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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<head>
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<title>Imperial units - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en"><span dir="auto">Imperial units</span></h1>
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<div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>
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<div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This article is about the post-1824 measures used in the British Empire and countries in the British sphere of influence. For the units used in England before 1824, see <a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a>. For the system of weight, see <a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">Avoirdupois</a>. For United States customary units, see <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">United States customary units</a>. For Overview of UK and US units, see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Imperial and US customary measurement systems</a>.</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg/220px-Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg/330px-Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg/440px-Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Weights_and_Measures_office.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The former Weights and Measures office in <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters,_London" title="Seven Sisters, London">Seven Sisters, London</a>.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The system of <b>imperial units</b> or the <b>imperial system</b> (also known as <b>British Imperial</b><sup id="cite_ref-Publishing2010_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publishing2010-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>) is the <a href="/wiki/System_of_units" title="System of units" class="mw-redirect">system of units</a> first defined in the British <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act" title="Weights and Measures Act">Weights and Measures Act</a> of 1824, which was later refined and reduced. The system came into official use across the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. By the late 20th century, most nations of the former empire had <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">officially adopted</a> the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a> as their main system of measurement; however some imperial units are still used in the United Kingdom and Canada. This system developed from what were first known as <a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Implementation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Implementation</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Apothecaries.27_units"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Apothecaries' units</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Units"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Units</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Length"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Length</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Area"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Area</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Volume"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Volume</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#British_apothecaries.27_volume_measures"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">British apothecaries' volume measures</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mass_and_weight"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Mass and weight</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Natural_equivalents"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Natural equivalents</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Relation_to_other_systems"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Relation to other systems</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Current_use_of_imperial_units"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Current use of imperial units</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Australia and New Zealand</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ireland"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Ireland</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Other_countries"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other countries</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<p></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Implementation">Implementation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Implementation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The Weights and Measures Act of 1824 was initially scheduled to go into effect on 1 May 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-google339_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google339-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, the Weights and Measures Act of 1825 pushed back the date to 1 January 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> The 1824 Act allowed the continued use of pre-imperial units provided that they were customary, widely known, and clearly marked with imperial equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-google339_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google339-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Apothecaries.27_units">Apothecaries' units</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apothecaries' units">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg/220px-Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg/330px-Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg/440px-Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_standards_of_length_1876_Trafalgar_Square.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Imperial standards of length 1876 in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Apothecaries' units are mentioned neither in the act of 1824 nor 1825. At the time, apothecaries' weights and measures were regulated "in England, Wales, and <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/London_College_of_Physicians" title="London College of Physicians" class="mw-redirect">London College of Physicians</a>, and in Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Ireland" title="Royal College of Physicians of Ireland">Dublin College of Physicians</a>. In Scotland, apothecaries' units were unofficially regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_College_of_Physicians" title="Edinburgh College of Physicians" class="mw-redirect">Edinburgh College of Physicians</a>. The three colleges published, at infrequent intervals, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeiae</a>, the London and Dublin editions having the force of law.<sup id="cite_ref-Edinburgh_medical_and_surgical_journal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh_medical_and_surgical_journal-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IrelandButler1765_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IrelandButler1765-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Imperial apothecaries' measures, based on the imperial pint of 20 fluid ounces, were introduced by the publication of the London Pharmacopoeia of 1836,<sup id="cite_ref-Gray1836_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray1836-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia of 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pharmacopoeia_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pharmacopoeia_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> and the Dublin Pharmacopoeia of 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-DublinIreland1850_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DublinIreland1850-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> The Medical Act of 1858 transferred to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a> the right to publish the official pharmacopoeia and to regulate apothecaries' weights and measures.<sup id="cite_ref-Britain1858_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain1858-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Units">Units</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Units">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Length">Length</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Length">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Metric equivalents in this article usually assume the latest official definition. Before this date, the most precise measurement of the Imperial Standard Yard was <span class="nowrap">0.914398416</span> metres.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><br style="clear:both;" /></p>
<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="4" style="margin-right:0">
<caption>Table of length equivalent units</caption>
<tr>
<th>Unit</th>
<th>Relative to previous</th>
<th>Feet</th>
<th>Millimetres</th>
<th>Metres</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Thou_(length)" title="Thou (length)" class="mw-redirect">thou</a></i> (th)</td>
<td></td>
<td align="right">1/12000</td>
<td align="right">0.0254</td>
<td align="right">0.0000254</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>Also 25.4 µm</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a></i> (in)</td>
<td>1000 thou</td>
<td align="right">1/12</td>
<td align="right">25.4</td>
<td align="right">0.0254</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">foot</a></i> (ft)</td>
<td>12 inches</td>
<td align="right">1</td>
<td align="right">304.8</td>
<td align="right">0.3048</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Yard" title="Yard">yard</a></i> (yd)</td>
<td>3 feet</td>
<td align="right">3</td>
<td align="right">914.4</td>
<td align="right">0.9144</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>Defined as exactly 0.9144 metre by the <a href="/wiki/International_yard_and_pound" title="International yard and pound">International yard and pound</a> agreement of 1959</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chain_(length)" title="Chain (length)" class="mw-redirect">chain</a></i> (ch)</td>
<td>22 yards</td>
<td align="right">66</td>
<td align="right">20,116.8</td>
<td align="right">20.1168</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>The distance between the two <a href="/wiki/Wicket" title="Wicket">wickets</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Cricket_pitch" title="Cricket pitch">cricket pitch</a></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Furlong" title="Furlong">furlong</a></i> (fur)</td>
<td>10 chains</td>
<td align="right">660</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right">201.168</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>220 yards</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mile</a></i> (mi)</td>
<td>8 furlongs</td>
<td align="right">5,280</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right">1,609.344</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>1,760 yards</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">league</a></i> (lea)</td>
<td>3 miles</td>
<td align="right">15,840</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right">4,828.032</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>No longer an official unit in any nation.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;" colspan="6"><b>Maritime units</b></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathom</a></i> (ftm)</td>
<td>~2 yards</td>
<td align="right">6.08 or 6<sup id="cite_ref-fath_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fath-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td align="right">1,853.184</td>
<td align="right">1.853184</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>The British <a href="/wiki/Admiralty" title="Admiralty">Admiralty</a> in practice used a fathom as 6 feet. This was despite its being 1/1000 of a nautical mile (i.e. 6.08 feet) until the adoption of the international nautical mile.<sup id="cite_ref-fath_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fath-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Cable_length" title="Cable length">cable</a></i></td>
<td>100 fathoms</td>
<td align="right">608</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right">185.3184</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>One tenth of a nautical mile. When in use it was approximated colloquially as 100 fathoms.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical mile</a></i></td>
<td>10 cables</td>
<td align="right">6,080</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right">1,853.184</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>Used for measuring distances at sea. Until the adoption of the international definition of 1,852 metres in 1970, the British nautical (Admiralty) mile was defined as 6,080 feet.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;" colspan="6"><b>Gunter's survey units (17th century onwards)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Link_(unit)" title="Link (unit)">link</a></i></td>
<td>7.92 inches</td>
<td align="right">66/100</td>
<td align="right">201.168</td>
<td align="right">0.201168</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>1/100 of a chain</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Rod_(unit)" title="Rod (unit)">rod</a></i></td>
<td>25 links</td>
<td align="right">66/4</td>
<td align="right">5,029.2</td>
<td align="right">5.0292</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>The rod is also called <i>pole</i> or <i>perch</i> and equal to 5.5 yards</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Chain_(unit)" title="Chain (unit)">chain</a></i></td>
<td>4 rods</td>
<td align="right">66</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right">20.1168</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>100 links or 1/10 of a furlong</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Area">Area</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Area">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="3" style="margin-right:0">
<caption>Area</caption>
<tr>
<th>Unit</th>
<th>Relation to<br />
units of length</th>
<th>Square feet</th>
<th>Square rods</th>
<th>Square miles</th>
<th>Square metres</th>
<th>Hectares</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Perch_(unit_of_measure)#Area" title="Perch (unit of measure)" class="mw-redirect">perch</a></i></td>
<td align="center"><span class="nowrap">1 rod ×</span> 1 rod</td>
<td align="right">272.25</td>
<td align="right">1</td>
<td align="right">1/102400</td>
<td align="right">25.29285264</td>
<td align="right">0.002529</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>Although the proper term is <i>square rod</i>, for centuries this unit has been called a <i>pole</i> or <i>perch</i> or, more properly, <i>square pole</i> or <i>square perch</i>.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Rood_(unit)" title="Rood (unit)">rood</a></i></td>
<td align="center"><span class="nowrap">1 furlong ×</span> 1 rod<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></td>
<td align="right">10,890</td>
<td align="right">40</td>
<td align="right">1/2560</td>
<td align="right">1,011.7141056</td>
<td align="right">0.1012</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>The rood is 1,210 square yards.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acre</a></i></td>
<td align="center">1 furlong × 1 chain</td>
<td align="right">43,560</td>
<td align="right">160</td>
<td align="right">1/640</td>
<td align="right">4,046.8564224</td>
<td align="right">0.4047</td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>One acre is 4,840 square yards</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="8"><b>Note:</b> All equivalences are exact except hectares, which are accurate to 4 significant figures.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Volume">Volume</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volume">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In 1824, the various different gallons in use in the British Empire were replaced by the imperial gallon, a unit close in volume to the <a href="/wiki/Gallon#History" title="Gallon">ale gallon</a>. It was originally defined as the volume of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of distilled water weighed in air with brass weights with the barometer standing at 30 <a href="/wiki/Inch_of_mercury" title="Inch of mercury">inches of mercury</a> (102 kPa) at a temperature of 62 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a> (17 °C). In 1963, the gallon was redefined as the volume of 10 pounds of distilled water of density <span class="nowrap">0.998859</span> g/mL weighed in air of density <span class="nowrap">0.001217 g/mL</span> against weights of density 8.136 g/mL, which works out to <span class="nowrap">4.546096 L</span> or <span class="nowrap">277.4198 cu in</span>. The Weights and Measures Act of 1985 switched to a gallon of exactly <span class="nowrap">4.54609 L</span> (approximately <span class="nowrap">277.4194 cu in</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="3" style="margin-right:0">
<caption>Table of volume units</caption>
<tr>
<th>Unit</th>
<th>Imperial<br />
ounce</th>
<th>Imperial<br />
pint</th>
<th>Millilitres</th>
<th>Cubic inches</th>
<th>US ounces</th>
<th>US pints</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">fluid ounce</a></i> (fl oz)</td>
<td align="right">1    </td>
<td align="right">1/20    </td>
<td align="right">28.4130625</td>
<td align="right">1.7339</td>
<td align="right">0.96076</td>
<td align="right">0.060047</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Gill_(volume)" title="Gill (volume)" class="mw-redirect">gill</a></i> (gi)</td>
<td align="right">5    </td>
<td align="right">1/4    </td>
<td align="right">142.0653125</td>
<td align="right">8.6694</td>
<td align="right">4.8038</td>
<td align="right">0.30024</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pint</a></i> (pt)</td>
<td align="right">20    </td>
<td align="right">1    </td>
<td align="right">568.26125</td>
<td align="right">34.677</td>
<td align="right">19.215</td>
<td align="right">1.2009</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Quart" title="Quart">quart</a></i> (qt)</td>
<td align="right">40    </td>
<td align="right">2    </td>
<td align="right">1,136.5225</td>
<td align="right">69.355</td>
<td align="right">38.430</td>
<td align="right">2.4019</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a></i> (gal)</td>
<td align="right">160    </td>
<td align="right">8    </td>
<td align="right">4,546.09</td>
<td align="right">277.42</td>
<td align="right">153.72</td>
<td align="right">9.6076</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="7"><b>Note:</b> The millilitre equivalences are exact, but cubic-inch and US measures are correct to 5 significant figures.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="British_apothecaries.27_volume_measures">British apothecaries' volume measures</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British apothecaries' volume measures">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4>
<p>These measurements were in use from 1824, when the new imperial gallon was defined, but were officially abolished in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> In the USA, though no longer recommended, the <a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">apothecaries' system</a> is still used occasionally in medicine, especially in <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">prescriptions</a> for older medications.<sup id="cite_ref-Zentz2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zentz2010-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyer2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer2009-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="9" style="margin-right:0">
<caption>Table of British apothecaries' volume units<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>references 1<span>]</span></a></sup></caption>
<tr>
<th>Unit</th>
<th>Symbols &<br />
abbreviations</th>
<th>Relative to<br />
previous</th>
<th>Exact<br />
metric value*</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Minim_(unit)" title="Minim (unit)">minim</a></td>
<td align="center">?, <a href="/wiki/File:Mx,_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg" class="image"><img alt="Mx, a symbol for minim in the apothecaries' system.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mx%2C_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg/13px-Mx%2C_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg.png" width="13" height="12" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mx%2C_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg/20px-Mx%2C_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Mx%2C_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg/26px-Mx%2C_a_symbol_for_minim_in_the_apothecaries%27_system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1785" /></a>, m, m., min</td>
<td align="right"> </td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space:nowrap">59.193<span style="margin-left:0.2em">880</span><span style="margin-left:0.2em">208<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Microlitre" title="Microlitre" class="mw-redirect">µl</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_scruple" title="Fluid scruple" class="mw-redirect">fluid scruple</a></td>
<td align="center">fl ?, fl s</td>
<td align="right">20 minims</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space:nowrap">1.183<span style="margin-left:0.2em">877</span><span style="margin-left:0.2em">604</span><span style="margin-left:0.2em">1<span style="text-decoration:overline;">6</span></span></span> ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">fluid drachm</a><br />
(fluid dram, fluidram)</td>
<td align="center">?, fl ?, f?, 3, fl dr</td>
<td align="right">3 fluid scruples</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space:nowrap">3.551<span style="margin-left:0.2em">632</span><span style="margin-left:0.2em">8125</span></span> ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Fluid_ounce" title="Fluid ounce">fluid ounce</a></td>
<td align="center">?, fl ?, f?, ?, fl oz</td>
<td align="right">8 fluid drachms</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space:nowrap">28.413<span style="margin-left:0.2em">0625</span></span> ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pint</a></td>
<td align="center">O, pt</td>
<td align="right">20 fluid ounces</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space:nowrap">568.261<span style="margin-left:0.2em">25</span></span> ml</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a></td>
<td align="center">C, gal</td>
<td align="right">8 pints</td>
<td align="right"><span style="white-space:nowrap">4.546<span style="margin-left:0.2em">09</span></span> L</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="4"><b>*</b> The <a href="/wiki/Vinculum_(symbol)" title="Vinculum (symbol)">vinculum</a> over numbers (e.g. <span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>) represents a <a href="/wiki/Repeating_decimal" title="Repeating decimal">repeating decimal</a>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Mass_and_weight">Mass and weight</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mass and weight">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the 19th and 20th centuries, the UK used three different systems for mass and weight:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy weight</a>, used for precious metals;</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">avoirdupois</a> weight, used for most other purposes; and</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_weight" title="Apothecaries' weight" class="mw-redirect">apothecaries' weight</a>, now virtually unused since the metric system is used for all scientific purposes.</li>
</ul>
<p>The troy pound (<span class="nowrap">373.2417216 g</span>) was made the primary unit of mass by the 1824 Act; however, its use was abolished in the UK on 1 January 1879,<sup id="cite_ref-Britain1878_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain1878-28"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> with only the troy ounce (<span class="nowrap">31.1034768 g</span>) and its <a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> subdivisions retained.<sup id="cite_ref-Chisholm1911_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chisholm1911-29"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i>Weights and Measures Act 1855</i> (18 & 19 Victoria C72) made the avoirdupois pound the primary unit of mass<sup id="cite_ref-Britain1855_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain1855-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> In all the systems, the fundamental unit is the <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a>, and all other units are defined as fractions or multiples of it.</p>
<table class="wikitable" cellspacing="4" style="margin-right:0">
<caption>Table of mass units</caption>
<tr>
<th>Unit</th>
<th>Pounds</th>
<th>grams</th>
<th>kilograms</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Grain_(mass)" title="Grain (mass)" class="mw-redirect">grain</a></i> (gr)</td>
<td align="right">1/7000</td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">0.06479891</span></td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>Exactly <span class="nowrap">64.79891</span> milligrams.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Dram_(unit)" title="Dram (unit)">drachm</a></i> (dr)</td>
<td align="right">1/256</td>
<td align="right">1.771<span style="margin-left:0.25em">845<span style="margin-left:0.25em">195<span style="margin-left:0.25em">3125</span></span></span></td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Ounce" title="Ounce">ounce</a></i> (oz)</td>
<td align="right">1/16</td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">28.349523125</span></td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)" title="Pound (mass)">pound</a></i> (lb)</td>
<td align="right">1</td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">453.59237</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">0.45359237</span></td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>Exactly <span class="nowrap">453.59237</span> grams by definition.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_(Imperial_mass)" title="Stone (Imperial mass)" class="mw-redirect">stone</a></i> (st)</td>
<td align="right">14</td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">6,350.29318</span></td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">6.35029318</span></td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>A person's weight is often quoted in stone and pounds in English-speaking countries that use the avoirdupois system, with the exception of the United States and Canada, where it is usually quoted in pounds.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i>quarter</i> (qr)</td>
<td align="right">28</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">12.70058636</span></td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd><span id="qtr"></span>One quarter is equal to two stone or a quarter of a hundredweight. The term <i>quarter</i> was also commonly used to refer to a quarter of a pound in a retail context.</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">hundredweight</a></i> (cwt)</td>
<td align="right">112</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">50.80234544</span></td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>One imperial hundredweight is equal to eight stone. This is the long hundredweight as opposed to the short hundredweight of 100 pounds as used in the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-justice1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice1-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup></dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center"><i><a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">ton</a></i> (t)</td>
<td align="right">2240</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right"><span class="nowrap">1,016.0469088</span></td>
<td>
<dl>
<dd>As with the US and Canadian<sup id="cite_ref-justice1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-justice1-31"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> systems, twenty hundredweights equal a ton. The imperial hundredweight is 12% greater than the US and Canadian equivalent. The imperial ton (or long ton) is 2,240 pounds, which is much closer to a metric <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> (about 2,204.6 pounds), compared to the short ton of 2,000 pounds (907.185 kg).</dd>
</dl>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Natural_equivalents">Natural equivalents</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural equivalents">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>Although the 1824 act defined the yard and pound by reference to the <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> standards, it also defined the values of certain <a href="/wiki/Physical_constants" title="Physical constants" class="mw-redirect">physical constants</a>, to make provision for re-creation of the standards if they were to be damaged. For the yard, the length of a <a href="/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum">pendulum</a> beating <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">seconds</a> at the latitude of Greenwich at <a href="/wiki/Mean_Sea_Level" title="Mean Sea Level" class="mw-redirect">Mean Sea Level</a> <i>in vacuo</i> was defined as 39.013 93 inches, and, for the pound, the mass of a cubic inch of distilled water at an <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a> of 30 <a href="/wiki/Inches_of_mercury" title="Inches of mercury" class="mw-redirect">inches of mercury</a> and a temperature of 62° <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a> was defined as 252.458 grains.<sup id="cite_ref-google339_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google339-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> However, following the destruction of the original prototypes in the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">1834 Houses of Parliament fire</a>, it proved impossible to recreate the standards from these definitions, and a new <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act" title="Weights and Measures Act">Weights and Measures Act</a> (18 & 19 Victoria. Cap. 72) was passed in 1855 which permitted the recreation of the prototypes from recognized <a href="/wiki/Standard_(metrology)" title="Standard (metrology)">secondary standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britain1855_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britain1855-30"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_other_systems">Relation to other systems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relation to other systems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:English_length_units_graph.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/English_length_units_graph.png/220px-English_length_units_graph.png" width="220" height="321" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/English_length_units_graph.png/330px-English_length_units_graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/English_length_units_graph.png/440px-English_length_units_graph.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="983" /></a>
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English units of Length</div>
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<p>The imperial system is one of many systems of <a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English units</a>. Although most of the units are defined in more than one system, some subsidiary units were used to a much greater extent, or for different purposes, in one area rather than the other. The distinctions between these systems are often not drawn precisely.</p>
<p>One such distinction is that between these systems and older British/English units/systems or newer additions. The term <i>imperial</i> should not be applied to English units that were outlawed in the <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_Measures_Act_1824" title="Weights and Measures Act 1824" class="mw-redirect">Weights and Measures Act 1824</a> or earlier, or which had fallen out of use by that time, nor to post-imperial inventions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Slug_(mass)" title="Slug (mass)">slug</a> or <a href="/wiki/Poundal" title="Poundal">poundal</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary system</a> is historically derived from the English units that were in use at the time of settlement. Because the United States was already independent at the time, these units were unaffected by the introduction of the imperial system.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_use_of_imperial_units">Current use of imperial units</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current use of imperial units">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg/175px-MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg" width="175" height="233" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg/263px-MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg/350px-MetricImperialUSCustomaryUnits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1066" /></a>
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A baby bottle that measures in three measurement systemsmetric, imperial (UK), and US customary.</div>
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<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Metrication in the United Kingdom">Metrication in the United Kingdom</a></div>
<p>British law now defines each imperial unit in terms of the metric equivalent. The metric system is in official use within the United Kingdom for most applications; however, use of Imperial units is still widespread amongst the public and all UK roads still primarily use the imperial system except for tonnage on main roads.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 require that all measuring devices used in trade or retail shall display measurements in metric quantities. This has been proven in court against the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Metric_Martyrs" title="Metric Martyrs">Metric Martyrs</a>", a small group of market traders who insisted on trading in imperial units only. Contrary to the impression given by some press reports, these regulations do not currently place any obstacle in the way of using imperial units alongside metric units. Almost all traders in the UK will accept requests from customers specified in imperial units, and scales which display in both unit systems are commonplace in the retail trade. Metric price signs may be accompanied by imperial price signs (known as supplementary indicators) provided that the imperial signs are no larger and no more prominent than the official metric ones. The <a href="/wiki/European_units_of_measurement_directives" title="European units of measurement directives">EU units of measurement directive (directive 80/181/EEC)</a> had previously permitted the use of <i>supplementary indicators</i> (imperial measurements) until 31 December 2009, but a revision of the directive published on 11 March 2009 permitted their use indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>The United Kingdom completed its legal partial transition to the metric system (sometimes referred to as "SI" from the French Système International d'Unités) in 1995, with some imperial units still legally mandated for certain applications; draught beer and cider <i>must</i> be sold in pints,<sup id="cite_ref-WMbeer_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMbeer-34"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> road-sign distances <i>must</i> be in yards and miles,<sup id="cite_ref-WMroads_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMroads-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> length and width (but not weight) restrictions <i>must</i> be in feet and inches on road signs (although an equivalent in metres may be shown as well),<sup id="cite_ref-WMroads_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMroads-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> and road speed limits <i>must</i> be in <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">miles per hour</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WMroads_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMroads-35"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> therefore instruments in vehicles sold in the UK must be capable of displaying miles per hour. Foreign vehicles, such as all post-2005 Irish vehicles, may legally have instruments displayed only in kilometres per hour. Even though the <a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">troy pound</a> was outlawed in the UK in the Weights and Measures Act of 1878, the <i>troy ounce</i> still <i>may</i> be used for the weight of precious stones and metals. The original railways (many built in the Victorian era) are a big user of imperial units, with distances officially measured in miles and yards or miles and <a href="/wiki/Chain_(length)" title="Chain (length)" class="mw-redirect">chains</a>, and also feet and inches, and speeds are in miles per hour, although many modern metro and tram systems are entirely metric, and <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> uses both metric (for distances) and imperial (for speeds).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Metric is also used for the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> and on <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_1" title="High Speed 1">High Speed 1</a>. Adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Ashford_International_railway_station" title="Ashford International railway station">Ashford International railway station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dollands_Moor_Freight_Yard" title="Dollands Moor Freight Yard">Dollands Moor Freight Yard</a>, railway speeds are given in both metric and imperial units.</p>
<p>Most British people still use imperial units in everyday life for distance (miles, yards, feet and inches), body weight (stones and pounds for adults, pounds and ounces for babies though use of kilogrammes is increasing) and volume (especially pints and rational fractions thereof).<sup id="cite_ref-BBCNews_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCNews-32"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> Regardless of how people measure their weight or height, these must be recorded in metric officially, for example in medical records. Petrol is occasionally quoted as being so much per gallon (despite having been sold exclusively in litres for nearly three decades). Fuel consumption for vehicles is often discussed in miles per gallon, though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents. When sold "draught" in licenced premises, beer and cider is measured out and sold in pints and half-pints. Cow's milk is available in both litre- and pint-based containers. Non-metric nuts and bolts etc., are available, but usually only from specialist suppliers. Areas of land associated with farming, forestry and real estate are often advertised measured in acres and square feet, but for official government purposes the unit is always hectares and square metres. Office space and industrial units are often advertised in square feet, despite carpet and flooring products being sold in square metres with equivalents in square yards. Steel pipe sizes are sold in increments of inches, while copper pipe is sold in increments of millimetres. Road bicycles have their frames measured in centimetres, while off-road bicycles have their frames measured in inches. The size (diagonal) of television and computer monitor screens is denominated in inches.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Canada" title="Metrication in Canada">Metrication in Canada</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GasCan.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GasCan.jpg/200px-GasCan.jpg" width="200" height="292" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GasCan.jpg/300px-GasCan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GasCan.jpg/400px-GasCan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2514" /></a>
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A one U.S. gallon gas can purchased near the U.S.-Canada border. It shows equivalences in imperial gallons and litres.</div>
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<p>During the 1970s, the metric system and SI units were introduced in Canada to replace the imperial system. Within the government, efforts to implement the metric system were extensive; almost any agency, institution, or function provided by the government uses SI units exclusively. Imperial units were eliminated from all road signs, although both systems of measurement will still be found on privately owned signs, such as the height warnings at the entrance of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park" title="Multi-storey car park">parkade</a>. In the 1980s, momentum to fully convert to the metric system stalled when the government of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> was elected. There was heavy opposition to metrication and as a compromise the government maintains legal definitions for and allows use of imperial units as long as metric units are shown as well.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadiancompromise_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadiancompromise-40"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup> The law requires that measured products (such as fuel and meat) be priced in metric units, although an imperial price can be shown if a metric price is present.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_compromise_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_compromise-41"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livre_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livre-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> However, there tends to be leniency in regards to fruits and vegetables being priced in imperial units only.<sup id="cite_ref-Livre_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livre-42"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Unlike the rest of Canada, metrication in the <a href="/wiki/Francophone" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> has been more fully implemented and metric measures are more consistently used in Quebec than elsewhere in Canada, both officially and among the population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement" class="mw-redirect"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (October 2012)">dubious</span></a> <span class="metadata"> <a href="/wiki/Talk:Imperial_units#Dubious" title="Talk:Imperial units">discuss</a></span></i>]</sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Environment_Canada" title="Environment Canada">Environment Canada</a> still offers an imperial unit option beside metric units, even though weather is typically measured and reported in metric units in the Canadian media. However, some radio stations near the United States border (such as <a href="/wiki/CIMX" title="CIMX" class="mw-redirect">CIMX</a> and <a href="/wiki/CIDR-FM" title="CIDR-FM">CIDR</a>) primarily use imperial units to report the weather. Railways in Canada also continue to use Imperial units.</p>
<p>Imperial units are still used in ordinary conversation. Today, Canadians typically use a mix of metric and imperial measurements in their daily lives. However, the use of the metric and imperial systems varies by age. The older generation mostly uses the imperial system, while the younger generation more often uses the metric system. Newborns are measured in SI at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units. Drivers' licences use SI units. In livestock auction markets, cattle are sold in dollars per <a href="/wiki/Hundredweight" title="Hundredweight">hundredweight</a> (short), whereas hogs are sold in dollars per hundred kilograms. Imperial units still dominate in recipes, construction, house renovation and gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> Land is now surveyed and registered in metric units, although initial surveys used imperial units. For example, partitioning of farm land on the prairies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was done in imperial units; this accounts for imperial units of distance and area retaining wide use in the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Provinces" title="Prairie Provinces" class="mw-redirect">Prairie Provinces</a>. The size of most apartments, condominiums and houses continues to be described in square feet rather than square metres, and carpet or flooring tile is purchased by the square foot. Motor-vehicle fuel consumption is reported in both litres per 100 km and statute miles per imperial gallon,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup> leading to the erroneous impression that Canadian vehicles are 20% more fuel-efficient than their apparently identical American counterparts for which fuel economy is reported in statute miles per US gallon (neither country specifies which gallon is used). Canadian railways maintain exclusive use of imperial measurements to describe train length (feet), train height (feet), capacity (<a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">tons</a>), speed (mph), and trackage (miles).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Imperial units also retain common use in firearms and ammunition. Imperial measures are still used in the description of cartridge types, even when the cartridge is of relatively recent invention (e.g., 0.204 <a href="/wiki/Sturm,_Ruger_%26_Co." title="Sturm, Ruger & Co." class="mw-redirect">Ruger</a>, 0.17 HMR, where the calibre is expressed in decimal fractions of an inch). However, ammunition that is already classified in metric is still kept metric (e.g., <a href="/wiki/9x19mm_Parabellum" title="9x19mm Parabellum" class="mw-redirect">9 mm</a>). In the manufacture of ammunition, bullet and powder weights are expressed in terms of <a href="/wiki/Grain_(measure)" title="Grain (measure)" class="mw-redirect">grains</a> for both metric and imperial cartridges.</p>
<p>As in most of the western world, air navigation is based on <i>nautical</i> units, e.g., the nautical mile, which is neither imperial nor metric, though altitude is still measured in imperial feet<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> in keeping with the international standard.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<table class="metadata plainlinks ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation">
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<td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td>
<td class="mbox-text"><span class="mbox-text-span">This section requires <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit">expansion</a> with: About as much info as the Canadian section. <small><i>(October 2013)</i></small></span></td>
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<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Australia" title="Metrication in Australia">Metrication in Australia</a></div>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_New_Zealand" title="Metrication in New Zealand">Metrication in New Zealand</a></div>
<p>In Australia and New Zealand, metrication is mostly complete, although imperial units remain current in some areas, generally where international standards remain non-metricated (as in the use of inches for television and computer screens, feet for aviation altitudes,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> etc.).</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ireland">Ireland</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Ireland" title="Metrication in Ireland">Metrication in Ireland</a></div>
<p>Ireland has officially changed over to the metric system since entering the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, with distances on new road signs being metric since 1997 and speed limits being metric since 2005. The imperial system remains in limited use for sales of beer in pubs (traditionally sold by the pint). All other goods are required by law to be sold in metric units, although old quantities are retained for some goods like butter and sausages, which are sold in 454-gram (1 lb) packaging. The majority of cars sold pre-2005 feature speedometers with miles per hour as the primary unit, but with a kilometres per hour display as well.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_countries">Other countries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Some imperial measurements remain in limited use in <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Canada" title="Metrication in Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_India" title="Metrication in India">India</a>, Malaysia, Sri Lanka and <a href="/wiki/Metrication_in_Hong_Kong" title="Metrication in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a>. Real estate agents continue to use acres and square feet to describe area, rarely in conjunction with hectares and square metres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Measurements in feet and inches, especially for a person's height, are frequently met in conversation and non-governmental publications. In India, inches, feet, yards and degrees Fahrenheit are often used in conjunction with their metric counterparts, while area is often still measured in acres though hectares are used in government documents; the Celsius scale is used for weather readings and forecasts, but the Fahrenheit scale is often used for body temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>Towns and villages in Malaysia with no proper names had adopted the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word <i>batu</i> (meaning "rock") to indicate their locations along a main road before the use of metric system (for example, <i>batu enam</i> means "6th mile" or "mile 6"). Many of their names remain unchanged even after the adoption of the metric system for distance in the country.</p>
<p>Petrol is still sold by the imperial gallon in <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma/Myanmar" title="Burma/Myanmar" class="mw-redirect">Burma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis" title="St. Kitts and Nevis" class="mw-redirect">St Kitts and Nevis</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="St. Vincent and the Grenadines" class="mw-redirect">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> Cabinet in 2009 issued the Decree No. (270 / 3) specifying that, from 1 January 2010, the new unit sale price for petrol will be the litre and not the gallon. This in line with the UAE Cabinet Decision No. 31 of 2006 on the national system of measurement, which mandates the use of International System of units as a basis for the legal units of measurement in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-gas7_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gas7-52"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gas5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gas5-53"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> Sierra Leone switched to selling fuel by the litre in May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<p>In October 2011, the Antigua and Barbuda government announced the re-launch of the Metrication Programme in accordance with the Metrology Act 2007, which established the International System of Units as the legal system of units. The Antigua and Barbuda government has committed to a full conversion from the imperial system by the first quarter of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
<tr>
<td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></td>
<td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_Imperial_units" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:British Imperial units">British Imperial units</a></b></i>.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Acre-foot" title="Acre-foot">Acre-foot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Board_foot" title="Board foot">Board foot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_units" title="Conversion of units">Conversion of units</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_weights_and_measures" title="Cooking weights and measures">Cooking weights and measures</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(volume)" title="Cord (volume)" class="mw-redirect">Cord (volume)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">Metrication</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Systems_of_measurement" title="Systems of measurement" class="mw-redirect">Systems of measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_measurement" title="Unit of measurement" class="mw-redirect">Unit of measurement</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">£sd</a> (<i>L.s.d.</i>)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Publishing2010-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publishing2010_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Britannica Educational Publishing (1 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=cuN7rH6RzikC&pg=PA241"><i>The Britannica Guide to Numbers and Measurement</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-218-5">978-1-61530-218-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 10 December 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.aulast=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.btitle=The+Britannica+Guide+to+Numbers+and+Measurement&rft.date=1+August+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcuN7rH6RzikC%26pg%3DPA241&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-218-5&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-google339-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google339_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google339_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google339_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Great Britain (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=WLouAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA339"><i>The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1807-1865)</i></a>. His Majesty's statute and law printers. pp. 339354<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 December 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.aulast=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=The+statutes+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland+%281807-1865%29&rft.date=1824&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWLouAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA339&rft.pages=339-354&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+statute+and+law+printers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Great Britain; <a href="/wiki/William_David_Evans" title="William David Evans">William David Evans</a>; Anthony Hammond; Thomas Colpitts Granger (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sbcuAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA306"><i>A collection of statutes connected with the general administration of the law: arranged according to the order of subjects</i></a>. W. H. Bond. pp. 30627<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 31 December 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Anthony+Hammond&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.aulast=Great+Britain&rft.au=William+David+Evans&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+statutes+connected+with+the+general+administration+of+the+law%3A+arranged+according+to+the+order+of+subjects&rft.date=1836&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbcuAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA306&rft.pages=306-27&rft.pub=W.+H.+Bond&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Cite uses deprecated parameters (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#deprecated_params" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Edinburgh_medical_and_surgical_journal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edinburgh_medical_and_surgical_journal_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=DwUbAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA398"><i>Edinburgh medical and surgical journal</i></a>. A. and C. Black. 1824. p. 398<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+medical+and+surgical+journal&rft.date=1824&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDwUbAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA398&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=A.+and+C.+Black&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-IrelandButler1765-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IrelandButler1765_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Ireland; Butler, James Goddard; Ball, William (barrister.) (1765). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iIdRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA852"><i>The Statutes at Large, Passed in the Parliaments Held in Ireland: From the twenty-third year of George the Second, A.D. 1749, to the first year of George the Third, A.D. 1761 inclusive</i></a>. Boulter Grierson. p. 852<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Ball%2C+William+%28barrister.%29&rft.au=Butler%2C+James+Goddard&rft.au=Ireland&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large%2C+Passed+in+the+Parliaments+Held+in+Ireland%3A+From+the+twenty-third+year+of+George+the+Second%2C+A.D.+1749%2C+to+the+first+year+of+George+the+Third%2C+A.D.+1761+inclusive&rft.date=1765&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiIdRAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA852&rft.pages=852&rft.pub=Boulter+Grierson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Gray1836-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gray1836_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray, Samuel Frederick</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=RyXrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA516-IA1"><i>A supplement to the Pharmacopia and treatise on pharmacology in general: including not only the drugs and preparations used by practitioners of medicine, but also most of those employed in the chemical arts : together with a collection of the most useful medical formulæ ...</i></a>. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longman. p. 516<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Frederick&rft.au=Gray%2C+Samuel+Frederick&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.btitle=A+supplement+to+the+Pharmacop%C5%93ia+and+treatise+on+pharmacology+in+general%3A+including+not+only+the+drugs+and+preparations+used+by+practitioners+of+medicine%2C+but+also+most+of+those+employed+in+the+chemical+arts+%3A+together+with+a+collection+of+the+most+useful+medical+formul%C3%A6+...&rft.date=1836&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRyXrAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA516-IA1&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longman&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/stream/atranslationpha01philgoog#page/n19/mode/2up">A Translation of the Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1836</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-The_Pharmacopoeia_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Pharmacopoeia_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=sTjY2_xKm9UC&pg=PR13"><i>The Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</i></a>. Adam and Charles Black and Bell and Bradfute. 1839. pp. xiiixiv<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=The+Pharmacopoeia+of+the+Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=1839&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTjY2_xKm9UC%26pg%3DPR13&rft.pages=xiii-xiv&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black+and+Bell+and+Bradfute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DublinIreland1850-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DublinIreland1850_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Royal College of Physicians of Dublin; <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Ireland" title="Royal College of Physicians of Ireland">Royal College of Physicians of Ireland</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=V-5NAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR22"><i>The pharmacopia of the King and queen's college of physicians in Ireland</i></a>. Hodges and Smith. p. xxii<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.aulast=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Dublin&rft.au=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Dublin&rft.au=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Ireland&rft.btitle=The+pharmacop%C5%93ia+of+the+King+and+queen%27s+college+of+physicians+in+Ireland&rft.date=1850&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-5NAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR22&rft.pages=xxii&rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Britain1858-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britain1858_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Great Britain (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rkovAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA306"><i>A collection of the public general statutes passed in the ... year of the reign of ...</i></a>. Printed by G. W. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode, Printers to the Queen. p. 306<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 29 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.aulast=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+the+public+general+statutes+passed+in+the+...+year+of+the+reign+of+...&rft.date=1858&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrkovAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Printed+by+G.+W.+Eyre+and+W.+Spottiswoode%2C+Printers+to+the+Queen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sears et al. 1928. <i>Phil Trans A</i>, 227:281.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fath-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fath_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fath_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact figure was 6.08 feet, but 6 feet was in use in practice. The commonly accepted definition of a fathom was always 6 feet. The conflict was inconsequential as Admiralty nautical charts designated depths shallower than 5 fathoms in feet on older imperial charts. Today, all charts worldwide are metric, except for USA Hydrographic Office charts, which use feet for all depth ranges.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical mile</a> was not readily expressible in terms of any of the intermediate units, because it was derived from the circumference of the Earth (like the original metre).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf">"Appendix C: General Tables of Units of Measurements"</a> (PDF). NIST<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 4 January 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Appendix+C%3A+General+Tables+of+Units+of+Measurements&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fts.nist.gov%2FWeightsAndMeasures%2FPublications%2Fupload%2Fh4402_appenc.pdf&rft.pub=NIST&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since July 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sizes.com/units/gallon_imperial.htm">Sizes.com</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1970/1897/introduction/made">The Weights and Measures (Equivalents for dealings with drugs) Regulations 1970</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rpharms.com/museum-pdfs/11-weights-and-measures.pdf">Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, London, Information Sheet: 11</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Zentz2010-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zentz2010_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zentz2010_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Zentz, Lorraine C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PvriGp6ZEhMC&lpg=PA7&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Math Apothecary System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=PvriGp6ZEhMC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Math for Pharmacy Technicians</i></a>. Sudbury, MA: <a href="/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Learning" title="Jones & Bartlett Learning">Jones & Bartlett Learning</a>. pp. 78. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-5961-2">978-0-7637-5961-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/421360709">421360709</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=Math+for+Pharmacy+Technicians&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+C.&rft.aulast=Zentz&rft.au=Zentz%2C+Lorraine+C.&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+Fundamentals+of+Math+%E2%80%94+Apothecary+System&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvriGp6ZEhMC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F421360709&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-5961-2&rft.pages=7-8&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Boyer2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer2009_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyer2009_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Boyer, Mary Jo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false">"UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=FCfCGwqNt4QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation</i></a> (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer_Health" title="Wolters Kluwer Health" class="mw-redirect">Wolters Kluwer Health</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. pp. 1089. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-6335-6">978-0-7817-6335-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/181600928">181600928</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=Math+for+Nurses%3A+A+Pocket+Guide+to+Dosage+Calculation+and+Drug+Preparation&rft.au=Boyer%2C+Mary+Jo&rft.aufirst=Mary+Jo&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.btitle=UNIT+2+Measurement+Systems%3A+The+Apothecary+System&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=7th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFCfCGwqNt4QC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181600928&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-6335-6&rft.pages=108-9&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health+%26%23124%3B+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RoyalCollege1850-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Ireland" title="Royal College of Physicians of Ireland">Royal College of Physicians of Dublin</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015069402942?urlappend=%3Bseq=50">"Weights and Measures"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015069402942"><i>The Pharmacopia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland</i></a>. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. xlvi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/599509441">599509441</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=The+Pharmacop%C5%93ia+of+the+King+and+Queen%27s+College+of+Physicians+in+Ireland&rft.aulast=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Dublin&rft.au=Royal+College+of+Physicians+of+Dublin&rft.btitle=Weights+and+Measures&rft.date=1850&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015069402942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F599509441&rft.pages=xlvi&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NIST-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIST_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd/pubs/upload/AppC-12-hb44-final.pdf">"Appendix C General Tables of Units of Measurement"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf"><i>Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices</i></a>. NIST Handbook. <b>44</b> (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0271-4027">0271-4027</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center" class="mw-redirect">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58927093">58927093</a>. Retrieved 6 July 2012.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Rowlett2001-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowlett2001_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowlett2001_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Rowlett, Russ (13 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictF.html">"F"</a>. <i>How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement</i>. Chapel Hill, NC: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>. fluid dram or fluidram (fl dr)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=F&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft.aulast=Rowlett&rft.au=Rowlett%2C+Russ&rft.date=13+September+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~rowlett%2Funits%2FdictF.html&rft.jtitle=How+Many%3F+A+Dictionary+of+Units+of+Measurement&rft.pages=fluid+dram+or+fluidram+%28fl+dr%29&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Buchholz2009-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buchholz2009_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Buchholz, Susan; Henke, Grace (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZlKqGHGNrtIC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Chapter 3: Metric, Apothecary, and Household Systems of Measurement Table 3-1: Apothecary Abbreviations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZlKqGHGNrtIC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Henke's Med-Math: Dosage Calculation, Preparation and Administration</i></a> (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/Wolters_Kluwer_Health" title="Wolters Kluwer Health" class="mw-redirect">Wolters Kluwer Health</a> | <a href="/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-7628-8">978-0-7817-7628-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/181600929">181600929</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=Henke%27s+Med-Math%3A+Dosage+Calculation%2C+Preparation+and+Administration&rft.au=Buchholz%2C+Susan&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Henke%2C+Grace&rft.aulast=Buchholz&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+Metric%2C+Apothecary%2C+and+Household+Systems+of+Measurement+%E2%80%94+Table+3-1%3A+Apothecary+Abbreviations&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZlKqGHGNrtIC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181600929&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-7628-8&rft.pages=55&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health+%26%23124%3B+Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PickarEtAl2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PickarEtAl2012_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Pickar, Gloria D.; Swart, Beth; Graham, Hope; Swedish, Margaret (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wFEsup6KhuQC&lpg=PA528&pg=PA528#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Appendix B: Apothecary System of Measurement Apothecary Units of Measurement and Equivalents"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wFEsup6KhuQC&printsec=frontcover"><i>Dosage Calculations</i></a> (2nd Canadian ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-17-650259-1">978-0-17-650259-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/693657704">693657704</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 6 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=Dosage+Calculations&rft.aufirst=Gloria+D.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Hope&rft.aulast=Pickar&rft.au=Pickar%2C+Gloria+D.&rft.au=Swart%2C+Beth&rft.au=Swedish%2C+Margaret&rft.btitle=Appendix+B%3A+Apothecary+System+of+Measurement+%E2%80%94+Apothecary+Units+of+Measurement+and+Equivalents&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2nd+Canadian&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwFEsup6KhuQC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F693657704&rft.isbn=978-0-17-650259-1&rft.pages=528&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Nelson+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)">Department of Trade and Industry</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made"><i>The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" title="HMSO" class="mw-redirect">HMSO</a>. Schedule: Relevant Imperial Units, Corresponding Metric Units and Metric Equivalents. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-053334-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-053334-6">978-0-11-053334-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/33237616">33237616</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 July 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Department+of+Trade+and+Industry&rft.aulast=United+Kingdom&rft.au=United+Kingdom&rft.btitle=The+Units+of+Measurement+Regulations+1995&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1995%2F1804%2Fmade&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33237616&rft.isbn=978-0-11-053334-6&rft.pages=Schedule%3A+Relevant+Imperial+Units%2C+Corresponding+Metric+Units+and+Metric+Equivalents&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Mass_versus_weight" title="Mass versus weight">distinction between mass and weight</a> is not always clearly drawn. In certain contexts, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Pound-force" title="Pound-force" class="mw-redirect">pound</a></i> may refer to a unit of force rather than mass.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Britain1878-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britain1878_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Great Britain (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=v39KAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA308"><i>Statutes at large ...</i></a>. p. 308<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 September 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.aulast=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=Statutes+at+large+...&rft.date=1878&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv39KAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA308&rft.pages=308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Chisholm1911-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chisholm1911_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qzkEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA480"><i>The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information</i></a>. At the University Press. p. 480<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 September 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Chisholm%2C+Hugh&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.btitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+Literature+and+General+Information&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqzkEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA480&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=At+the+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Britain1855-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britain1855_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britain1855_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Great Britain (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=L1YMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA273"><i>A collection of public general statutes passed in the 18th and 19th years of the reign of Her Majesty Queen Victoria</i></a>. pp. 27375<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 January 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Great+Britain&rft.aulast=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=A+collection+of+public+general+statutes+passed+in+the+18th+and+19th+years+of+the+reign+of+Her+Majesty+Queen+Victoria&rft.date=1855&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1YMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rft.pages=273-75&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-justice1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-justice1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-justice1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/">Weights and Measures Act</a></i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BBCNews-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBCNews_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Jon Kelly (21 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16245391">"Will British people ever think in metric?"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 March 2012</span>. "...but today the British remain unique in Europe by holding onto imperial weights and measures. ...the persistent British preference for imperial over metric is particularly noteworthy..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.au=Jon+Kelly&rft.aulast=Jon+Kelly&rft.btitle=Will+British+people+ever+think+in+metric%3F&rft.date=21+December+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-16245391&rft.pub=BBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">The Council of the European Communities (27 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1980L0181:20090527:EN:PDF">"Council Directive 80/181/EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71/354/EEC"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 13 September 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.aulast=The+Council+of+the+European+Communities&rft.au=The+Council+of+the+European+Communities&rft.btitle=Council+Directive+80%2F181%2FEEC+of+20+December+1979+on+the+approximation+of+the+laws+of+the+Member+States+relating+to+Unit+of+measurement+and+on+the+repeal+of+Directive+71%2F354%2FEEC&rft.date=27+May+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DCONSLEG%3A1980L0181%3A20090527%3AEN%3APDF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WMbeer-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMbeer_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110720114311/http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES&itemId=1073792198">"BusinessLink: Weights and measures: Rules for pubs, restaurants and cafes"</a> (online). Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesslink.gov.uk/bdotg/action/detail?type=RESOURCES&itemId=1073792198">the original</a> on 2011-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=BusinessLink%3A+Weights+and+measures%3A+Rules+for+pubs%2C+restaurants+and+cafes&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesslink.gov.uk%2Fbdotg%2Faction%2Fdetail%3Ftype%3DRESOURCES%26itemId%3D1073792198&rft.pub=Department+for+Business%2C+Innovation+%26+Skills&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WMroads-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WMroads_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMroads_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WMroads_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwmaonline.com/Transport%20-%20DfT%20memo.htm">"Department for Transport statement on metric road signs"</a> (online). BWMA. 12 July 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 24 August 2009</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Department+for+Transport+statement+on+metric+road+signs&rft.date=12+July+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bwmaonline.com%2FTransport%2520-%2520DfT%2520memo.htm&rft.pub=BWMA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2006/dec/01/comment.britishidentity">"In praise of ... metric measurements"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London). 1 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 5 May 2010</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=In+praise+of+...+metric+measurements&rft.date=1+December+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2006%2Fdec%2F01%2Fcomment.britishidentity&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/W-6/sc:2//en#anchorsc:2">"Weights and Measures Act: Canadian units of measure"</a>. Justice Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 14 November 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Weights+and+Measures+Act%3A+Canadian+units+of+measure&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws.justice.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fshowdoc%2Fcs%2FW-6%2Fsc%3A2%2F%2Fen%23anchorsc%3A2&rft.pub=Justice+Canada&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/fssa/labeti/guide/ch11e.shtml#11.2">"11"</a>. <i>Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising</i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 1 December 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=Guide+to+Food+Labelling+and+Advertising&rft.btitle=11&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inspection.gc.ca%2Fenglish%2Ffssa%2Flabeti%2Fguide%2Fch11e.shtml%2311.2&rft.pub=Canadian+Food+Inspection+Agency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/C.R.C.,_c._417/">"Consumer Packaging and Labelling Regulations (C.R.C., c. 417)"</a>. Justice Canada, Legislative Services Branch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 November 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Consumer+Packaging+and+Labelling+Regulations+%28C.R.C.%2C+c.+417%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flois-laws.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fregulations%2FC.R.C.%2C_c._417%2F&rft.pub=Justice+Canada%2C+Legislative+Services+Branch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Canadiancompromise-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadiancompromise_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/clip.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=10620&IDCat=345&IDCatPa=261">"A Canadian compromise"</a>. CBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 12 March 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=A+Canadian+compromise&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fclip.asp%3Fpage%3D1%26IDLan%3D1%26IDClip%3D10620%26IDCat%3D345%26IDCatPa%3D261&rft.pub=CBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Canadian_compromise-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_compromise_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cbc.ca/clip.asp?page=1&IDLan=1&IDClip=10620&IDCat=345&IDCatPa=261">"A Canadian compromise"</a>. CBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 March 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=A+Canadian+compromise&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cbc.ca%2Fclip.asp%3Fpage%3D1%26IDLan%3D1%26IDClip%3D10620%26IDCat%3D345%26IDCatPa%3D261&rft.pub=CBC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Livre-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Livre_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Livre_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.radio-canada.ca/clip.asp?page=1&IDLan=0&IDClip=9378&IDCat=216&IDCatPa=151">"Les livres et les pieds, toujours présents (eng:The pounds and feet, always present)"</a> (in French). 5 sur 5, Société <a href="/wiki/Radio-Canada" title="Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect">Radio-Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 11 March 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Les+livres+et+les+pieds%2C+toujours+pr%C3%A9sents+%28eng%3AThe+pounds+and+feet%2C+always+present%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.radio-canada.ca%2Fclip.asp%3Fpage%3D1%26IDLan%3D0%26IDClip%3D9378%26IDCat%3D216%26IDCatPa%3D151&rft.pub=5+sur+5%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Radio-Canada&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwmaonline.com/Imperial%20Origins.htm">Britishweights And Measures Association</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalpost.com/related/topics/Crepes+worth+savouring/4329610/story.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalpost.com/related/topics/Scoring+brownie+points/4207369/story.html">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalpost.com/news/Drinking+School/4367113/story.html">[3]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homehardware.ca/en/cat/index.htm/Building-Supplies/Building-Materials/Fence-Products/_/N-nthr4">Home Hardware - Building Supplies - Building Materials - Fence Products</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/tools/fuelratings/ratings-search.cfm?attr=8">Fuel Consumption Ratings | Office of Energy Efficiency</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/1996/r96w0171/r96w0171.asp">Transportation Safety Board | Home</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.langleyflyingschool.com/Pages/Canadian%20Aviation%20Regulations.html#Altimeter%20Rules">http://www.langleyflyingschool.com/Pages/Canadian%20Aviation%20Regulations.html#Altimeter%20Rules</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/internat.htm">Metric usage and metrication in other countries</a>". US Metric Association. Retrieved 2010-09-02. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5sQgbzYk4">Archive: 2 September 2010</a>).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gas7-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gas7_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080324183215/http://agriculture.gov.gd/newsitem.aspx?nid=375">"The Government of Grenada The Ministry of Agriculture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agriculture.gov.gd/newsitem.aspx?nid=375">the original</a> on 24 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 January 2008</span>. "he price of gasoline at the pumps was fixed at EC$7.50 per imperial gallon..."</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+Grenada+%E2%80%93+The+Ministry+of+Agriculture&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagriculture.gov.gd%2Fnewsitem.aspx%3Fnid%3D375&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mof.gov.bz/faqresults.asp?category=SUPPLIES+CONTROL&question=39">"Belize Ministry of Finance::FAQ"</a>. Belize Ministry of Finance<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 January 2008</span>. "#Kerosene per US Gallon (per Imperial gallon)#Gasoline (Regular)(per Imperial Gallon)# Gasoline (Premium) (per Imperial Gallon)#Diesel (per Imperial Gallon)"</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=Belize+Ministry+of+Finance%3A%3AFAQ&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmof.gov.bz%2Ffaqresults.asp%3Fcategory%3DSUPPLIES%2BCONTROL%26question%3D39&rft.pub=Belize+Ministry+of+Finance&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gas5-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gas5_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antigua-barbuda.com/business_politics/budget_speeches/budget_speech_2001.asp">"The High Commission Antigua and Barbuda"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 January 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=The+High+Commission+Antigua+and+Barbuda&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antigua-barbuda.com%2Fbusiness_politics%2Fbudget_speeches%2Fbudget_speech_2001.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>, <span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international-fuel-prices.com/downloads/FuelPrices2005.pdf">"FuelPrices2005"</a> (PDF). German Technical Cooperation. p. 96<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 January 2008</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.btitle=FuelPrices2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international-fuel-prices.com%2Fdownloads%2FFuelPrices2005.pdf&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=German+Technical+Cooperation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sierra Leone Embassy to the United States <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://embassyofsierraleone.net/node/54">INTRODUCTION OF THE METRIC SYSTEM AND THE PRICE OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS</a> Retrieved 23 October 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caribarena.com/antigua/news/economy/98673-minister-lovell-addresses-metric-conversions.html">"Minister Lovell Addresses Metric Conversions"</a>. <i>CARIBARENA Antigua</i>. 18 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 23 October 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.atitle=Minister+Lovell+Addresses+Metric+Conversions&rft.date=18+October+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caribarena.com%2Fantigua%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2F98673-minister-lovell-addresses-metric-conversions.html&rft.jtitle=CARIBARENA+Antigua&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References for the <a href="#British_apothecaries.27_volume_measures">Table of British apothecaries' volume units</a>: <i>Unit</i> column;<sup id="cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalCollege1850-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:C-7</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowlett2001_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowlett2001-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Symbols & abbreviations</i> column;<sup id="cite_ref-Zentz2010_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zentz2010-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyer2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyer2009-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalCollege1850-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:C-5,C-17C-18</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowlett2001_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowlett2001-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buchholz2009_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz2009-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PickarEtAl2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PickarEtAl2012-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Relative to previous</i> column;<sup id="cite_ref-RoyalCollege1850_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoyalCollege1850-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIST_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIST-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:C-7</sup> <i>Exact metric value</i> column fluid ounce, pint and gallon,<sup id="cite_ref-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnitsOfMeasurementRegulations1995-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> all other values calculated using value for fluid ounce and the <i>Relative to previous</i> column's values.</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Appendices B and C of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/230/235/h442003.htm">NIST Handbook 44</a></li>
<li><span class="citation web">Thompson, A.; Taylor, Barry N. (5 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/">"The NIST guide for the use of the international system of units"</a>. also available as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/pdf/sp811.pdf">a PDF file</a>. NIST<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 15 October 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperial+units&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Barry+N.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+A.&rft.btitle=The+NIST+guide+for+the+use+of+the+international+system+of+units&rft.date=5+October+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.nist.gov%2FPubs%2FSP811%2F&rft.pub=NIST&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li>6 George IV chapter 12, 1825 (statute)</li>
</ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_units&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<ul>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/maltapplication/home">Fast, simple, easy to use and intuitive unit converter</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwmaonline.com/">British Weights And Measures Association</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/W-6///en">Canada Weights and Measures Act 1970-71-72</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since November 2012">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ts.nist.gov/WeightsAndMeasures/Publications/upload/h4402_appenc.pdf">General table of units of measure NIST pdf</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/">How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804">Statutory Instrument 1995 No. 1804</a> <i>Units of Measurement Regulations 1995</i></li>
</ul>
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<div style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" title="System of measurement">Systems of measurement</a></div>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Current</th>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">General</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units (SI)</a></li>
<li><strong class="selflink">UK imperial system</strong></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US customary units</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_units_of_measurement" title="Burmese units of measurement">Burmese</a></li>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Specific</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Apothecaries%27_system" title="Apothecaries' system">Apothecaries'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Avoirdupois" title="Avoirdupois">Avoirdupois</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Troy_weight" title="Troy weight">Troy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_system_of_units" title="Astronomical system of units">Astronomical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_electrical_unit" title="Conventional electrical unit">Electrical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/International_Temperature_Scale_of_1990" title="International Temperature Scale of 1990">Temperature</a></li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_units" title="Natural units">Natural</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_units" title="Atomic units">Atomic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Geometrized_unit_system" title="Geometrized unit system">Geometrized</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz%E2%80%93Heaviside_units" title="LorentzHeaviside units">LorentzHeaviside</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Planck_units" title="Planck units">Planck</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Natural_units#Quantum_chromodynamics_.28QCD.29_system_of_units" title="Natural units">Quantum chromodynamical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_units" title="Stoney units">Stoney</a></li>
</ul>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Background</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Metric</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_the_metric_system" title="Introduction to the metric system">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_metric_system" title="Outline of the metric system">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system" title="History of the metric system">History</a></li>
</ul>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<tr>
<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">UK/US</a></th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Imperial and US customary measurement systems">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_the_imperial_and_US_customary_measurement_systems" title="Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems">Comparison</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Historic</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"></div>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Metric</th>
<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px;">
<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/MKS_system_of_units" title="MKS system of units">Metrekilogramsecond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Metre%E2%80%93tonne%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Metretonnesecond system of units">Metretonnesecond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetregramsecond system of units">Centimetregramsecond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_metric_system" title="Gravitational metric system">Gravitational</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></li>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;">Europe</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cornish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Cornish units of measurement">Cornish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_units" title="Welsh units">Welsh</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_units_of_measurement" title="Old Irish units of measurement">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Scottish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Scottish units of measurement">Scottish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_units_of_measurement" title="Danish units of measurement">Danish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_units_of_measurement" title="Dutch units of measurement">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/English_units" title="English units">English</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="Finnish obsolete units of measurement">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_measurement_in_France" title="Units of measurement in France">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_obsolete_units_of_measurement" title="German obsolete units of measurement">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_units_of_measurement" title="Maltese units of measurement">Maltese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_units_of_measurement" title="Norwegian units of measurement">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_units_of_measurement" title="Ottoman units of measurement">Ottoman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Polish_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Polish units of measurement">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_customary_units" title="Portuguese customary units">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_units_of_measurement" title="Romanian units of measurement">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Russian_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Russian units of measurement">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_customary_units" title="Spanish customary units">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_units_of_measurement" title="Swedish units of measurement">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_measure" title="Winchester measure">Winchester measure</a></li>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement" title="Chinese units of measurement">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_units_of_measurement" title="Hong Kong units of measurement">Hong Kong</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India#Late_Middle_Ages.E2.80.94Republic_of_India_.281200_CE.E2.80.931947_CE_onwards.29" title="History of measurement systems in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_weights_and_measures" title="Indian weights and measures">India still current</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abucco" title="Abucco">Pegu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_Tatar_units_of_measurement" title="Obsolete Tatar units of measurement">Tatar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_units_of_measurement" title="Vietnamese units of measurement">Vietnamese</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</td>
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</table>
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<td colspan="2"></td>
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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Ancient</th>
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<div style="padding:0em 0.25em;">
<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Arabic_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Arabic units of measurement">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_and_Talmudic_units_of_measurement" title="Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement">Biblical and Talmudic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Egyptian units of measurement">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Greek units of measurement">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement_systems_in_India" title="History of measurement systems in India">Indian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Mesopotamian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_units_of_measurement" title="Persian units of measurement">Persian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">Roman</a></li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_humorous_units_of_measurement" title="List of humorous units of measurement">Humorous</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/N-body_units" title="N-body units">N-body</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor">Modulor</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unusual_units_of_measurement" title="List of unusual units of measurement">Unusual</a></li>
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