Does using wgpu backend requires Torch to be installed?

[tiero]

I am following the example in README with my Mac M1, I reach the point to run it, I choose to use wgpu backend and it panics. Before your refactor you did some days ago, I was able to run this project locally on my mac (no torch installed whatsover)

cargo run --release --features wgpu-backend --bin transcribe tiny_en audio16k.wav transcription.txt
warning: unused imports: `Bool`, `Int`, `activation::relu`
 --> src/model/load.rs:6:9
  |
6 |         activation::relu,
  |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
7 |         Tensor,
8 |         Int,
  |         ^^^
9 |         Bool,
  |         ^^^^
  |
  = note: `#[warn(unused_imports)]` on by default

warning: unused import: `Conv1dRecord`
 --> src/model/mod.rs:8:45
  |
8 |     nn::{self, conv::{Conv1d, Conv1dConfig, Conv1dRecord}, PaddingConfig1d},
  |                                             ^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused import: `Tokenizer`
 --> src/token.rs:4:18
  |
4 | use tokenizers::{Tokenizer, AddedToken};
  |                  ^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused import: `crate::helper::*`
 --> src/transcribe.rs:2:5
  |
2 | use crate::helper::*;
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused imports: `Float`, `Int`, `config::Config`, `self`
  --> src/transcribe.rs:9:5
   |
9  |     config::Config,
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
...
13 |         backend::{self, Backend},
   |                   ^^^^
...
16 |         Int,
   |         ^^^
17 |         Float,
   |         ^^^^^

warning: unused variable: `n_batch`
   --> src/model/mod.rs:122:14
    |
122 |         let [n_batch, seq_len] = x.dims();
    |              ^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_n_batch`
    |
    = note: `#[warn(unused_variables)]` on by default

warning: unused variable: `new_text`
  --> src/transcribe.rs:38:14
   |
38 |         let (new_text, new_tokens) = mels_to_text(whisper, bpe, mel, &prev_normal_tokens[..], padding)?;
   |              ^^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_new_text`

warning: unused variable: `n_channel`
   --> src/transcribe.rs:119:10
    |
119 |     let [n_channel, n_mel, n_ctx] = mels.dims();
    |          ^^^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_n_channel`

warning: unused variable: `start_of_prev_token`
   --> src/transcribe.rs:130:9
    |
130 |     let start_of_prev_token = bpe.special_token(SpecialToken::StartofPrev).unwrap();
    |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_start_of_prev_token`

warning: unused variable: `n_batch`
   --> src/transcribe.rs:158:14
    |
158 |         let [n_batch, n_token, n_dict] = out.dims();
    |              ^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_n_batch`

warning: unused variable: `n_dict`
   --> src/transcribe.rs:158:32
    |
158 |         let [n_batch, n_token, n_dict] = out.dims();
    |                                ^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_n_dict`

warning: unused variable: `prev_normal_tokens`
   --> src/transcribe.rs:113:92
    |
113 | ...Tokenizer, mels: Tensor<B, 3>, prev_normal_tokens: &[usize], padding: usize) -> token::Result<(St...
    |                                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_prev_normal_tokens`

warning: function `get_mel_filters` is never used
  --> src/audio.rs:66:4
   |
66 | fn get_mel_filters<B: Backend>(sample_rate: f64, n_fft: usize, n_mels: usize, htk: bool) -> Tensor<B,...
   |    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
   |
   = note: `#[warn(dead_code)]` on by default

warning: function `fft_frequencies` is never used
   --> src/audio.rs:128:4
    |
128 | fn fft_frequencies<B: Backend>(sample_rate: f64, n_fft: usize) -> Tensor<B, 1> {
    |    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: function `test_fft_frequencies` is never used
   --> src/audio.rs:137:4
    |
137 | fn test_fft_frequencies<B: Backend>() {
    |    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: function `test_mel_frequencies` is never used
   --> src/audio.rs:144:4
    |
144 | fn test_mel_frequencies<B: Backend>(htk: bool) {
    |    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: function `mel_frequencies` is never used
   --> src/audio.rs:152:4
    |
152 | fn mel_frequencies<B: Backend>(n_mels: usize, fmin: f64, fmax: f64, htk: bool) -> Tensor<B, 1> {
    |    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: `whisper` (lib) generated 17 warnings (run `cargo fix --lib -p whisper` to apply 12 suggestions)
warning: unused import: `std::collections::HashMap`
 --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:1:5
  |
1 | use std::collections::HashMap;
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  |
  = note: `#[warn(unused_imports)]` on by default

warning: unused import: `std::iter`
 --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:2:5
  |
2 | use std::iter;
  |     ^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused import: `whisper::helper::*`
 --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:5:5
  |
5 | use whisper::helper::*;
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused import: `whisper::token`
 --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:6:5
  |
6 | use whisper::token;
  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused imports: `Data`, `Float`, `Int`, `Tensor`, `self`, `self`
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:21:9
   |
21 |         self,
   |         ^^^^
22 |         backend::{self, Backend},
   |                   ^^^^
23 |         Data,
   |         ^^^^
24 |         Tensor,
   |         ^^^^^^
25 |         Int,
   |         ^^^
26 |         Float,
   |         ^^^^^

warning: unused import: `num_traits::ToPrimitive`
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:60:5
   |
60 | use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused import: `whisper::audio::prep_audio`
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:61:5
   |
61 | use whisper::audio::prep_audio;
   |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused import: `SpecialToken`
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:62:37
   |
62 | use whisper::token::{Gpt2Tokenizer, SpecialToken};
   |                                     ^^^^^^^^^^^^

warning: unused variable: `duration`
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:36:9
   |
36 |     let duration = reader.duration() as usize;
   |         ^^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_duration`
   |
   = note: `#[warn(unused_variables)]` on by default

warning: unused variable: `bits_per_sample`
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:39:9
   |
39 |     let bits_per_sample = spec.bits_per_sample;
   |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_bits_per_sample`

warning: variable does not need to be mutable
  --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:33:9
   |
33 |     let mut reader = hound::WavReader::open(filename)?;
   |         ----^^^^^^
   |         |
   |         help: remove this `mut`
   |
   = note: `#[warn(unused_mut)]` on by default

warning: unused variable: `tokens`
   --> src/bin/transcribe/main.rs:132:16
    |
132 |     let (text, tokens) = match waveform_to_text(&whisper, &bpe, waveform, sample_rate) {
    |                ^^^^^^ help: if this is intentional, prefix it with an underscore: `_tokens`

warning: `whisper` (bin "transcribe") generated 12 warnings (run `cargo fix --bin "transcribe"` to apply 12 suggestions)
    Finished release [optimized] target(s) in 0.28s
warning: the following packages contain code that will be rejected by a future version of Rust: nom v1.2.4, nom v3.2.1
note: to see what the problems were, use the option `--future-incompat-report`, or run `cargo report future-incompatibilities --id 2`
     Running `target/release/transcribe tiny_en audio16k.wav transcription.txt`
Loading waveform...
Loading model...
thread 'main' panicked at 'called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Torch("Could not run 'aten::empty_strided' with arguments from the 'CUDA' backend. This could be because the operator doesn't exist for this backend, or was omitted during the selective/custom build process (if using custom build). If you are a Facebook employee using PyTorch on mobile, please visit https://fburl.com/ptmfixes for possible resolutions. 'aten::empty_strided' is only available for these backends: [CPU, MPS, Meta, QuantizedCPU, BackendSelect, Python, FuncTorchDynamicLayerBackMode, Functionalize, Named, Conjugate, Negative, ZeroTensor, ADInplaceOrView, AutogradOther, AutogradCPU, AutogradCUDA, AutogradHIP, AutogradXLA, AutogradMPS, AutogradIPU, AutogradXPU, AutogradHPU, AutogradVE, AutogradLazy, AutogradMeta, AutogradMTIA, AutogradPrivateUse1, AutogradPrivateUse2, AutogradPrivateUse3, AutogradNestedTensor, Tracer, AutocastCPU, AutocastCUDA, FuncTorchBatched, FuncTorchVmapMode, Batched, VmapMode, FuncTorchGradWrapper, PythonTLSSnapshot, FuncTorchDynamicLayerFrontMode, PythonDispatcher].\n\nCPU: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/build/aten/src/ATen/RegisterCPU.cpp:31034 [kernel]\nMPS: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/build/aten/src/ATen/RegisterMPS.cpp:22748 [kernel]\nMeta: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/build/aten/src/ATen/RegisterMeta.cpp:26824 [kernel]\nQuantizedCPU: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/build/aten/src/ATen/RegisterQuantizedCPU.cpp:929 [kernel]\nBackendSelect: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/build/aten/src/ATen/RegisterBackendSelect.cpp:726 [kernel]\nPython: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/core/PythonFallbackKernel.cpp:144 [backend fallback]\nFuncTorchDynamicLayerBackMode: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/functorch/DynamicLayer.cpp:491 [backend fallback]\nFunctionalize: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/FunctionalizeFallbackKernel.cpp:280 [backend fallback]\nNamed: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/core/NamedRegistrations.cpp:7 [backend fallback]\nConjugate: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/ConjugateFallback.cpp:21 [kernel]\nNegative: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/native/NegateFallback.cpp:23 [kernel]\nZeroTensor: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/ZeroTensorFallback.cpp:90 [kernel]\nADInplaceOrView: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/core/VariableFallbackKernel.cpp:63 [backend fallback]\nAutogradOther: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradCPU: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradCUDA: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradHIP: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradXLA: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradMPS: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradIPU: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradXPU: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradHPU: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradVE: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradLazy: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradMeta: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradMTIA: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradPrivateUse1: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradPrivateUse2: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradPrivateUse3: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nAutogradNestedTensor: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/VariableType_2.cpp:17488 [autograd kernel]\nTracer: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/torch/csrc/autograd/generated/TraceType_2.cpp:16726 [kernel]\nAutocastCPU: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/autocast_mode.cpp:487 [backend fallback]\nAutocastCUDA: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/autocast_mode.cpp:354 [backend fallback]\nFuncTorchBatched: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/functorch/LegacyBatchingRegistrations.cpp:815 [backend fallback]\nFuncTorchVmapMode: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/functorch/VmapModeRegistrations.cpp:28 [backend fallback]\nBatched: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/LegacyBatchingRegistrations.cpp:1073 [backend fallback]\nVmapMode: fallthrough registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/VmapModeRegistrations.cpp:33 [backend fallback]\nFuncTorchGradWrapper: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/functorch/TensorWrapper.cpp:210 [backend fallback]\nPythonTLSSnapshot: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/core/PythonFallbackKernel.cpp:152 [backend fallback]\nFuncTorchDynamicLayerFrontMode: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/functorch/DynamicLayer.cpp:487 [backend fallback]\nPythonDispatcher: registered at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/core/PythonFallbackKernel.cpp:148 [backend fallback]\n\nException raised from reportError at /Users/runner/work/pytorch/pytorch/pytorch/aten/src/ATen/core/dispatch/OperatorEntry.cpp:548 (most recent call first):\nframe #0: c10::impl::OperatorEntry::reportError(c10::DispatchKey) const + 588 (0x10bef7020 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #1: c10::impl::OperatorEntry::lookup(c10::DispatchKeySet) const + 164 (0x10bbbfd4c in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #2: at::Tensor c10::Dispatcher::redispatch<at::Tensor, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool> >(c10::TypedOperatorHandle<at::Tensor (c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>)> const&, c10::DispatchKeySet, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>) const + 88 (0x10cd1a6d4 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #3: at::_ops::empty_strided::redispatch(c10::DispatchKeySet, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>) + 172 (0x10cc3af58 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #4: at::_ops::empty_strided::call(c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::ArrayRef<c10::SymInt>, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>) + 300 (0x10cc3aaec in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #5: at::native::_to_copy(at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>) + 2624 (0x10c3c5244 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #6: at::_ops::_to_copy::redispatch(c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>) + 188 (0x10c8f9f70 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #7: at::_ops::_to_copy::redispatch(c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>) + 188 (0x10c8f9f70 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #8: c10::impl::wrap_kernel_functor_unboxed_<c10::impl::detail::WrapFunctionIntoFunctor_<c10::CompileTimeFunctionPointer<at::Tensor (c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>), &(torch::autograd::VariableType::(anonymous namespace)::_to_copy(c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>))>, at::Tensor, c10::guts::typelist::typelist<c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat> > >, at::Tensor (c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>)>::call(c10::OperatorKernel*, c10::DispatchKeySet, at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>) + 1104 (0x10e673864 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #9: at::_ops::_to_copy::call(at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>) + 340 (0x10c8f9c30 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #10: at::_ops::to_dtype_layout::call(at::Tensor const&, c10::optional<c10::ScalarType>, c10::optional<c10::Layout>, c10::optional<c10::Device>, c10::optional<bool>, bool, bool, c10::optional<c10::MemoryFormat>) + 348 (0x10cacdc30 in libtorch_cpu.dylib)\nframe #11: atg_to + 104 (0x101004cdc in transcribe)\nframe #12: tch::wrappers::tensor_generated::_$LT$impl$u20$tch..wrappers..tensor..Tensor$GT$::to::hfeb248388ea0a533 + 88 (0x100ff6ba8 in transcribe)\nframe #13: burn_tch::ops::tensor::_$LT$impl$u20$burn_tensor..tensor..ops..tensor..TensorOps$LT$burn_tch..backend..TchBackend$LT$E$GT$$GT$$u20$for$u20$burn_tch..backend..TchBackend$LT$E$GT$$GT$::to_device::h39a91cf7f00bf6ef + 64 (0x100fc4108 in transcribe)\nframe #14: _$LT$burn_core..nn..conv..conv1d..Conv1d$LT$B$GT$$u20$as$u20$burn_core..module..base..Module$LT$B$GT$$GT$::map::h58a9338e15b1b63e + 64 (0x100fbc49c in transcribe)\nframe #15: _$LT$whisper..model..Whisper$LT$B$GT$$u20$as$u20$burn_core..module..base..Module$LT$B$GT$$GT$::map::h8a2e896e5556644c + 104 (0x100fe515c in transcribe)\nframe #16: transcribe::main::hfd8ee1d1f4f6714c + 1044 (0x100fc64d0 in transcribe)\nframe #17: std::sys_common::backtrace::__rust_begin_short_backtrace::h847fc7e56d1202dc + 12 (0x100fec7b8 in transcribe)\nframe #18: std::rt::lang_start::_$u7b$$u7b$closure$u7d$$u7d$::h9b3e7ad23a57bf45 + 16 (0x100fec7d0 in transcribe)\nframe #19: std::rt::lang_start_internal::hdd06e3566639fc5b + 648 (0x1013301d4 in transcribe)\nframe #20: main + 52 (0x100fc6b20 in transcribe)\nframe #21: start + 520 (0x1019dd08c in dyld)\n")', /Users/tiero/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/tch-0.13.0/src/wrappers/tensor_generated.rs:17243:27
note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace

[Gadersd]

There was a bug that caused wgpu to not be used even when specified. Hopefully it should work now.