
As a demonstration, this page does not use any JavaScript whatsoever<span class="ms"> (even the 'dark mode' toggle is simply <abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</abbr>)</span>.
</p>
<hr>
<figure>
<figcaption>Techniques for displaying math in browsers</figcaption>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th scope="col">Display method</th>
<th scope="col">Seen in browsers</th>
<th scope="col">Quadratic formula</th>
<th scope="col">Euler's identity</th>
<th scope="col">Integral of the secant function</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="#mathMlNow">MathMlNow</a></th>
<td>
<ul>
<li>All (IE9+)</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
<svg height="68" width="227" role="presentation">
<switch>
<foreignObject requiredExtensions="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" height="68" width="227">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="x equals StartFraction negative b plus-or-minus StartRoot b squared minus 4 a c EndRoot Over 2 a EndFraction">
<mstyle mathsize="18pt">
<semantics>
<mrow>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>±<!-- ± --></mo>
<msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>b</mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</msup>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>4</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mi>c</mi>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math>
</foreignObject>
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</switch>
</svg>
</td>
<td>
<svg height="53" width="195" role="presentation">
<switch>
<foreignObject requiredExtensions="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" height="53" width="195">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="e Superscript i pi Baseline plus 1 equals 0">
<mstyle mathsize="30pt">
<semantics>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>e</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">e^{i\pi}+1=0</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math>
</foreignObject>
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</switch>
</svg>
</td>
<td>
<svg height="89" width="260" role="presentation">
<switch>
<foreignObject requiredExtensions="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" height="89" width="260">
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="integral Subscript 0 Superscript pi slash 6 Baseline secant left-parenthesis y right-parenthesis normal d y equals ln left-parenthesis StartRoot 3 EndRoot i Superscript 64 Baseline right-parenthesis">
<mstyle mathsize="16pt">
<semantics>
<mrow>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>/</mo>
<mn>6</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mi>sec</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msqrt>
<mn>3</mn>
</msqrt>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mn>64</mn>
</msup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_0^{\pi/6}\sec\left(y\right)\operatorname dy=\ln\left(\sqrt3i^{64}\right)</annotation>
</semantics>
</mstyle>
</math>
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</svg>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="#mathMl">MathML</a></th>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Firefox</li>
<li>Safari</li>
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</td>
<td>
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</td>
<td>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" alttext="e^{i\pi}+1=0"><mstyle mathsize="30pt"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>π<!-- π --></mi></mrow></msup><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">e^{i\pi}+1=0</annotation></semantics></mstyle></math>
</td>
<td>
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</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th scope="row"><a href="#svg">SVG</a></th>
<td>
<ul>
<li>Chrome</li>
<li>IE9+</li>
</ul>
</td>
<td>
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<td>
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<td>
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</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</figure>
<hr>
<dl>
<dt id="mathMlNow"><b>MathMlNow</b></dt>
<dd>
An <abbr title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</abbr> tag which itself contains a <code><switch></code> tag.
The <code><switch></code> tag tells the SVG renderer to choose between multiple nodes to render depending
on system capabilities and/or language. In this case, we've created a <abbr title="Mathematical Markup Language">MathML</abbr> representation
of the equation we want to display, and have also made an SVG 'screenshot' of that MathML.
<ol>
<li>If the browser can render MathML, then the embedded MathML is rendered.</li>
<li>If it <em>can't</em> render MathML, then it will render the SVG 'screenshot'.</li>
</ol>
Thus, all browsers should be able to see an image of the maths equation we are trying to show.
</dd>
<dt id="mathMl"><b>MathML</b></dt>
<dd>
<abbr title="Mathematical Markup Language">MathML</abbr> is the standard language for showing mathematical equations on the internet, and will be rendered
in much the same way that normal text is, using special 'math' fonts. This allows it to be zoomed without fear of pixelation, copied and pasted, and read
by screen readers. Unfortunately, the current versions (as of the <time datetime="2021-05-07">7th of May 2021</time>) of Google Chrome,
Intenet Explorer/Edge and Opera cannot render MathML, and so require fallback content.
</dd>
<dt id="svg"><b>SVG</b></dt>
<dd>
<abbr title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</abbr> images are defined as a series of lines and shapes, rather than pixels, and so like
<abbr title="Mathematical Markup Language">MathML</abbr> can be zoomed without fear of pixelation. It does not share MathML's other advantages, however.
</dd>
</dl>
<details open>
<summary>But won't screen readers get confused by having the math twice in two formats?</summary>
<p>No according to <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/svg-aam-1.0/#mapping_general">the spec</a> they won't:</p>
<blockquote cite="https://www.w3.org/TR/svg-aam-1.0/">
<p>
…<abbr title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</abbr> 1.1 defines the conditional processing attributes <code>systemLanguage</code>,
<code>requiredExtensions</code>, and <code>requiredFeatures</code>. These may be used individually or in combination with the <code>switch</code>
element to prevent content from being rendered under certain conditions, or to select between alternate versions of content.
</p>
<p>
<abbr title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</abbr> user agents <strong><em>MUST NOT</em></strong> expose to accessibility
<abbr title="application programming interfaces">APIs</abbr> any elements that are not rendered because of conditional processing attributes on
that element or because of the position of that element within a switch construct. The <code>switch</code> element itself
<strong><em>SHOULD</em></strong> be omitted as if it had a role of <code>none</code> or <code>presentation</code>.
</p>
</blockquote>
</details>
</article>
</main>
</body>
</html>