README.md

This problem on codechef motivated me to implement tonelli-shanks.

Given non-zero integar n and prime number p, It finds R such that,

(R)^2 congruence n (mod p)

Algorithm

Algorithm in nutshell:

Input: n, p Goal: R, where (R)^2 ≡ n (mod p); If solution exists else -1

1. Check if solution exists using Euler's criterion. Return -1 if not.

2. Find Q and S such that p - 1 = Q * (2)^S

divide p - 1 by 2 until it's modulo 2 is not equal to 0. Keep count number of division, store it as S, remaining value (of p-1) is Q.

3. Find smallest z which is quadratic non-residue.

continue i = 2 to (p-1) until euler's criterion (i, p) is 1. Store z = i at end.

4. Define some variables

m = S
c = (z)^Q
t = (n)^Q
R = (n)^((Q+1)/2)

Note: Make sure all operations don't go beyond p. For example, (3)^3 and p = 10 => ans = [[[[(1 * 3)%10]*3]%10]*3]%10

5. Infinite loop,

• if t = 0, return 0
• if t = 1, return R
• For i = (1 to m - 1), such (t)^((2)^i) % p = 1

Note: Operations must not go beyond p.

• b = (c)^((2)^(M - i - 1))
• M = i
• c = (b)^2 % p
• t = t * (b)^2 % p
• R = (R * b) % p