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compaction_iter.go
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compaction_iter.go
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// Copyright 2018 The LevelDB-Go and Pebble Authors. All rights reserved. Use
// of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be found in
// the LICENSE file.
package pebble
import (
"encoding/binary"
"io"
"sort"
"strconv"
"github.com/cockroachdb/errors"
"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/base"
"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/bytealloc"
"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/compact"
"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/keyspan"
"github.com/cockroachdb/pebble/internal/rangekey"
"github.com/cockroachdb/redact"
)
// compactionIter provides a forward-only iterator that encapsulates the logic
// for collapsing entries during compaction. It wraps an internal iterator and
// collapses entries that are no longer necessary because they are shadowed by
// newer entries. The simplest example of this is when the internal iterator
// contains two keys: a.PUT.2 and a.PUT.1. Instead of returning both entries,
// compactionIter collapses the second entry because it is no longer
// necessary. The high-level structure for compactionIter is to iterate over
// its internal iterator and output 1 entry for every user-key. There are four
// complications to this story.
//
// 1. Eliding Deletion Tombstones
//
// Consider the entries a.DEL.2 and a.PUT.1. These entries collapse to
// a.DEL.2. Do we have to output the entry a.DEL.2? Only if a.DEL.2 possibly
// shadows an entry at a lower level. If we're compacting to the base-level in
// the LSM tree then a.DEL.2 is definitely not shadowing an entry at a lower
// level and can be elided.
//
// We can do slightly better than only eliding deletion tombstones at the base
// level by observing that we can elide a deletion tombstone if there are no
// sstables that contain the entry's key. This check is performed by
// elideTombstone.
//
// 2. Merges
//
// The MERGE operation merges the value for an entry with the existing value
// for an entry. The logical value of an entry can be composed of a series of
// merge operations. When compactionIter sees a MERGE, it scans forward in its
// internal iterator collapsing MERGE operations for the same key until it
// encounters a SET or DELETE operation. For example, the keys a.MERGE.4,
// a.MERGE.3, a.MERGE.2 will be collapsed to a.MERGE.4 and the values will be
// merged using the specified Merger.
//
// An interesting case here occurs when MERGE is combined with SET. Consider
// the entries a.MERGE.3 and a.SET.2. The collapsed key will be a.SET.3. The
// reason that the kind is changed to SET is because the SET operation acts as
// a barrier preventing further merging. This can be seen better in the
// scenario a.MERGE.3, a.SET.2, a.MERGE.1. The entry a.MERGE.1 may be at lower
// (older) level and not involved in the compaction. If the compaction of
// a.MERGE.3 and a.SET.2 produced a.MERGE.3, a subsequent compaction with
// a.MERGE.1 would merge the values together incorrectly.
//
// 3. Snapshots
//
// Snapshots are lightweight point-in-time views of the DB state. At its core,
// a snapshot is a sequence number along with a guarantee from Pebble that it
// will maintain the view of the database at that sequence number. Part of this
// guarantee is relatively straightforward to achieve. When reading from the
// database Pebble will ignore sequence numbers that are larger than the
// snapshot sequence number. The primary complexity with snapshots occurs
// during compaction: the collapsing of entries that are shadowed by newer
// entries is at odds with the guarantee that Pebble will maintain the view of
// the database at the snapshot sequence number. Rather than collapsing entries
// up to the next user key, compactionIter can only collapse entries up to the
// next snapshot boundary. That is, every snapshot boundary potentially causes
// another entry for the same user-key to be emitted. Another way to view this
// is that snapshots define stripes and entries are collapsed within stripes,
// but not across stripes. Consider the following scenario:
//
// a.PUT.9
// a.DEL.8
// a.PUT.7
// a.DEL.6
// a.PUT.5
//
// In the absence of snapshots these entries would be collapsed to
// a.PUT.9. What if there is a snapshot at sequence number 7? The entries can
// be divided into two stripes and collapsed within the stripes:
//
// a.PUT.9 a.PUT.9
// a.DEL.8 --->
// a.PUT.7
// -- --
// a.DEL.6 ---> a.DEL.6
// a.PUT.5
//
// All of the rules described earlier still apply, but they are confined to
// operate within a snapshot stripe. Snapshots only affect compaction when the
// snapshot sequence number lies within the range of sequence numbers being
// compacted. In the above example, a snapshot at sequence number 10 or at
// sequence number 5 would not have any effect.
//
// 4. Range Deletions
//
// Range deletions provide the ability to delete all of the keys (and values)
// in a contiguous range. Range deletions are stored indexed by their start
// key. The end key of the range is stored in the value. In order to support
// lookup of the range deletions which overlap with a particular key, the range
// deletion tombstones need to be fragmented whenever they overlap. This
// fragmentation is performed by keyspan.Fragmenter. The fragments are then
// subject to the rules for snapshots. For example, consider the two range
// tombstones [a,e)#1 and [c,g)#2:
//
// 2: c-------g
// 1: a-------e
//
// These tombstones will be fragmented into:
//
// 2: c---e---g
// 1: a---c---e
//
// Do we output the fragment [c,e)#1? Since it is covered by [c-e]#2 the answer
// depends on whether it is in a new snapshot stripe.
//
// In addition to the fragmentation of range tombstones, compaction also needs
// to take the range tombstones into consideration when outputting normal
// keys. Just as with point deletions, a range deletion covering an entry can
// cause the entry to be elided.
//
// A note on the stability of keys and values.
//
// The stability guarantees of keys and values returned by the iterator tree
// that backs a compactionIter is nuanced and care must be taken when
// referencing any returned items.
//
// Keys and values returned by exported functions (i.e. First, Next, etc.) have
// lifetimes that fall into two categories:
//
// Lifetime valid for duration of compaction. Range deletion keys and values are
// stable for the duration of the compaction, due to way in which a
// compactionIter is typically constructed (i.e. via (*compaction).newInputIter,
// which wraps the iterator over the range deletion block in a noCloseIter,
// preventing the release of the backing memory until the compaction is
// finished).
//
// Lifetime limited to duration of sstable block liveness. Point keys (SET, DEL,
// etc.) and values must be cloned / copied following the return from the
// exported function, and before a subsequent call to Next advances the iterator
// and mutates the contents of the returned key and value.
type compactionIter struct {
equal Equal
merge Merge
iter internalIterator
err error
// `key.UserKey` is set to `keyBuf` caused by saving `i.iterKV.UserKey`
// and `key.Trailer` is set to `i.iterKV.Trailer`. This is the
// case on return from all public methods -- these methods return `key`.
// Additionally, it is the internal state when the code is moving to the
// next key so it can determine whether the user key has changed from
// the previous key.
key InternalKey
// keyTrailer is updated when `i.key` is updated and holds the key's
// original trailer (eg, before any sequence-number zeroing or changes to
// key kind).
keyTrailer uint64
value []byte
valueCloser io.Closer
// Temporary buffer used for storing the previous user key in order to
// determine when iteration has advanced to a new user key and thus a new
// snapshot stripe.
keyBuf []byte
// Temporary buffer used for storing the previous value, which may be an
// unsafe, i.iter-owned slice that could be altered when the iterator is
// advanced.
valueBuf []byte
// Is the current entry valid?
valid bool
iterKV *base.InternalKV
iterValue []byte
iterStripeChange stripeChangeType
// `skip` indicates whether the remaining entries in the current snapshot
// stripe should be skipped or processed. `skip` has no effect when `pos ==
// iterPosNext`.
skip bool
// `pos` indicates the iterator position at the top of `Next()`. Its type's
// (`iterPos`) values take on the following meanings in the context of
// `compactionIter`.
//
// - `iterPosCur`: the iterator is at the last key returned.
// - `iterPosNext`: the iterator has already been advanced to the next
// candidate key. For example, this happens when processing merge operands,
// where we advance the iterator all the way into the next stripe or next
// user key to ensure we've seen all mergeable operands.
// - `iterPosPrev`: this is invalid as compactionIter is forward-only.
pos iterPos
// `snapshotPinned` indicates whether the last point key returned by the
// compaction iterator was only returned because an open snapshot prevents
// its elision. This field only applies to point keys, and not to range
// deletions or range keys.
snapshotPinned bool
// forceObsoleteDueToRangeDel is set to true in a subset of the cases that
// snapshotPinned is true. This value is true when the point is obsolete due
// to a RANGEDEL but could not be deleted due to a snapshot.
//
// NB: it may seem that the additional cases that snapshotPinned captures
// are harmless in that they can also be used to mark a point as obsolete
// (it is merely a duplication of some logic that happens in
// Writer.AddWithForceObsolete), but that is not quite accurate as of this
// writing -- snapshotPinned originated in stats collection and for a
// sequence MERGE, SET, where the MERGE cannot merge with the (older) SET
// due to a snapshot, the snapshotPinned value for the SET is true.
//
// TODO(sumeer,jackson): improve the logic of snapshotPinned and reconsider
// whether we need forceObsoleteDueToRangeDel.
forceObsoleteDueToRangeDel bool
// The index of the snapshot for the current key within the snapshots slice.
curSnapshotIdx int
curSnapshotSeqNum uint64
// The snapshot sequence numbers that need to be maintained. These sequence
// numbers define the snapshot stripes (see the Snapshots description
// above). The sequence numbers are in ascending order.
snapshots []uint64
// frontiers holds a heap of user keys that affect compaction behavior when
// they're exceeded. Before a new key is returned, the compaction iterator
// advances the frontier, notifying any code that subscribed to be notified
// when a key was reached. The primary use today is within the
// implementation of compactionOutputSplitters in compaction.go. Many of
// these splitters wait for the compaction iterator to call Advance(k) when
// it's returning a new key. If the key that they're waiting for is
// surpassed, these splitters update internal state recording that they
// should request a compaction split next time they're asked in
// [shouldSplitBefore].
frontiers compact.Frontiers
// Reference to the range deletion tombstone fragmenter (e.g.,
// `compaction.rangeDelFrag`).
// TODO(jackson): We can eliminate range{Del,Key}Frag now that fragmentation
// is performed upfront by keyspanimpl.MergingIters.
rangeDelFrag *keyspan.Fragmenter
rangeKeyFrag *keyspan.Fragmenter
// The fragmented tombstones.
tombstones []keyspan.Span
// The fragmented range keys.
rangeKeys []keyspan.Span
// Byte allocator for the tombstone keys.
alloc bytealloc.A
allowZeroSeqNum bool
elideTombstone func(key []byte) bool
elideRangeTombstone func(start, end []byte) bool
ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback func(userKey []byte)
singleDeleteInvariantViolationCallback func(userKey []byte)
// The on-disk format major version. This informs the types of keys that
// may be written to disk during a compaction.
formatVersion FormatMajorVersion
stats struct {
// count of DELSIZED keys that were missized.
countMissizedDels uint64
}
}
func newCompactionIter(
cmp Compare,
equal Equal,
formatKey base.FormatKey,
merge Merge,
iter internalIterator,
snapshots []uint64,
rangeDelFrag *keyspan.Fragmenter,
rangeKeyFrag *keyspan.Fragmenter,
allowZeroSeqNum bool,
elideTombstone func(key []byte) bool,
elideRangeTombstone func(start, end []byte) bool,
ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback func(userKey []byte),
singleDeleteInvariantViolationCallback func(userKey []byte),
formatVersion FormatMajorVersion,
) *compactionIter {
i := &compactionIter{
equal: equal,
merge: merge,
iter: iter,
snapshots: snapshots,
rangeDelFrag: rangeDelFrag,
rangeKeyFrag: rangeKeyFrag,
allowZeroSeqNum: allowZeroSeqNum,
elideTombstone: elideTombstone,
elideRangeTombstone: elideRangeTombstone,
ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback: ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback,
singleDeleteInvariantViolationCallback: singleDeleteInvariantViolationCallback,
formatVersion: formatVersion,
}
i.frontiers.Init(cmp)
i.rangeDelFrag.Cmp = cmp
i.rangeDelFrag.Format = formatKey
i.rangeDelFrag.Emit = i.emitRangeDelChunk
i.rangeKeyFrag.Cmp = cmp
i.rangeKeyFrag.Format = formatKey
i.rangeKeyFrag.Emit = i.emitRangeKeyChunk
return i
}
func (i *compactionIter) First() (*InternalKey, []byte) {
if i.err != nil {
return nil, nil
}
i.iterKV = i.iter.First()
if i.iterKV != nil {
i.iterValue, _, i.err = i.iterKV.Value(nil)
if i.err != nil {
return nil, nil
}
i.curSnapshotIdx, i.curSnapshotSeqNum = snapshotIndex(i.iterKV.SeqNum(), i.snapshots)
}
i.pos = iterPosNext
i.iterStripeChange = newStripeNewKey
return i.Next()
}
func (i *compactionIter) Next() (*InternalKey, []byte) {
if i.err != nil {
return nil, nil
}
// Close the closer for the current value if one was open.
if i.closeValueCloser() != nil {
return nil, nil
}
// Prior to this call to `Next()` we are in one of three situations with
// respect to `iterKey` and related state:
//
// - `!skip && pos == iterPosNext`: `iterKey` is already at the next key.
// - `!skip && pos == iterPosCurForward`: We are at the key that has been returned.
// To move forward we advance by one key, even if that lands us in the same
// snapshot stripe.
// - `skip && pos == iterPosCurForward`: We are at the key that has been returned.
// To move forward we skip skippable entries in the stripe.
if i.pos == iterPosCurForward {
if i.skip {
i.skipInStripe()
} else {
i.nextInStripe()
}
} else if i.skip {
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("compaction iterator has skip=true, but iterator is at iterPosNext"))
}
i.pos = iterPosCurForward
i.valid = false
for i.iterKV != nil {
// If we entered a new snapshot stripe with the same key, any key we
// return on this iteration is only returned because the open snapshot
// prevented it from being elided or merged with the key returned for
// the previous stripe. Mark it as pinned so that the compaction loop
// can correctly populate output tables' pinned statistics. We might
// also set snapshotPinned=true down below if we observe that the key is
// deleted by a range deletion in a higher stripe or that this key is a
// tombstone that could be elided if only it were in the last snapshot
// stripe.
i.snapshotPinned = i.iterStripeChange == newStripeSameKey
if i.iterKV.Kind() == InternalKeyKindRangeDelete || rangekey.IsRangeKey(i.iterKV.Kind()) {
// Return the span so the compaction can use it for file truncation and add
// it to the relevant fragmenter. In the case of range deletions, we do not
// set `skip` to true before returning as there may be any number of point
// keys with the same user key and sequence numbers ≥ the range deletion's
// sequence number. Such point keys must be visible (i.e., not skipped
// over) since we promise point keys are not deleted by range tombstones at
// the same sequence number (or higher).
//
// Note that `skip` must already be false here, because range keys and range
// deletions are interleaved at the maximal sequence numbers and neither will
// set `skip`=true.
if i.skip {
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("pebble: compaction iterator: skip unexpectedly true"))
}
// NOTE: there is a subtle invariant violation here in that calling
// saveKey and returning a reference to the temporary slice violates
// the stability guarantee for range deletion keys. A potential
// mediation could return the original iterKey and iterValue
// directly, as the backing memory is guaranteed to be stable until
// the compaction completes. The violation here is only minor in
// that the caller immediately clones the range deletion InternalKey
// when passing the key to the deletion fragmenter (see the
// call-site in compaction.go).
// TODO(travers): address this violation by removing the call to
// saveKey and instead return the original iterKey and iterValue.
// This goes against the comment on i.key in the struct, and
// therefore warrants some investigation.
i.saveKey()
// TODO(jackson): Handle tracking pinned statistics for range keys
// and range deletions. This would require updating
// emitRangeDelChunk and rangeKeyCompactionTransform to update
// statistics when they apply their own snapshot striping logic.
i.snapshotPinned = false
i.value = i.iterValue
i.valid = true
return &i.key, i.value
}
// TODO(sumeer): we could avoid calling Covers if i.iterStripeChange ==
// sameStripeSameKey since that check has already been done in
// nextInStripeHelper. However, we also need to handle the case of
// CoversInvisibly below.
if cover := i.rangeDelFrag.Covers(i.iterKV.K, i.curSnapshotSeqNum); cover == keyspan.CoversVisibly {
// A pending range deletion deletes this key. Skip it.
i.saveKey()
i.skipInStripe()
continue
} else if cover == keyspan.CoversInvisibly {
// i.iterKV would be deleted by a range deletion if there weren't
// any open snapshots. Mark it as pinned.
//
// NB: there are multiple places in this file where we call
// i.rangeDelFrag.Covers and this is the only one where we are writing
// to i.snapshotPinned. Those other cases occur in mergeNext where the
// caller is deciding whether the value should be merged or not, and the
// key is in the same snapshot stripe. Hence, snapshotPinned is by
// definition false in those cases.
i.snapshotPinned = true
i.forceObsoleteDueToRangeDel = true
} else {
i.forceObsoleteDueToRangeDel = false
}
switch i.iterKV.Kind() {
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindSingleDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
if i.elideTombstone(i.iterKV.K.UserKey) {
if i.curSnapshotIdx == 0 {
// If we're at the last snapshot stripe and the tombstone
// can be elided skip skippable keys in the same stripe.
i.saveKey()
if i.key.Kind() == InternalKeyKindSingleDelete {
i.skipDueToSingleDeleteElision()
} else {
i.skipInStripe()
if !i.skip && i.iterStripeChange != newStripeNewKey {
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("pebble: skipInStripe in last stripe disabled skip without advancing to new key"))
}
}
if i.iterStripeChange == newStripeSameKey {
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("pebble: skipInStripe in last stripe found a new stripe within the same key"))
}
continue
} else {
// We're not at the last snapshot stripe, so the tombstone
// can NOT yet be elided. Mark it as pinned, so that it's
// included in table statistics appropriately.
i.snapshotPinned = true
}
}
switch i.iterKV.Kind() {
case InternalKeyKindDelete:
i.saveKey()
i.value = i.iterValue
i.valid = true
i.skip = true
return &i.key, i.value
case InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
// We may skip subsequent keys because of this tombstone. Scan
// ahead to see just how much data this tombstone drops and if
// the tombstone's value should be updated accordingly.
return i.deleteSizedNext()
case InternalKeyKindSingleDelete:
if i.singleDeleteNext() {
return &i.key, i.value
} else if i.err != nil {
return nil, nil
}
continue
default:
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf(
"unexpected kind %s", redact.SafeString(i.iterKV.Kind().String())))
}
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete:
// The key we emit for this entry is a function of the current key
// kind, and whether this entry is followed by a DEL/SINGLEDEL
// entry. setNext() does the work to move the iterator forward,
// preserving the original value, and potentially mutating the key
// kind.
i.setNext()
if i.err != nil {
return nil, nil
}
return &i.key, i.value
case InternalKeyKindMerge:
// Record the snapshot index before mergeNext as merging
// advances the iterator, adjusting curSnapshotIdx.
origSnapshotIdx := i.curSnapshotIdx
var valueMerger ValueMerger
valueMerger, i.err = i.merge(i.iterKV.K.UserKey, i.iterValue)
if i.err == nil {
i.mergeNext(valueMerger)
}
var needDelete bool
if i.err == nil {
// includesBase is true whenever we've transformed the MERGE record
// into a SET.
var includesBase bool
switch i.key.Kind() {
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete:
includesBase = true
case InternalKeyKindMerge:
default:
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf(
"unexpected kind %s", redact.SafeString(i.key.Kind().String())))
}
i.value, needDelete, i.valueCloser, i.err = finishValueMerger(valueMerger, includesBase)
}
if i.err == nil {
if needDelete {
i.valid = false
if i.closeValueCloser() != nil {
return nil, nil
}
continue
}
i.maybeZeroSeqnum(origSnapshotIdx)
return &i.key, i.value
}
if i.err != nil {
i.valid = false
// TODO(sumeer): why is MarkCorruptionError only being called for
// MERGE?
i.err = base.MarkCorruptionError(i.err)
}
return nil, nil
default:
i.err = base.CorruptionErrorf("invalid internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(i.iterKV.Kind()))
i.valid = false
return nil, nil
}
}
return nil, nil
}
func (i *compactionIter) closeValueCloser() error {
if i.valueCloser == nil {
return nil
}
i.err = i.valueCloser.Close()
i.valueCloser = nil
if i.err != nil {
i.valid = false
}
return i.err
}
// snapshotIndex returns the index of the first sequence number in snapshots
// which is greater than or equal to seq.
func snapshotIndex(seq uint64, snapshots []uint64) (int, uint64) {
index := sort.Search(len(snapshots), func(i int) bool {
return snapshots[i] > seq
})
if index >= len(snapshots) {
return index, InternalKeySeqNumMax
}
return index, snapshots[index]
}
// skipInStripe skips over skippable keys in the same stripe and user key. It
// may set i.err, in which case i.iterKV will be nil.
func (i *compactionIter) skipInStripe() {
i.skip = true
// TODO(sumeer): we can avoid the overhead of calling i.rangeDelFrag.Covers,
// in this case of nextInStripe, since we are skipping all of them anyway.
for i.nextInStripe() == sameStripe {
if i.err != nil {
panic(i.err)
}
}
// We landed outside the original stripe, so reset skip.
i.skip = false
}
func (i *compactionIter) iterNext() bool {
i.iterKV = i.iter.Next()
if i.iterKV != nil {
i.iterValue, _, i.err = i.iterKV.Value(nil)
if i.err != nil {
i.iterKV = nil
}
}
return i.iterKV != nil
}
// stripeChangeType indicates how the snapshot stripe changed relative to the
// previous key. If the snapshot stripe changed, it also indicates whether the
// new stripe was entered because the iterator progressed onto an entirely new
// key or entered a new stripe within the same key.
type stripeChangeType int
const (
newStripeNewKey stripeChangeType = iota
newStripeSameKey
sameStripe
)
// nextInStripe advances the iterator and returns one of the above const ints
// indicating how its state changed.
//
// All sameStripe keys that are covered by a RANGEDEL will be skipped and not
// returned.
//
// Calls to nextInStripe must be preceded by a call to saveKey to retain a
// temporary reference to the original key, so that forward iteration can
// proceed with a reference to the original key. Care should be taken to avoid
// overwriting or mutating the saved key or value before they have been returned
// to the caller of the exported function (i.e. the caller of Next, First, etc.)
//
// nextInStripe may set i.err, in which case the return value will be
// newStripeNewKey, and i.iterKV will be nil.
func (i *compactionIter) nextInStripe() stripeChangeType {
i.iterStripeChange = i.nextInStripeHelper()
return i.iterStripeChange
}
// nextInStripeHelper is an internal helper for nextInStripe; callers should use
// nextInStripe and not call nextInStripeHelper.
func (i *compactionIter) nextInStripeHelper() stripeChangeType {
origSnapshotIdx := i.curSnapshotIdx
for {
if !i.iterNext() {
return newStripeNewKey
}
kv := i.iterKV
// Is this a new key? There are two cases:
//
// 1. The new key has a different user key.
// 2. The previous key was an interleaved range deletion or range key
// boundary. These keys are interleaved in the same input iterator
// stream as point keys, but they do not obey the ordinary sequence
// number ordering within a user key. If the previous key was one
// of these keys, we consider the new key a `newStripeNewKey` to
// reflect that it's the beginning of a new stream of point keys.
if i.key.IsExclusiveSentinel() || !i.equal(i.key.UserKey, kv.K.UserKey) {
i.curSnapshotIdx, i.curSnapshotSeqNum = snapshotIndex(kv.SeqNum(), i.snapshots)
return newStripeNewKey
}
// If i.key and key have the same user key, then
// 1. i.key must not have had a zero sequence number (or it would've be the last
// key with its user key).
// 2. i.key must have a strictly larger sequence number
// There's an exception in that either key may be a range delete. Range
// deletes may share a sequence number with a point key if the keys were
// ingested together. Range keys may also share the sequence number if they
// were ingested, but range keys are interleaved into the compaction
// iterator's input iterator at the maximal sequence number so their
// original sequence number will not be observed here.
if prevSeqNum := base.SeqNumFromTrailer(i.keyTrailer); (prevSeqNum == 0 || prevSeqNum <= kv.SeqNum()) &&
i.key.Kind() != InternalKeyKindRangeDelete && kv.Kind() != InternalKeyKindRangeDelete {
prevKey := i.key
prevKey.Trailer = i.keyTrailer
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("pebble: invariant violation: %s and %s out of order", prevKey, kv.K))
}
i.curSnapshotIdx, i.curSnapshotSeqNum = snapshotIndex(kv.SeqNum(), i.snapshots)
switch kv.Kind() {
case InternalKeyKindRangeKeySet, InternalKeyKindRangeKeyUnset, InternalKeyKindRangeKeyDelete,
InternalKeyKindRangeDelete:
// Range tombstones and range keys are interleaved at the max
// sequence number for a given user key, and the first key after one
// is always considered a newStripeNewKey, so we should never reach
// this.
panic("unreachable")
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindMerge, InternalKeyKindSingleDelete,
InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
// Fall through
default:
kind := i.iterKV.Kind()
i.iterKV = nil
i.err = base.CorruptionErrorf("invalid internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(kind))
i.valid = false
return newStripeNewKey
}
if i.curSnapshotIdx == origSnapshotIdx {
// Same snapshot.
if i.rangeDelFrag.Covers(i.iterKV.K, i.curSnapshotSeqNum) == keyspan.CoversVisibly {
continue
}
return sameStripe
}
return newStripeSameKey
}
}
func (i *compactionIter) setNext() {
// Save the current key.
i.saveKey()
i.value = i.iterValue
i.valid = true
i.maybeZeroSeqnum(i.curSnapshotIdx)
// If this key is already a SETWITHDEL we can early return and skip the remaining
// records in the stripe:
if i.iterKV.Kind() == InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete {
i.skip = true
return
}
// We are iterating forward. Save the current value.
i.valueBuf = append(i.valueBuf[:0], i.iterValue...)
i.value = i.valueBuf
// Else, we continue to loop through entries in the stripe looking for a
// DEL. Note that we may stop *before* encountering a DEL, if one exists.
//
// NB: nextInStripe will skip sameStripe keys that are visibly covered by a
// RANGEDEL. This can include DELs -- this is fine since such DELs don't
// need to be combined with SET to make SETWITHDEL.
for {
switch i.nextInStripe() {
case newStripeNewKey, newStripeSameKey:
i.pos = iterPosNext
return
case sameStripe:
// We're still in the same stripe. If this is a
// DEL/SINGLEDEL/DELSIZED, we stop looking and emit a SETWITHDEL.
// Subsequent keys are eligible for skipping.
switch i.iterKV.Kind() {
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindSingleDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
i.key.SetKind(InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete)
i.skip = true
return
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindMerge, InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete:
// Do nothing
default:
i.err = base.CorruptionErrorf("invalid internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(i.iterKV.Kind()))
i.valid = false
}
default:
panic("pebble: unexpected stripeChangeType: " + strconv.Itoa(int(i.iterStripeChange)))
}
}
}
func (i *compactionIter) mergeNext(valueMerger ValueMerger) {
// Save the current key.
i.saveKey()
i.valid = true
// Loop looking for older values in the current snapshot stripe and merge
// them.
for {
if i.nextInStripe() != sameStripe {
i.pos = iterPosNext
return
}
if i.err != nil {
panic(i.err)
}
// NB: MERGE#10+RANGEDEL#9 stays a MERGE, since nextInStripe skips
// sameStripe keys that are visibly covered by a RANGEDEL. There may be
// MERGE#7 that is invisibly covered and will be preserved, but there is
// no risk that MERGE#10 and MERGE#7 will get merged in the future as
// the RANGEDEL still exists and will be used in user-facing reads that
// see MERGE#10, and will also eventually cause MERGE#7 to be deleted in
// a compaction.
key := i.iterKV
switch key.Kind() {
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindSingleDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
// We've hit a deletion tombstone. Return everything up to this point and
// then skip entries until the next snapshot stripe. We change the kind
// of the result key to a Set so that it shadows keys in lower
// levels. That is, MERGE+DEL -> SETWITHDEL.
//
// We do the same for SingleDelete since SingleDelete is only
// permitted (with deterministic behavior) for keys that have been
// set once since the last SingleDelete/Delete, so everything
// older is acceptable to shadow. Note that this is slightly
// different from singleDeleteNext() which implements stricter
// semantics in terms of applying the SingleDelete to the single
// next Set. But those stricter semantics are not observable to
// the end-user since Iterator interprets SingleDelete as Delete.
// We could do something more complicated here and consume only a
// single Set, and then merge in any following Sets, but that is
// complicated wrt code and unnecessary given the narrow permitted
// use of SingleDelete.
i.key.SetKind(InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete)
i.skip = true
return
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete:
// We've hit a Set or SetWithDel value. Merge with the existing
// value and return. We change the kind of the resulting key to a
// Set so that it shadows keys in lower levels. That is:
// MERGE + (SET*) -> SET.
i.err = valueMerger.MergeOlder(i.iterValue)
if i.err != nil {
i.valid = false
return
}
i.key.SetKind(InternalKeyKindSet)
i.skip = true
return
case InternalKeyKindMerge:
// We've hit another Merge value. Merge with the existing value and
// continue looping.
i.err = valueMerger.MergeOlder(i.iterValue)
if i.err != nil {
i.valid = false
return
}
default:
i.err = base.CorruptionErrorf("invalid internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(i.iterKV.Kind()))
i.valid = false
return
}
}
}
// singleDeleteNext processes a SingleDelete point tombstone. A SingleDelete, or
// SINGLEDEL, is unique in that it deletes exactly 1 internal key. It's a
// performance optimization when the client knows a user key has not been
// overwritten, allowing the elision of the tombstone earlier, avoiding write
// amplification.
//
// singleDeleteNext returns a boolean indicating whether or not the caller
// should yield the SingleDelete key to the consumer of the compactionIter. If
// singleDeleteNext returns false, the caller may consume/elide the
// SingleDelete.
func (i *compactionIter) singleDeleteNext() bool {
// Save the current key.
i.saveKey()
i.value = i.iterValue
i.valid = true
// Loop until finds a key to be passed to the next level.
for {
// If we find a key that can't be skipped, return true so that the
// caller yields the SingleDelete to the caller.
if i.nextInStripe() != sameStripe {
// This defers additional error checking regarding single delete
// invariants to the compaction where the keys with the same user key as
// the single delete are in the same stripe.
i.pos = iterPosNext
return i.err == nil
}
if i.err != nil {
panic(i.err)
}
// INVARIANT: sameStripe.
key := i.iterKV
kind := key.Kind()
switch kind {
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
if (kind == InternalKeyKindDelete || kind == InternalKeyKindDeleteSized) &&
i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback != nil {
i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback(i.key.UserKey)
}
// We've hit a Delete, DeleteSized, SetWithDelete, transform
// the SingleDelete into a full Delete.
i.key.SetKind(InternalKeyKindDelete)
i.skip = true
return true
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindMerge:
// This SingleDelete deletes the Set/Merge, and we can now elide the
// SingleDel as well. We advance past the Set and return false to
// indicate to the main compaction loop that we should NOT yield the
// current SingleDel key to the compaction loop.
//
// NB: singleDeleteNext was called with i.pos == iterPosCurForward, and
// after the call to nextInStripe, we are still at iterPosCurForward,
// since we are at the key after the Set/Merge that was single deleted.
change := i.nextInStripe()
switch change {
case sameStripe, newStripeSameKey:
// On the same user key.
nextKind := i.iterKV.Kind()
switch nextKind {
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete, InternalKeyKindMerge:
if i.singleDeleteInvariantViolationCallback != nil {
// sameStripe keys returned by nextInStripe() are already
// known to not be covered by a RANGEDEL, so it is an invariant
// violation. The rare case is newStripeSameKey, where it is a
// violation if not covered by a RANGEDEL.
if change == sameStripe ||
i.rangeDelFrag.Covers(i.iterKV.K, i.curSnapshotSeqNum) == keyspan.NoCover {
i.singleDeleteInvariantViolationCallback(i.key.UserKey)
}
}
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized, InternalKeyKindSingleDelete:
default:
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf(
"unexpected internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(i.iterKV.Kind())))
}
case newStripeNewKey:
default:
panic("unreachable")
}
i.valid = false
return false
case InternalKeyKindSingleDelete:
// Two single deletes met in a compaction. The first single delete is
// ineffectual.
if i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback != nil {
i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback(i.key.UserKey)
}
// Continue to apply the second single delete.
continue
default:
i.err = base.CorruptionErrorf("invalid internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(i.iterKV.Kind()))
i.valid = false
return false
}
}
}
// skipDueToSingleDeleteElision is called when the SingleDelete is being
// elided because it is in the final snapshot stripe and there are no keys
// with the same user key in lower levels in the LSM (below the files in this
// compaction).
//
// TODO(sumeer): the only difference between singleDeleteNext and
// skipDueToSingleDeleteElision is the fact that the caller knows it will be
// eliding the single delete in the latter case. There are some similar things
// happening in both implementations. My first attempt at combining them into
// a single method was hard to comprehend. Try again.
func (i *compactionIter) skipDueToSingleDeleteElision() {
for {
stripeChange := i.nextInStripe()
if i.err != nil {
panic(i.err)
}
switch stripeChange {
case newStripeNewKey:
// The single delete is only now being elided, meaning it did not elide
// any keys earlier in its descent down the LSM. We stepped onto a new
// user key, meaning that even now at its moment of elision, it still
// hasn't elided any other keys. The single delete was ineffectual (a
// no-op).
if i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback != nil {
i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback(i.key.UserKey)
}
i.skip = false
return
case newStripeSameKey:
// This should be impossible. If we're eliding a single delete, we
// determined that the tombstone is in the final snapshot stripe, but we
// stepped into a new stripe of the same key.
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("eliding single delete followed by same key in new stripe"))
case sameStripe:
kind := i.iterKV.Kind()
switch kind {
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized, InternalKeyKindSingleDelete:
if i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback != nil {
i.ineffectualSingleDeleteCallback(i.key.UserKey)
}
switch kind {
case InternalKeyKindDelete, InternalKeyKindDeleteSized:
i.skipInStripe()
return
case InternalKeyKindSingleDelete:
// Repeat the same with this SingleDelete. We don't want to simply
// call skipInStripe(), since it increases the strength of the
// SingleDel, which hides bugs in the use of single delete.
continue
default:
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf(
"unexpected internal key kind: %d", errors.Safe(i.iterKV.Kind())))
}
case InternalKeyKindSetWithDelete:
// The SingleDelete should behave like a Delete.
i.skipInStripe()
return
case InternalKeyKindSet, InternalKeyKindMerge:
// This SingleDelete deletes the Set/Merge, and we are eliding the
// SingleDel as well. Step to the next key (this is not deleted by the
// SingleDelete).
//
// NB: skipDueToSingleDeleteElision was called with i.pos ==
// iterPosCurForward, and after the call to nextInStripe, we are still
// at iterPosCurForward, since we are at the key after the Set/Merge
// that was single deleted.
change := i.nextInStripe()
if i.err != nil {
panic(i.err)
}
switch change {
case newStripeSameKey:
panic(errors.AssertionFailedf("eliding single delete followed by same key in new stripe"))
case newStripeNewKey: