diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
index 777347f..a087da8 100644
--- a/.pre-commit-config.yaml
+++ b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ default_install_hook_types: [commit-msg, pre-commit]
 default_stages: [commit, merge-commit]
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v4.2.0
+    rev: v5.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-added-large-files
       - id: check-ast
@@ -26,28 +26,28 @@ repos:
       - id: fix-byte-order-marker
       - id: trailing-whitespace
   - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
-    rev: 22.3.0
+    rev: 24.10.0
     hooks:
       - id: black
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/isort
-    rev: 5.12.0
+    rev: 5.13.2
     hooks:
       - id: isort
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/docformatter
-    rev: v1.5.0
+    rev: v1.7.5
     hooks:
       - id: docformatter
         additional_dependencies:
           - docformatter[tomli]
   - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/pydocstyle
-    rev: 6.1.1
+    rev: 6.3.0
     hooks:
       - id: pydocstyle
         exclude: '^tests/'
         additional_dependencies:
           - pydocstyle[toml]
   - repo: https://github.com/Lucas-C/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v1.1.13
+    rev: v1.5.5
     hooks:
       - id: insert-license
         name: Insert license headers (shell-style comments)
@@ -90,10 +90,6 @@ repos:
           - --comment-style
           - '..|  |'
   - repo: https://github.com/fsfe/reuse-tool
-    rev: v1.0.0
+    rev: v4.0.3
     hooks:
       - id: reuse
-  - repo: https://github.com/qoomon/git-conventional-commits
-    rev: v2.1.1
-    hooks:
-      - id: conventional-commits
diff --git a/git-conventional-commits.json b/git-conventional-commits.json
deleted file mode 100644
index 1da947a..0000000
--- a/git-conventional-commits.json
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "convention" : {
-        "commitTypes": [
-            "build",
-            "chore",
-            "ci",
-            "docs",
-            "feat",
-            "fix",
-            "merge",
-            "perf",
-            "refactor",
-            "revert",
-            "test",
-
-            "lint"
-        ],
-        "commitScopes": []
-    }
-}
diff --git a/git-conventional-commits.json.license b/git-conventional-commits.json.license
deleted file mode 100644
index 1b58a49..0000000
--- a/git-conventional-commits.json.license
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright DB Netz AG and the raillabel-providerkit contributors
-SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
diff --git a/raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/__init__.py b/raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/__init__.py
index 2320940..72a3266 100644
--- a/raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/__init__.py
+++ b/raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/__init__.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 # iterate through the modules in the current package
 package_dir = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent)
-for (_, module_name, _) in iter_modules([package_dir]):
+for _, module_name, _ in iter_modules([package_dir]):
 
     # import the module and iterate through its attributes
     module = import_module(f"{__name__}.{module_name}")
diff --git a/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frames/__init__.py b/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frames/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f71fbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frames/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+"""Package for validating a scene for empty frames."""
diff --git a/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frames/validate_empty_frames.py b/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frames/validate_empty_frames.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bdc2e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frames/validate_empty_frames.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+from typing import List
+
+import raillabel
+
+
+def validate_empty_frames(scene: raillabel.Scene) -> List[str]:
+    """Validate whether all frames of a scene have at least one annotation.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    scene : raillabel.Scene
+        Scene, that should be validated.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    list[str]
+        list of all empty frame errors in the scene. If an empty list is returned, then there are no
+        errors present.
+    """
+    errors: List[str] = []
+
+    for frame_uid, frame in scene.frames.items():
+        if _is_frame_empty(frame):
+            errors.append("Frame " + str(frame_uid) + " has no annotations!")
+
+    return errors
+
+
+def _is_frame_empty(frame: raillabel.format.Frame) -> bool:
+    return len(frame.annotations) == 0
diff --git a/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/_onthology_classes/_attributes/_attribute_abc.py b/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/_onthology_classes/_attributes/_attribute_abc.py
index 6edebc5..04e45d6 100644
--- a/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/_onthology_classes/_attributes/_attribute_abc.py
+++ b/raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/_onthology_classes/_attributes/_attribute_abc.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def _collect_attribute_classes():
     global ATTRIBUTE_CLASSES
 
     package_dir = str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent)
-    for (_, module_name, _) in iter_modules([package_dir]):
+    for _, module_name, _ in iter_modules([package_dir]):
 
         module = import_module(
             f"raillabel_providerkit.validation.validate_onthology._onthology_classes._attributes.{module_name}"
diff --git a/tests/conftest.py b/tests/conftest.py
index f2f58e4..bc49225 100644
--- a/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/tests/conftest.py
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
 
 import glob
 import json
-import sys
 import typing as t
 from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent))
+import raillabel
 
 json_data_directories = [
     Path(__file__).parent / "__test_assets__",
@@ -68,3 +66,48 @@ def _load_json_data(path: Path) -> dict:
     with path.open() as f:
         json_data = json.load(f)
     return json_data
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def empty_scene() -> raillabel.Scene:
+    return raillabel.Scene(
+        metadata=raillabel.format.Metadata(schema_version="1.0.0"),
+        sensors={},
+        objects={},
+        frames={},
+    )
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def default_frame(empty_annotation) -> raillabel.format.Frame:
+    return raillabel.format.Frame(
+        uid=0,
+        timestamp=None,
+        sensors={},
+        frame_data={},
+        annotations={
+            "0fb4fc0b-3eeb-443a-8dd0-2caf9912d016": empty_annotation
+        }
+    )
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def empty_frame() -> raillabel.format.Frame:
+    return raillabel.format.Frame(
+        uid=0,
+        timestamp=None,
+        sensors={},
+        frame_data={},
+        annotations={}
+    )
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def empty_annotation() -> raillabel.format.Bbox:
+    return raillabel.format.Bbox(
+        uid="1f654afe-0a18-497f-9db8-afac360ce94c",
+        object=raillabel.format.Object(
+            uid="7df959d7-0ec2-4722-8b62-bb2e529de2ec",
+            name="person0000",
+            type="person",
+        ),
+        sensor=None,
+        pos=raillabel.format.Point2d(0.0, 0.0),
+        size=raillabel.format.Size2d(0.0, 0.0),
+    )
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/_util/test_warning.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/_util/test_warning.py
index e8d9cbc..5d98cd6 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/_util/test_warning.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/_util/test_warning.py
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import os
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 from raillabel._util._warning import _warning, _WarningsLogger
 
 
@@ -21,12 +14,12 @@ def test_issue_warning():
     ]
 
 def test_handover_exception():
-    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError) as error:
-        with _WarningsLogger() as logger:
+    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+        with _WarningsLogger():
             raise RuntimeError("weewoo something went wrong")
 
 def test_clear_warnings():
-    with _WarningsLogger() as logger1:
+    with _WarningsLogger():
         _warning("lorem ipsum")
 
     with _WarningsLogger() as logger2:
@@ -36,5 +29,4 @@ def test_clear_warnings():
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear", "-v"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/test_loader_understand_ai.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/test_loader_understand_ai.py
index 4eba35c..2d26cd8 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/test_loader_understand_ai.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/loader_classes/test_loader_understand_ai.py
@@ -2,13 +2,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
 import os
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel
 
 
@@ -115,5 +110,4 @@ def test_raillabel_loader_warnings(loader):
 
 # Executes the test if the file is called
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/test_convert.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/test_convert.py
index 1184caf..79e8709 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/test_convert.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/convert/test_convert.py
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel_providerkit
 
 
@@ -26,5 +24,4 @@ def test_convert_uai_provide_class(json_data):
 
 # Executes the test if the file is called
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/test_raillabel_v2_schema.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/test_raillabel_v2_schema.py
index 83d7baf..ad8102d 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/test_raillabel_v2_schema.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/test_raillabel_v2_schema.py
@@ -30,5 +30,4 @@ def test_sample_data_validation_superschema(json_data):
 
 # Executes the test if the file is called
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_2d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_2d.py
index be81c2e..16d97e4 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_2d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_2d.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel.format.understand_ai._translation import translate_class_id
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_3d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_3d.py
index 90b9ff5..5833e8e 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_bounding_box_3d.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel.format.understand_ai._translation import translate_class_id
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_coordinate_system.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_coordinate_system.py
index b217928..10afa7d 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_coordinate_system.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_coordinate_system.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 
 # == Fixtures =========================
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_frame.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_frame.py
index 6c639aa..4caa59c 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_frame.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_frame.py
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-from uuid import UUID
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel._util._warning import _WarningsLogger
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_metadata.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_metadata.py
index c7ed6d6..e49ae76 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_metadata.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_metadata.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 
 # == Fixtures =========================
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_point_3d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_point_3d.py
index 764c148..a234e22 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_point_3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_point_3d.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 
 # == Fixtures =========================
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polygon_2d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polygon_2d.py
index d1b5bfb..b004c82 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polygon_2d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polygon_2d.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel.format.understand_ai._translation import translate_class_id
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polyline_2d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polyline_2d.py
index 7655896..5857eb0 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polyline_2d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_polyline_2d.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel.format.understand_ai._translation import translate_class_id
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_quaternion.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_quaternion.py
index b19c8ed..7ba5b4c 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_quaternion.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_quaternion.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 
 # == Fixtures =========================
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_scene.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_scene.py
index 401300f..bdbc825 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_scene.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_scene.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel._util._warning import _WarningsLogger
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_segmentation_3d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_segmentation_3d.py
index 2ddde2d..4371fac 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_segmentation_3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_segmentation_3d.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import UUID
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 from raillabel.format.understand_ai._translation import translate_class_id
 
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_sensor_reference.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_sensor_reference.py
index 1bcd210..2b7af86 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_sensor_reference.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_sensor_reference.py
@@ -1,14 +1,9 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
 from decimal import Decimal
-from pathlib import Path
 
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 
 # == Fixtures =========================
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_size_3d.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_size_3d.py
index 680b047..1a5194c 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_size_3d.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/format/understand_ai/test_uai_size_3d.py
@@ -1,13 +1,7 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
 import pytest
-
-sys.path.insert(1, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
-
 import raillabel.format.understand_ai as uai_format
 
 # == Fixtures =========================
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/test_validate.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/test_validate.py
index e3ce73d..126024b 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/test_validate.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/test_validate.py
@@ -1,16 +1,8 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import os
-import sys
-import typing as t
-from pathlib import Path
-from uuid import uuid4
-
 import pytest
-import raillabel
 
-sys.path.append(str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
 from raillabel_providerkit import validate
 
 # == Tests ============================
@@ -23,5 +15,4 @@ def test_onthology_errors(demo_onthology, invalid_onthology_scene):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear", "-v"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frame/test_validate_empty_frames.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frame/test_validate_empty_frames.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c5274
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_empty_frame/test_validate_empty_frames.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
+
+import pytest
+import raillabel
+
+from raillabel_providerkit.validation.validate_empty_frames.validate_empty_frames import (
+    _is_frame_empty,
+    validate_empty_frames,
+)
+
+
+def test_is_frame_empty__true():
+    frame = raillabel.format.Frame(uid=0, annotations={})
+    assert _is_frame_empty(frame)
+
+def test_is_frame_empty__false(empty_annotation, empty_frame):
+    frame = empty_frame
+    frame.annotations["581b0df1-c4cf-4a97-828e-13dd740defe5"] = empty_annotation
+
+    assert not _is_frame_empty(frame)
+
+def test_validate_empty_frames__no_error(default_frame, empty_scene):
+    scene = empty_scene
+    scene.frames = {
+        0: default_frame,
+        1: default_frame,
+        2: default_frame,
+    }
+
+    assert len(validate_empty_frames(scene)) == 0
+
+def test_validate_empty_frames__one_error(default_frame, empty_frame, empty_scene):
+    scene = empty_scene
+    scene.frames = {
+        0: default_frame,
+        1: empty_frame,
+        2: default_frame,
+    }
+
+    assert len(validate_empty_frames(scene)) == 1
+
+def test_validate_empty_frames__two_errors(default_frame, empty_frame, empty_scene):
+    scene = empty_scene
+    scene.frames = {
+        0: empty_frame,
+        1: default_frame,
+        2: empty_frame,
+    }
+
+    assert len(validate_empty_frames(scene)) == 2
+
+def test_validate_empty_frames__error_message_contains_indentifying_info(empty_frame, empty_scene):
+    scene = empty_scene
+    scene.frames = {
+        0: empty_frame,
+    }
+
+    error_message = validate_empty_frames(scene)[0].lower()
+    assert "frame" in error_message
+    assert "0" in error_message
+    assert "empty" in error_message or "no annotations" in error_message
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear", "-v"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_onthology_schema_v1.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_onthology_schema_v1.py
index 8d9ad12..adaf511 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_onthology_schema_v1.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_onthology_schema_v1.py
@@ -193,5 +193,4 @@ def test_sensor_type_attributes(validator):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear", "-v"])
diff --git a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_validate_onthology.py b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_validate_onthology.py
index 53baa7f..926a26d 100644
--- a/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_validate_onthology.py
+++ b/tests/test_raillabel_providerkit/validation/validate_onthology/test_validate_onthology.py
@@ -1,16 +1,12 @@
 # Copyright DB Netz AG and contributors
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
 
-import os
-import sys
 import typing as t
-from pathlib import Path
 from uuid import uuid4
 
 import pytest
 import raillabel
 
-sys.path.append(str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent.parent.parent))
 from raillabel_providerkit import exceptions
 from raillabel_providerkit.validation import validate_onthology
 
@@ -730,5 +726,4 @@ def test_invalid_sensor_type_attributes_and_attributes(sensors, object_person):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    os.system("clear")
     pytest.main([__file__, "--disable-pytest-warnings", "--cache-clear", "-v"])