diff --git a/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree.rs b/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree.rs
index 8a0a6031a0bf..be5db7c6a36e 100644
--- a/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree.rs
+++ b/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 mod data;
 mod dict;
+mod merger;
 mod metrics;
 mod partition;
 mod shard;
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@ use crate::memtable::{
 type ShardId = u32;
 /// Index of a primary key in a shard.
 type PkIndex = u16;
+
 /// Id of a primary key inside a tree.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 struct PkId {
diff --git a/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/data.rs b/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/data.rs
index 20224b8af23c..96db38f673f4 100644
--- a/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/data.rs
+++ b/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/data.rs
@@ -42,34 +42,39 @@ use store_api::storage::consts::{OP_TYPE_COLUMN_NAME, SEQUENCE_COLUMN_NAME};
 use crate::error;
 use crate::error::Result;
 use crate::memtable::key_values::KeyValue;
+use crate::memtable::merge_tree::merger::{DataNode, DataSource, Merger};
 use crate::memtable::merge_tree::{PkId, PkIndex};
 
 const PK_INDEX_COLUMN_NAME: &str = "__pk_index";
 
 /// Data part batches returns by `DataParts::read`.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
-pub struct DataBatch<'a> {
+pub struct DataBatch {
     /// Primary key index of this batch.
-    pk_index: PkIndex,
+    pub(crate) pk_index: PkIndex,
     /// Record batch of data.
-    rb: &'a RecordBatch,
+    pub(crate) rb: RecordBatch,
     /// Range of current primary key inside record batch
-    range: Range<usize>,
+    pub(crate) range: Range<usize>,
 }
 
-impl<'a> DataBatch<'a> {
+impl DataBatch {
     pub(crate) fn pk_index(&self) -> PkIndex {
         self.pk_index
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn record_batch(&self) -> &RecordBatch {
-        self.rb
+        &self.rb
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn range(&self) -> Range<usize> {
         self.range.clone()
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.range.is_empty()
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn slice_record_batch(&self) -> RecordBatch {
         self.rb.slice(self.range.start, self.range.len())
     }
@@ -314,10 +319,12 @@ impl DataBufferReader {
     /// If Current reader is exhausted.
     pub(crate) fn current_data_batch(&self) -> DataBatch {
         let (pk_index, range) = self.current_batch.as_ref().unwrap();
+        let rb = self.batch.slice(range.start, range.len());
+        let range = 0..rb.num_rows();
         DataBatch {
             pk_index: *pk_index,
-            rb: &self.batch,
-            range: range.clone(),
+            rb,
+            range,
         }
     }
 
@@ -528,14 +535,6 @@ impl<'a> DataPartEncoder<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-/// Data parts under a shard.
-pub struct DataParts {
-    /// The active writing buffer.
-    pub(crate) active: DataBuffer,
-    /// immutable (encoded) parts.
-    pub(crate) frozen: Vec<DataPart>,
-}
-
 /// Format of immutable data part.
 pub enum DataPart {
     Parquet(ParquetPart),
@@ -607,9 +606,15 @@ impl DataPartReader {
     /// # Panics
     /// If reader is exhausted.
     pub(crate) fn current_data_batch(&self) -> DataBatch {
-        let rb = self.current_batch.as_ref().unwrap();
         let pk_index = self.current_pk_index.unwrap();
         let range = self.current_range.clone();
+        let rb = self
+            .current_batch
+            .as_ref()
+            .unwrap()
+            .slice(range.start, range.len());
+
+        let range = 0..rb.num_rows();
         DataBatch {
             pk_index,
             rb,
@@ -654,6 +659,73 @@ pub struct ParquetPart {
     data: Bytes,
 }
 
+/// Data parts under a shard.
+pub struct DataParts {
+    /// The active writing buffer.
+    pub(crate) active: DataBuffer,
+    /// immutable (encoded) parts.
+    pub(crate) frozen: Vec<DataPart>,
+}
+
+impl DataParts {
+    pub(crate) fn new(metadata: RegionMetadataRef, capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            active: DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata, capacity),
+            frozen: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Writes one row into active part.
+    pub fn write_row(&mut self, pk_id: PkId, kv: KeyValue) {
+        self.active.write_row(pk_id, kv)
+    }
+
+    /// Freezes the active data buffer into frozen data parts.
+    pub fn freeze(&mut self, pk_weights: &[u16]) -> Result<()> {
+        self.frozen.push(self.active.freeze(pk_weights)?);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Reads data from all parts including active and frozen parts.
+    /// The returned iterator yields a record batch of one primary key at a time.
+    /// The order of yielding primary keys is determined by provided weights.
+    /// todo(hl): read may not take any pk weights if is read by `Shard`.
+    pub fn read(&mut self, pk_weights: &[u16]) -> Result<DataPartsReader> {
+        let mut nodes = Vec::with_capacity(self.frozen.len() + 1);
+        nodes.push(DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(
+            self.active.read(pk_weights)?,
+        )));
+        for p in &self.frozen {
+            nodes.push(DataNode::new(DataSource::Part(p.read()?)));
+        }
+        let merger = Merger::try_new(nodes)?;
+        Ok(DataPartsReader { merger })
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.active.is_empty() && self.frozen.iter().all(|part| part.is_empty())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reader for all parts inside a `DataParts`.
+pub struct DataPartsReader {
+    merger: Merger<DataNode>,
+}
+
+impl DataPartsReader {
+    pub(crate) fn current_data_batch(&self) -> &DataBatch {
+        self.merger.current_item()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.merger.next()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
+        self.merger.is_valid()
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use datafusion::arrow::array::Float64Array;
diff --git a/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/merger.rs b/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/merger.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7f54183cdd91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/mito2/src/memtable/merge_tree/merger.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+// Copyright 2023 Greptime Team
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+use std::cmp::{Ordering, Reverse};
+use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use std::ops::Range;
+
+use datatypes::arrow::array::{
+    ArrayRef, TimestampMicrosecondArray, TimestampMillisecondArray, TimestampNanosecondArray,
+    TimestampSecondArray, UInt64Array,
+};
+use datatypes::arrow::datatypes::{DataType, TimeUnit};
+
+use crate::error::Result;
+use crate::memtable::merge_tree::data::{DataBatch, DataBufferReader, DataPartReader};
+use crate::memtable::merge_tree::PkIndex;
+
+/// Nodes of merger's heap.
+pub trait Node: Ord {
+    type Item;
+
+    /// Returns current item of node and fetch next.
+    fn fetch_next(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Item>;
+
+    /// Returns true if current node is not exhausted.
+    fn is_valid(&self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Current item of node.
+    fn current_item(&self) -> &Self::Item;
+
+    /// Whether the other node is behind (exclusive) current node.
+    fn is_behind(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;
+
+    /// Skips first `num_to_skip` rows from node's current batch. If current batch is empty it fetches
+    /// next batch from the node.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    /// If the node is EOF.
+    fn skip(&mut self, offset_to_skip: usize) -> Result<()>;
+
+    /// Searches given item in node's current item and returns the index.
+    fn search_key_in_current_item(&self, key: &Self::Item) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize>;
+
+    /// Slice current item.
+    fn slice_current_item(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Self::Item;
+}
+
+pub struct Merger<T: Node> {
+    heap: BinaryHeap<T>,
+    current_item: Option<T::Item>,
+}
+
+impl<T> Merger<T>
+where
+    T: Node,
+{
+    pub(crate) fn try_new(nodes: Vec<T>) -> Result<Self> {
+        let mut heap = BinaryHeap::with_capacity(nodes.len());
+        for node in nodes {
+            if node.is_valid() {
+                heap.push(node);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut merger = Merger {
+            heap,
+            current_item: None,
+        };
+        merger.next()?;
+        Ok(merger)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if current merger is still valid.
+    pub(crate) fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
+        self.current_item.is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// Advances current merger to next item.
+    pub(crate) fn next(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        let Some(mut top_node) = self.heap.pop() else {
+            // heap is empty
+            self.current_item = None;
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        if let Some(next_node) = self.heap.peek() {
+            if next_node.is_behind(&top_node) {
+                // does not overlap
+                self.current_item = Some(top_node.fetch_next()?);
+            } else {
+                let res = match top_node.search_key_in_current_item(next_node.current_item()) {
+                    Ok(pos) => {
+                        if pos == 0 {
+                            // if the first item of top node has duplicate ts with next node,
+                            // we can simply return the first row in that it must be the one
+                            // with max sequence.
+                            let to_yield = top_node.slice_current_item(0..1);
+                            top_node.skip(1)?;
+                            to_yield
+                        } else {
+                            let to_yield = top_node.slice_current_item(0..pos);
+                            top_node.skip(pos)?;
+                            to_yield
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(pos) => {
+                        // no duplicated timestamp
+                        let to_yield = top_node.slice_current_item(0..pos);
+                        top_node.skip(pos)?;
+                        to_yield
+                    }
+                };
+                self.current_item = Some(res);
+            }
+        } else {
+            // top is the only node left.
+            self.current_item = Some(top_node.fetch_next()?);
+        }
+        if top_node.is_valid() {
+            self.heap.push(top_node);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns current item held by merger.
+    pub(crate) fn current_item(&self) -> &T::Item {
+        self.current_item.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DataBatchKey {
+    pk_index: PkIndex,
+    timestamp: i64,
+}
+
+impl Eq for DataBatchKey {}
+
+impl PartialEq<Self> for DataBatchKey {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.pk_index == other.pk_index && self.timestamp == other.timestamp
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd<Self> for DataBatchKey {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for DataBatchKey {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.pk_index
+            .cmp(&other.pk_index)
+            .then(self.timestamp.cmp(&other.timestamp))
+            .reverse()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DataBatch {
+    fn first_row(&self) -> (i64, u64) {
+        let range = self.range();
+        let ts_values = timestamp_array_to_i64_slice(self.rb.column(1));
+        let sequence_values = self
+            .rb
+            .column(2)
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>()
+            .unwrap()
+            .values();
+        (ts_values[range.start], sequence_values[range.start])
+    }
+
+    fn last_row(&self) -> (i64, u64) {
+        let range = self.range();
+        let ts_values = timestamp_array_to_i64_slice(self.rb.column(1));
+        let sequence_values = self
+            .rb
+            .column(2)
+            .as_any()
+            .downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>()
+            .unwrap()
+            .values();
+        (ts_values[range.end - 1], sequence_values[range.end - 1])
+    }
+}
+
+impl DataBatch {
+    fn remaining(&self) -> usize {
+        self.range().len()
+    }
+
+    fn first_key(&self) -> DataBatchKey {
+        let range = self.range();
+        let batch = self.record_batch();
+        let pk_index = self.pk_index();
+        let ts_array = batch.column(1);
+
+        // maybe safe the result somewhere.
+        let ts_values = timestamp_array_to_i64_slice(ts_array);
+        let timestamp = ts_values[range.start];
+        DataBatchKey {
+            pk_index,
+            timestamp,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn search_key(&self, key: &DataBatchKey) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize> {
+        let DataBatchKey {
+            pk_index,
+            timestamp,
+        } = key;
+        assert_eq!(*pk_index, self.pk_index);
+        let ts_values = timestamp_array_to_i64_slice(self.record_batch().column(1));
+        ts_values.binary_search(timestamp)
+    }
+
+    fn slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Self {
+        let rb = self.rb.slice(range.start, range.len());
+        let range = 0..rb.num_rows();
+        Self {
+            pk_index: self.pk_index,
+            rb,
+            range,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct DataNode {
+    source: DataSource,
+    current_data_batch: Option<DataBatch>,
+}
+
+impl DataNode {
+    pub(crate) fn new(source: DataSource) -> Self {
+        let current_data_batch = source.current_data_batch();
+        Self {
+            source,
+            current_data_batch: Some(current_data_batch),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Result<()> {
+        self.current_data_batch = self.source.fetch_next()?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn current_data_batch(&self) -> &DataBatch {
+        self.current_data_batch.as_ref().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum DataSource {
+    Buffer(DataBufferReader),
+    Part(DataPartReader),
+}
+
+impl DataSource {
+    pub(crate) fn current_data_batch(&self) -> DataBatch {
+        match self {
+            DataSource::Buffer(buffer) => buffer.current_data_batch(),
+            DataSource::Part(p) => p.current_data_batch(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fetch_next(&mut self) -> Result<Option<DataBatch>> {
+        let res = match self {
+            DataSource::Buffer(b) => {
+                b.next()?;
+                if b.is_valid() {
+                    Some(b.current_data_batch())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+            DataSource::Part(p) => {
+                p.next()?;
+                if p.is_valid() {
+                    Some(p.current_data_batch())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(res)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for DataNode {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        let weight = self.current_data_batch().pk_index;
+        let (ts_start, sequence) = self.current_data_batch().first_row();
+        let other_weight = other.current_data_batch().pk_index;
+        let (other_ts_start, other_sequence) = other.current_data_batch().first_row();
+        (weight, ts_start, Reverse(sequence))
+            .cmp(&(other_weight, other_ts_start, Reverse(other_sequence)))
+            .reverse()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for DataNode {}
+
+impl PartialEq<Self> for DataNode {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.current_data_batch()
+            .first_row()
+            .eq(&other.current_data_batch().first_row())
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd<Self> for DataNode {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Node for DataNode {
+    type Item = DataBatch;
+
+    fn fetch_next(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Item> {
+        let current = self.current_data_batch.take();
+        self.next()?;
+        Ok(current.unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn is_valid(&self) -> bool {
+        self.current_data_batch.is_some()
+    }
+
+    fn current_item(&self) -> &Self::Item {
+        self.current_data_batch()
+    }
+
+    fn is_behind(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        let pk_weight = self.current_data_batch().pk_index;
+        let (start, seq) = self.current_data_batch().first_row();
+        let other_pk_weight = other.current_data_batch().pk_index;
+        let (other_end, other_seq) = other.current_data_batch().last_row();
+        (pk_weight, start, Reverse(seq)) > (other_pk_weight, other_end, Reverse(other_seq))
+    }
+
+    fn skip(&mut self, offset_to_skip: usize) -> Result<()> {
+        let current = self.current_item();
+        let remaining = current.remaining() - offset_to_skip;
+        if remaining == 0 {
+            self.next()?;
+        } else {
+            let end = current.remaining();
+            self.current_data_batch = Some(current.slice(offset_to_skip..end));
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn search_key_in_current_item(&self, key: &Self::Item) -> std::result::Result<usize, usize> {
+        let key = key.first_key();
+        self.current_data_batch.as_ref().unwrap().search_key(&key)
+    }
+
+    fn slice_current_item(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Self::Item {
+        self.current_data_batch.as_ref().unwrap().slice(range)
+    }
+}
+
+fn timestamp_array_to_i64_slice(arr: &ArrayRef) -> &[i64] {
+    match arr.data_type() {
+        DataType::Timestamp(t, _) => match t {
+            TimeUnit::Second => arr
+                .as_any()
+                .downcast_ref::<TimestampSecondArray>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .values(),
+            TimeUnit::Millisecond => arr
+                .as_any()
+                .downcast_ref::<TimestampMillisecondArray>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .values(),
+            TimeUnit::Microsecond => arr
+                .as_any()
+                .downcast_ref::<TimestampMicrosecondArray>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .values(),
+            TimeUnit::Nanosecond => arr
+                .as_any()
+                .downcast_ref::<TimestampNanosecondArray>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .values(),
+        },
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use datatypes::arrow::array::UInt64Array;
+    use store_api::metadata::RegionMetadataRef;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::memtable::merge_tree::data::DataBuffer;
+    use crate::memtable::merge_tree::PkId;
+    use crate::test_util::memtable_util::{build_key_values_with_ts_seq_values, metadata_for_test};
+
+    fn write_rows_to_buffer(
+        buffer: &mut DataBuffer,
+        schema: &RegionMetadataRef,
+        pk_index: u16,
+        ts: Vec<i64>,
+        sequence: &mut u64,
+    ) {
+        let rows = ts.len() as u64;
+        let v0 = ts.iter().map(|v| Some(*v as f64)).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let kvs = build_key_values_with_ts_seq_values(
+            schema,
+            "whatever".to_string(),
+            1,
+            ts.into_iter(),
+            v0.into_iter(),
+            *sequence,
+        );
+
+        for kv in kvs.iter() {
+            buffer.write_row(
+                PkId {
+                    shard_id: 0,
+                    pk_index,
+                },
+                kv,
+            );
+        }
+
+        *sequence += rows;
+    }
+
+    fn check_merger_read(nodes: Vec<DataNode>, expected: &[(u16, Vec<(i64, u64)>)]) {
+        let mut merger = Merger::try_new(nodes).unwrap();
+
+        let mut res = vec![];
+        while merger.is_valid() {
+            let data_batch = merger.current_item();
+            let batch = data_batch.slice_record_batch();
+            let ts_array = batch.column(1);
+            let ts_values: Vec<_> = timestamp_array_to_i64_slice(ts_array).to_vec();
+            let ts_and_seq = ts_values
+                .into_iter()
+                .zip(
+                    batch
+                        .column(2)
+                        .as_any()
+                        .downcast_ref::<UInt64Array>()
+                        .unwrap()
+                        .iter(),
+                )
+                .map(|(ts, seq)| (ts, seq.unwrap()))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+            res.push((data_batch.pk_index, ts_and_seq));
+            merger.next().unwrap();
+        }
+        assert_eq!(expected, &res);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merger() {
+        let metadata = metadata_for_test();
+        let mut buffer1 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        let weight = &[2, 1, 0];
+        let mut seq = 0;
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 1, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 0, vec![1, 2], &mut seq);
+        let node1 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer1.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer2 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer2, &metadata, 1, vec![3], &mut seq);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer2, &metadata, 0, vec![1], &mut seq);
+        let node2 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer2.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        check_merger_read(
+            vec![node1, node2],
+            &[
+                (1, vec![(2, 0)]),
+                (1, vec![(3, 4)]),
+                (1, vec![(3, 1)]),
+                (2, vec![(1, 5)]),
+                (2, vec![(1, 2), (2, 3)]),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merger2() {
+        let metadata = metadata_for_test();
+        let mut buffer1 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        let weight = &[2, 1, 0];
+        let mut seq = 0;
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 1, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 0, vec![1, 2], &mut seq);
+        let node1 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer1.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer2 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer2, &metadata, 1, vec![3], &mut seq);
+        let node2 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer2.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer3 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer3, &metadata, 0, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node3 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer3.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        check_merger_read(
+            vec![node1, node3, node2],
+            &[
+                (1, vec![(2, 0)]),
+                (1, vec![(3, 4)]),
+                (1, vec![(3, 1)]),
+                (2, vec![(1, 2)]),
+                (2, vec![(2, 5)]),
+                (2, vec![(2, 3)]),
+                (2, vec![(3, 6)]),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merger_overlapping() {
+        let metadata = metadata_for_test();
+        let mut buffer1 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        let weight = &[0, 1, 2];
+        let mut seq = 0;
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 0, vec![1, 2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node1 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer1.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer2 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer2, &metadata, 1, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node2 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer2.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer3 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer3, &metadata, 0, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node3 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer3.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        check_merger_read(
+            vec![node1, node3, node2],
+            &[
+                (0, vec![(1, 0)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 5)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 1)]),
+                (0, vec![(3, 6)]),
+                (0, vec![(3, 2)]),
+                (1, vec![(2, 3), (3, 4)]),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merger_parts_and_buffer() {
+        let metadata = metadata_for_test();
+        let mut buffer1 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        let weight = &[0, 1, 2];
+        let mut seq = 0;
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 0, vec![1, 2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node1 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer1.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer2 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer2, &metadata, 1, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node2 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Part(
+            buffer2.freeze(weight).unwrap().read().unwrap(),
+        ));
+
+        let mut buffer3 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer3, &metadata, 0, vec![2, 3], &mut seq);
+        let node3 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Part(
+            buffer3.freeze(weight).unwrap().read().unwrap(),
+        ));
+
+        check_merger_read(
+            vec![node1, node3, node2],
+            &[
+                (0, vec![(1, 0)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 5)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 1)]),
+                (0, vec![(3, 6)]),
+                (0, vec![(3, 2)]),
+                (1, vec![(2, 3), (3, 4)]),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merger_overlapping_2() {
+        let metadata = metadata_for_test();
+        let mut buffer1 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        let weight = &[0, 1, 2];
+        let mut seq = 0;
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 0, vec![1, 2, 2], &mut seq);
+        let node1 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer1.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer3 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer3, &metadata, 0, vec![2], &mut seq);
+        let node3 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer3.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer4 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer4, &metadata, 0, vec![2], &mut seq);
+        let node4 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer4.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        check_merger_read(
+            vec![node1, node3, node4],
+            &[
+                (0, vec![(1, 0)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 4)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 3)]),
+                (0, vec![(2, 2)]),
+            ],
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_merger_overlapping_3() {
+        let metadata = metadata_for_test();
+        let mut buffer1 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        let weight = &[0, 1, 2];
+        let mut seq = 0;
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer1, &metadata, 0, vec![0, 1], &mut seq);
+        let node1 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer1.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        let mut buffer2 = DataBuffer::with_capacity(metadata.clone(), 10);
+        write_rows_to_buffer(&mut buffer2, &metadata, 0, vec![1], &mut seq);
+        let node2 = DataNode::new(DataSource::Buffer(buffer2.read(weight).unwrap()));
+
+        check_merger_read(
+            vec![node1, node2],
+            &[(0, vec![(0, 0)]), (0, vec![(1, 2)]), (0, vec![(1, 1)])],
+        );
+    }
+}