abi.encode encodes data into bytes.
abi.encode encodes data into bytes.
abi.decode decodes bytes back into data.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ Error generating stack: `+e.message+`
abi.decode(data, (uint256, address, uint256[], MyStruct));
}
}
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
interface IERC20 {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ Error generating stack: `+e.message+`
return abi.encodeCall(IERC20.transfer, (to, amount));
}
}
-Example of airdrop contract using Merkle tree.
+`,OC=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:EC,title:QC,description:TC,cyfrinLink:UC,html:LC,prev:s,next:a,codes:_C}),PC="0.8.26",$C="Merkle Airdrop",qC="Airdrop contract using Merkle tree",sj="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/merkle-airdrop-solidity-code-example",aj=[{fileName:"Airdrop.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"AirdropTest.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"Hashes.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"MerkleHelper.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"MerkleProof.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"Token.sol",code:"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"}],nj=`Example of airdrop contract using Merkle tree.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ Error generating stack: `+e.message+`
}
}
}
-Example of binary exponentiation in assembly
Example of binary exponentiation in assembly
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ Error generating stack: `+e.message+`
}
}
}
-Bi-directional payment channels allow participants Alice and Bob to repeatedly transfer Ether off chain.
Bi-directional payment channels allow participants Alice and Bob to repeatedly transfer Ether off chain.
Payments can go both ways, Alice pays Bob and Bob pays Alice.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ Closing a channel when Alice and Bob do not agree on the final balances
);
}
}
-Contract address can be precomputed, before the contract is deployed, using create2
Contract address can be precomputed, before the contract is deployed, using create2
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -949,7 +949,7 @@ Closing a channel when Alice and Bob do not agree on the final balances
return address(this).balance;
}
}
-Crowd fund ERC20 token
+`,Zj=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:uj,title:yj,description:mj,cyfrinLink:bj,html:kj,prev:s,next:a,codes:wj}),Wj="0.8.26",Bj="Crowd Fund",Gj="An example of crowd funding contract",fj="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/crowd-fund-solidity-code-example",Vj=[{fileName:"CrowdFund.sol",code:"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"}],Yj=`Crowd fund ERC20 token
Deploy any contract by calling Proxy.deploy(bytes memory _code)
Deploy any contract by calling Proxy.deploy(bytes memory _code)
For this example, you can get the contract bytecodes by calling Helper.getBytecode1 and Helper.getBytecode2
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ Closing a channel when Alice and Bob do not agree on the final balances
return abi.encodeWithSignature("setOwner(address)", _owner);
}
}
-Dutch auction for NFT.
+`,Mj=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:vj,title:Rj,description:Nj,cyfrinLink:Hj,html:Kj,prev:s,next:a,codes:Fj}),Sj="0.8.26",xj="Dutch Auction",Jj="An example of Dutch auction in Solidity",zj="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/dutch-auction-solidity-code-example",Dj=[{fileName:"DutchAuction.sol",code:"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"}],Ej=`Dutch auction for NFT.
English auction for NFT.
+`,Qj=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Sj,title:xj,description:Jj,cyfrinLink:zj,html:Ej,prev:s,next:a,codes:Dj}),Tj="0.8.26",Uj="English Auction",_j="An example of English auction in Solidity",Lj="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/english-auction-solidity-code-example",Oj=[{fileName:"EnglishAuction.sol",code:"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"}],Pj=`English auction for NFT.
Example of ERC1155
+`,$j=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Tj,title:Uj,description:_j,cyfrinLink:Lj,html:Pj,prev:s,next:a,codes:Oj}),qj="0.8.26",sA="ERC1155",aA="Example of ERC1155 multi token in Solidity",nA="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/erc-1155-solidity-code-example",lA=[{fileName:"ERC1155.sol",code:"// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;

interface IERC1155 {
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 id,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external;
    function safeBatchTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external;
    function balanceOf(address owner, uint256 id)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256);
    function balanceOfBatch(address[] calldata owners, uint256[] calldata ids)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256[] memory);
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external;
    function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator)
        external
        view
        returns (bool);
}

interface IERC1155TokenReceiver {
    function onERC1155Received(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256 id,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);

    function onERC1155BatchReceived(
        address operator,
        address from,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external returns (bytes4);
}

contract ERC1155 is IERC1155 {
    event TransferSingle(
        address indexed operator,
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256 id,
        uint256 value
    );
    event TransferBatch(
        address indexed operator,
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256[] ids,
        uint256[] values
    );
    event ApprovalForAll(
        address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved
    );
    event URI(string value, uint256 indexed id);

    // owner => id => balance
    mapping(address => mapping(uint256 => uint256)) public balanceOf;
    // owner => operator => approved
    mapping(address => mapping(address => bool)) public isApprovedForAll;

    function balanceOfBatch(address[] calldata owners, uint256[] calldata ids)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256[] memory balances)
    {
        require(owners.length == ids.length, "owners length != ids length");

        balances = new uint256[](owners.length);

        unchecked {
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < owners.length; i++) {
                balances[i] = balanceOf[owners[i]][ids[i]];
            }
        }
    }

    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external {
        isApprovedForAll[msg.sender][operator] = approved;
        emit ApprovalForAll(msg.sender, operator, approved);
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 id,
        uint256 value,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external {
        require(
            msg.sender == from || isApprovedForAll[from][msg.sender],
            "not approved"
        );
        require(to != address(0), "to = 0 address");

        balanceOf[from][id] -= value;
        balanceOf[to][id] += value;

        emit TransferSingle(msg.sender, from, to, id, value);

        if (to.code.length > 0) {
            require(
                IERC1155TokenReceiver(to).onERC1155Received(
                    msg.sender, from, id, value, data
                ) == IERC1155TokenReceiver.onERC1155Received.selector,
                "unsafe transfer"
            );
        }
    }

    function safeBatchTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external {
        require(
            msg.sender == from || isApprovedForAll[from][msg.sender],
            "not approved"
        );
        require(to != address(0), "to = 0 address");
        require(ids.length == values.length, "ids length != values length");

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
            balanceOf[from][ids[i]] -= values[i];
            balanceOf[to][ids[i]] += values[i];
        }

        emit TransferBatch(msg.sender, from, to, ids, values);

        if (to.code.length > 0) {
            require(
                IERC1155TokenReceiver(to).onERC1155BatchReceived(
                    msg.sender, from, ids, values, data
                ) == IERC1155TokenReceiver.onERC1155BatchReceived.selector,
                "unsafe transfer"
            );
        }
    }

    // ERC165
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
        external
        view
        returns (bool)
    {
        return interfaceId == 0x01ffc9a7 // ERC165 Interface ID for ERC165
            || interfaceId == 0xd9b67a26 // ERC165 Interface ID for ERC1155
            || interfaceId == 0x0e89341c; // ERC165 Interface ID for ERC1155MetadataURI
    }

    // ERC1155 Metadata URI
    function uri(uint256 id) public view virtual returns (string memory) {}

    // Internal functions
    function _mint(address to, uint256 id, uint256 value, bytes memory data)
        internal
    {
        require(to != address(0), "to = 0 address");

        balanceOf[to][id] += value;

        emit TransferSingle(msg.sender, address(0), to, id, value);

        if (to.code.length > 0) {
            require(
                IERC1155TokenReceiver(to).onERC1155Received(
                    msg.sender, address(0), id, value, data
                ) == IERC1155TokenReceiver.onERC1155Received.selector,
                "unsafe transfer"
            );
        }
    }

    function _batchMint(
        address to,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes calldata data
    ) internal {
        require(to != address(0), "to = 0 address");
        require(ids.length == values.length, "ids length != values length");

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
            balanceOf[to][ids[i]] += values[i];
        }

        emit TransferBatch(msg.sender, address(0), to, ids, values);

        if (to.code.length > 0) {
            require(
                IERC1155TokenReceiver(to).onERC1155BatchReceived(
                    msg.sender, address(0), ids, values, data
                ) == IERC1155TokenReceiver.onERC1155BatchReceived.selector,
                "unsafe transfer"
            );
        }
    }

    function _burn(address from, uint256 id, uint256 value) internal {
        require(from != address(0), "from = 0 address");
        balanceOf[from][id] -= value;
        emit TransferSingle(msg.sender, from, address(0), id, value);
    }

    function _batchBurn(
        address from,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values
    ) internal {
        require(from != address(0), "from = 0 address");
        require(ids.length == values.length, "ids length != values length");

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
            balanceOf[from][ids[i]] -= values[i];
        }

        emit TransferBatch(msg.sender, from, address(0), ids, values);
    }
}

contract MyMultiToken is ERC1155 {
    function mint(uint256 id, uint256 value, bytes memory data) external {
        _mint(msg.sender, id, value, data);
    }

    function batchMint(
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata values,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external {
        _batchMint(msg.sender, ids, values, data);
    }

    function burn(uint256 id, uint256 value) external {
        _burn(msg.sender, id, value);
    }

    function batchBurn(uint256[] calldata ids, uint256[] calldata values)
        external
    {
        _batchBurn(msg.sender, ids, values);
    }
}
"}],pA=`Example of ERC1155
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -1583,7 +1583,7 @@ Closing a channel when Alice and Bob do not agree on the final balances
_batchBurn(msg.sender, ids, values);
}
}
-Any contract that follow the ERC20 standard is a ERC20 token.
+`,eA=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:qj,title:sA,description:aA,cyfrinLink:nA,html:pA,prev:s,next:a,codes:lA}),cA="0.8.26",tA="ERC20",oA="Example of ERC20 token in 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contract that follow the ERC20 standard is a ERC20 token.
ERC20 tokens provide functionalities to
Example of ERC721
+`,hA=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:cA,title:tA,description:oA,cyfrinLink:rA,html:gA,prev:s,next:a,codes:iA}),IA="0.8.26",dA="ERC721",CA="Example of ERC721 non fungible token in Solidity",jA="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/erc-721-solidity-code-example",AA=[{fileName:"ERC721.sol",code:"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of ERC721
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -1971,7 +1971,7 @@ How to swap tokens
_burn(id);
}
}
-An example of a basic wallet.
+`,yA=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:IA,title:dA,description:CA,cyfrinLink:jA,html:uA,prev:s,next:a,codes:AA}),mA="0.8.26",bA="Ether Wallet",wA="Simple example of wallet in Solidity",kA="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/ether-wallet-solidity-code-example",ZA=[{fileName:"EtherWallet.sol",code:"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"}],WA=`An example of a basic wallet.
Gasless ERC20 token transfer with Meta transaction
+`,BA=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:mA,title:bA,description:wA,cyfrinLink:kA,html:WA,prev:s,next:a,codes:ZA}),GA="0.8.26",fA="Gasless Token Transfer",VA="Gasless ERC20 token transfer with Meta transaction",YA="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/gasless-token-transfer-solidity-code-example",XA=[{fileName:"ERC20Permit.sol",code:"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ERC20 token transfer with Meta transaction
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2222,7 +2222,7 @@ How to swap tokens
_mint(to, amount);
}
}
-You cannot iterate through a mapping. So here is an example of how to create an iterable mapping.
You cannot iterate through a mapping. So here is an example of how to create an iterable mapping.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2307,7 +2307,7 @@ How to swap tokens
assert(map.getKeyAtIndex(2) == address(2));
}
}
-Merkle tree allows you to cryptographically prove that an element is contained
+`,xA=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:NA,title:HA,description:FA,cyfrinLink:KA,html:SA,prev:s,next:a,codes:MA}),JA="0.8.26",zA="Merkle Tree",DA="Learn about Merkle tree in Solidity",EA="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/merkle-tree-solidity-code-example",QA=[{fileName:"MerkleTree.sol",code:"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"}],TA=`Merkle tree allows you to cryptographically prove that an element is contained
in a set without revealing the entire set.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2385,7 +2385,7 @@ How to swap tokens
0x995788ffc103b987ad50f5e5707fd094419eb12d9552cc423bd0cd86a3861433
*/
}
-If you have a contract that will be deployed multiple times, use minimal proxy contract to deploy them cheaply.
+`,UA=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:JA,title:zA,description:DA,cyfrinLink:EA,html:TA,prev:s,next:a,codes:QA}),_A="0.8.26",LA="Minimal Proxy Contract",OA="Deploy contracts cheaply with minimal proxy contract",PA="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/minimal-proxy-contract-solidity-code-example",$A=[{fileName:"MinimalProxy.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCi8vIG9yaWdpbmFsIGNvZGUKLy8gaHR0cHM6Ly9naXRodWIuY29tL29wdGlvbmFsaXR5L2Nsb25lLWZhY3RvcnkvYmxvYi9tYXN0ZXIvY29udHJhY3RzL0Nsb25lRmFjdG9yeS5zb2wKCmNvbnRyYWN0IE1pbmltYWxQcm94eSB7CiAgICBmdW5jdGlvbiBjbG9uZShhZGRyZXNzIHRhcmdldCkgZXh0ZXJuYWwgcmV0dXJucyAoYWRkcmVzcyByZXN1bHQpIHsKICAgICAgICAvLyBjb252ZXJ0IGFkZHJlc3MgdG8gMjAgYnl0ZXMKICAgICAgICBieXRlczIwIHRhcmdldEJ5dGVzID0gYnl0ZXMyMCh0YXJnZXQpOwoKICAgICAgICAvLyBhY3R1YWwgY29kZSAvLwogICAgICAgIC8vIDNkNjAyZDgwNjAwYTNkMzk4MWYzMzYzZDNkMzczZDNkM2QzNjNkNzNiZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlNWFmNDNkODI4MDNlOTAzZDkxNjAyYjU3ZmQ1YmYzCgogICAgICAgIC8vIGNyZWF0aW9uIGNvZGUgLy8KICAgICAgICAvLyBjb3B5IHJ1bnRpbWUgY29kZSBpbnRvIG1lbW9yeSBhbmQgcmV0dXJuIGl0CiAgICAgICAgLy8gM2Q2MDJkODA2MDBhM2QzOTgxZjMKCiAgICAgICAgLy8gcnVudGltZSBjb2RlIC8vCiAgICAgICAgLy8gY29kZSB0byBkZWxlZ2F0ZWNhbGwgdG8gYWRkcmVzcwogICAgICAgIC8vIDM2M2QzZDM3M2QzZDNkMzYzZDczIGFkZHJlc3MgNWFmNDNkODI4MDNlOTAzZDkxNjAyYjU3ZmQ1YmYzCgogICAgICAgIGFzc2VtYmx5IHsKICAgICAgICAgICAgLyoKICAgICAgICAgICAgcmVhZHMgdGhlIDMyIGJ5dGVzIG9mIG1lbW9yeSBzdGFydGluZyBhdCBwb2ludGVyIHN0b3JlZCBpbiAweDQwCgogICAgICAgICAgICBJbiBzb2xpZGl0eSwgdGhlIDB4NDAgc2xvdCBpbiBtZW1vcnkgaXMgc3BlY2lhbDogaXQgY29udGFpbnMgdGhlICJmcmVlIG1lbW9yeSBwb2ludGVyIgogICAgICAgICAgICB3aGljaCBwb2ludHMgdG8gdGhlIGVuZCBvZiB0aGUgY3VycmVudGx5IGFsbG9jYXRlZCBtZW1vcnkuCiAgICAgICAgICAgICovCiAgICAgICAgICAgIGxldCBjbG9uZSA6PSBtbG9hZCgweDQwKQogICAgICAgICAgICAvLyBzdG9yZSAzMiBieXRlcyB0byBtZW1vcnkgc3RhcnRpbmcgYXQgImNsb25lIgogICAgICAgICAgICBtc3RvcmUoCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICBjbG9uZSwKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDB4M2Q2MDJkODA2MDBhM2QzOTgxZjMzNjNkM2QzNzNkM2QzZDM2M2Q3MzAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMAogICAgICAgICAgICApCgogICAgICAgICAgICAvKgogICAgICAgICAgICAgIHwgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDIwIGJ5dGVzICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIHwKICAgICAgICAgICAgMHgzZDYwMmQ4MDYwMGEzZDM5ODFmMzM2M2QzZDM3M2QzZDNkMzYzZDczMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwCiAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIF4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgcG9pbnRlcgogICAgICAgICAgICAqLwogICAgICAgICAgICAvLyBzdG9yZSAzMiBieXRlcyB0byBtZW1vcnkgc3RhcnRpbmcgYXQgImNsb25lIiArIDIwIGJ5dGVzCiAgICAgICAgICAgIC8vIDB4MTQgPSAyMAogICAgICAgICAgICBtc3RvcmUoYWRkKGNsb25lLCAweDE0KSwgdGFyZ2V0Qnl0ZXMpCgogICAgICAgICAgICAvKgogICAgICAgICAgICAgIHwgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAyMCBieXRlcyAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIHwgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDIwIGJ5dGVzICAgICAgICAgICAgICB8CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDB4M2Q2MDJkODA2MDBhM2QzOTgxZjMzNjNkM2QzNzNkM2QzZDM2M2Q3M2JlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmUKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIF4KICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIHBvaW50ZXIKICAgICAgICAgICAgKi8KICAgICAgICAgICAgLy8gc3RvcmUgMzIgYnl0ZXMgdG8gbWVtb3J5IHN0YXJ0aW5nIGF0ICJjbG9uZSIgKyA0MCBieXRlcwogICAgICAgICAgICAvLyAweDI4ID0gNDAKICAgICAgICAgICAgbXN0b3JlKAogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgYWRkKGNsb25lLCAweDI4KSwKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDB4NWFmNDNkODI4MDNlOTAzZDkxNjAyYjU3ZmQ1YmYzMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMAogICAgICAgICAgICApCgogICAgICAgICAgICAvKgogICAgICAgICAgICAgIHwgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAyMCBieXRlcyAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIHwgICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIDIwIGJ5dGVzICAgICAgICAgICAgICB8ICAgICAgICAgICAxNSBieXRlcyAgICAgICAgICB8CiAgICAgICAgICAgIDB4M2Q2MDJkODA2MDBhM2QzOTgxZjMzNjNkM2QzNzNkM2QzZDM2M2Q3M2JlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmViZWJlYmU1YWY0M2Q4MjgwM2U5MDNkOTE2MDJiNTdmZDViZjMKICAgICAgICAgICAgKi8KICAgICAgICAgICAgLy8gY3JlYXRlIG5ldyBjb250cmFjdAogICAgICAgICAgICAvLyBzZW5kIDAgRXRoZXIKICAgICAgICAgICAgLy8gY29kZSBzdGFydHMgYXQgcG9pbnRlciBzdG9yZWQgaW4gImNsb25lIgogICAgICAgICAgICAvLyBjb2RlIHNpemUgMHgzNyAoNTUgYnl0ZXMpCiAgICAgICAgICAgIHJlc3VsdCA6PSBjcmVhdGUoMCwgY2xvbmUsIDB4MzcpCiAgICAgICAgfQogICAgfQp9Cg=="}],qA=`If you have a contract that will be deployed multiple times, use minimal proxy contract to deploy them cheaply.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2457,7 +2457,7 @@ How to swap tokens
}
}
}
-An example of contract that aggregates multiple queries using a for loop and staticcall.
An example of contract that aggregates multiple queries using a for loop and staticcall.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2493,7 +2493,7 @@ How to swap tokens
return abi.encodeWithSelector(this.test.selector, _i);
}
}
-An example of calling multiple functions with a single transaction, using delegatecall.
An example of calling multiple functions with a single transaction, using delegatecall.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2561,7 +2561,7 @@ How to swap tokens
return abi.encodeWithSelector(TestMultiDelegatecall.mint.selector);
}
}
-Let's create an multi-sig wallet. Here are the specifications.
+`,du=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:ou,title:ru,description:iu,cyfrinLink:gu,html:Iu,prev:s,next:a,codes:hu}),Cu="0.8.26",ju="Multi-Sig Wallet",Au="An example of multi-sig wallet in Solidity",uu="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/multisig-wallet-solidity-code-example",yu=[{fileName:"MultiSigWallet.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"TestContract.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IFRlc3RDb250cmFjdCB7CiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBpOwoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGNhbGxNZSh1aW50MjU2IGopIHB1YmxpYyB7CiAgICAgICAgaSArPSBqOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGdldERhdGEoKSBwdWJsaWMgcHVyZSByZXR1cm5zIChieXRlcyBtZW1vcnkpIHsKICAgICAgICByZXR1cm4gYWJpLmVuY29kZVdpdGhTaWduYXR1cmUoImNhbGxNZSh1aW50MjU2KSIsIDEyMyk7CiAgICB9Cn0K"}],mu=`Let's create an multi-sig wallet. Here are the specifications.
The wallet owners can
Simple example of contract written in bytecode
+`,bu=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Cu,title:ju,description:Au,cyfrinLink:uu,html:mu,prev:s,next:a,codes:yu}),wu="0.8.26",ku="Simple Bytecode Contract",Zu="Simple example of contract written in bytecode",Wu="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/simple-bytecode-contract-solidity-code-example",Bu=[{fileName:"Factory.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IEZhY3RvcnkgewogICAgZXZlbnQgTG9nKGFkZHJlc3MgYWRkcik7CgogICAgLy8gRGVwbG95cyBhIGNvbnRyYWN0IHRoYXQgYWx3YXlzIHJldHVybnMgMjU1CiAgICBmdW5jdGlvbiBkZXBsb3koKSBleHRlcm5hbCB7CiAgICAgICAgYnl0ZXMgbWVtb3J5IGJ5dGVjb2RlID0gaGV4IjY5NjBmZjYwMDA1MjYwMjA2MDAwZjM2MDAwNTI2MDBhNjAxNmYzIjsKICAgICAgICBhZGRyZXNzIGFkZHI7CiAgICAgICAgYXNzZW1ibHkgewogICAgICAgICAgICAvLyBjcmVhdGUodmFsdWUsIG9mZnNldCwgc2l6ZSkKICAgICAgICAgICAgYWRkciA6PSBjcmVhdGUoMCwgYWRkKGJ5dGVjb2RlLCAweDIwKSwgMHgxMykKICAgICAgICB9CiAgICAgICAgcmVxdWlyZShhZGRyICE9IGFkZHJlc3MoMCkpOwoKICAgICAgICBlbWl0IExvZyhhZGRyKTsKICAgIH0KfQoKaW50ZXJmYWNlIElDb250cmFjdCB7CiAgICBmdW5jdGlvbiBnZXRWYWx1ZSgpIGV4dGVybmFsIHZpZXcgcmV0dXJucyAodWludDI1Nik7Cn0KCi8vIGh0dHBzOi8vd3d3LmV2bS5jb2Rlcy9wbGF5Z3JvdW5kCi8qClJ1biB0aW1lIGNvZGUgLSByZXR1cm4gMjU1CjYwZmY2MDAwNTI2MDIwNjAwMGYzCgovLyBTdG9yZSAyNTUgdG8gbWVtb3J5Cm1zdG9yZShwLCB2KSAtIHN0b3JlIHYgYXQgbWVtb3J5IHAgdG8gcCArIDMyCgpQVVNIMSAweGZmClBVU0gxIDAKTVNUT1JFCgovLyBSZXR1cm4gMzIgYnl0ZXMgZnJvbSBtZW1vcnkKcmV0dXJuKHAsIHMpIC0gZW5kIGV4ZWN1dGlvbiBhbmQgcmV0dXJuIGRhdGEgZnJvbSBtZW1vcnkgcCB0byBwICsgcwoKUFVTSDEgMHgyMApQVVNIMSAwClJFVFVSTgoKQ3JlYXRpb24gY29kZSAtIHJldHVybiBydW50aW1lIGNvZGUKNjk2MGZmNjAwMDUyNjAyMDYwMDBmMzYwMDA1MjYwMGE2MDE2ZjMKCi8vIFN0b3JlIHJ1biB0aW1lIGNvZGUgdG8gbWVtb3J5ClBVU0gxMCAwWDYwZmY2MDAwNTI2MDIwNjAwMGYzClBVU0gxIDAKTVNUT1JFCgovLyBSZXR1cm4gMTAgYnl0ZXMgZnJvbSBtZW1vcnkgc3RhcnRpbmcgYXQgb2Zmc2V0IDIyClBVU0gxIDB4MGEKUFVTSDEgMHgxNgpSRVRVUk4KKi8K"}],Gu=`Simple example of contract written in bytecode
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ PUSH1 0x0a
PUSH1 0x16
RETURN
*/
-TimeLock is a contract that publishes a transaction to be executed in the future.
+`,fu=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:wu,title:ku,description:Zu,cyfrinLink:Wu,html:Gu,prev:s,next:a,codes:Bu}),Vu="0.8.26",Yu="Time Lock",Xu="Time Lock",vu="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/time-lock-solidity-code-example",Ru=[{fileName:"TimeLock.sol",code:"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"}],Nu=`
TimeLock is a contract that publishes a transaction to be executed in the future.
After a minimum waiting period, the transaction can be executed.
TimeLocks are commonly used in DAOs.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
@@ -2970,7 +2970,7 @@ After a minimum waiting period, the transaction can be executed.
emit Cancel(_txId);
}
}
-Payment channels allow participants to repeatedly transfer Ether off chain.
+`,Hu=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Vu,title:Yu,description:Xu,cyfrinLink:vu,html:Nu,prev:s,next:a,codes:Ru}),Fu="0.8.26",Ku="Uni-Directional Payment Channel",Mu="An example of uni-directional payment channels in Solidity",Su="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/unidirectional-payment-channel-solidity-code-example",xu=[{fileName:"ECDSA.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"UniDirectionalPaymentChannel.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmltcG9ydCAiLi9FQ0RTQS5zb2wiOwoKY29udHJhY3QgUmVlbnRyYW5jeUd1YXJkIHsKICAgIGJvb2wgcHJpdmF0ZSBsb2NrZWQ7CgogICAgbW9kaWZpZXIgZ3VhcmQoKSB7CiAgICAgICAgcmVxdWlyZSghbG9ja2VkKTsKICAgICAgICBsb2NrZWQgPSB0cnVlOwogICAgICAgIF87CiAgICAgICAgbG9ja2VkID0gZmFsc2U7CiAgICB9Cn0KCmNvbnRyYWN0IFVuaURpcmVjdGlvbmFsUGF5bWVudENoYW5uZWwgaXMgUmVlbnRyYW5jeUd1YXJkIHsKICAgIHVzaW5nIEVDRFNBIGZvciBieXRlczMyOwoKICAgIGFkZHJlc3MgcGF5YWJsZSBwdWJsaWMgc2VuZGVyOwogICAgYWRkcmVzcyBwYXlhYmxlIHB1YmxpYyByZWNlaXZlcjsKCiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHByaXZhdGUgY29uc3RhbnQgRFVSQVRJT04gPSA3ICogMjQgKiA2MCAqIDYwOwogICAgdWludDI1NiBwdWJsaWMgZXhwaXJlc0F0OwoKICAgIGNvbnN0cnVjdG9yKGFkZHJlc3MgcGF5YWJsZSBfcmVjZWl2ZXIpIHBheWFibGUgewogICAgICAgIHJlcXVpcmUoX3JlY2VpdmVyICE9IGFkZHJlc3MoMCksICJyZWNlaXZlciA9IHplcm8gYWRkcmVzcyIpOwogICAgICAgIHNlbmRlciA9IHBheWFibGUobXNnLnNlbmRlcik7CiAgICAgICAgcmVjZWl2ZXIgPSBfcmVjZWl2ZXI7CiAgICAgICAgZXhwaXJlc0F0ID0gYmxvY2sudGltZXN0YW1wICsgRFVSQVRJT047CiAgICB9CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gX2dldEhhc2godWludDI1NiBfYW1vdW50KSBwcml2YXRlIHZpZXcgcmV0dXJucyAoYnl0ZXMzMikgewogICAgICAgIC8vIE5PVEU6IHNpZ24gd2l0aCBhZGRyZXNzIG9mIHRoaXMgY29udHJhY3QgdG8gcHJvdGVjdCBhZ2FpbnN0CiAgICAgICAgLy8gcmVwbGF5IGF0dGFjayBvbiBvdGhlciBjb250cmFjdHMKICAgICAgICByZXR1cm4ga2VjY2FrMjU2KGFiaS5lbmNvZGVQYWNrZWQoYWRkcmVzcyh0aGlzKSwgX2Ftb3VudCkpOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGdldEhhc2godWludDI1NiBfYW1vdW50KSBleHRlcm5hbCB2aWV3IHJldHVybnMgKGJ5dGVzMzIpIHsKICAgICAgICByZXR1cm4gX2dldEhhc2goX2Ftb3VudCk7CiAgICB9CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gX2dldEV0aFNpZ25lZEhhc2godWludDI1NiBfYW1vdW50KQogICAgICAgIHByaXZhdGUKICAgICAgICB2aWV3CiAgICAgICAgcmV0dXJucyAoYnl0ZXMzMikKICAgIHsKICAgICAgICByZXR1cm4gX2dldEhhc2goX2Ftb3VudCkudG9FdGhTaWduZWRNZXNzYWdlSGFzaCgpOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGdldEV0aFNpZ25lZEhhc2godWludDI1NiBfYW1vdW50KQogICAgICAgIGV4dGVybmFsCiAgICAgICAgdmlldwogICAgICAgIHJldHVybnMgKGJ5dGVzMzIpCiAgICB7CiAgICAgICAgcmV0dXJuIF9nZXRFdGhTaWduZWRIYXNoKF9hbW91bnQpOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIF92ZXJpZnkodWludDI1NiBfYW1vdW50LCBieXRlcyBtZW1vcnkgX3NpZykKICAgICAgICBwcml2YXRlCiAgICAgICAgdmlldwogICAgICAgIHJldHVybnMgKGJvb2wpCiAgICB7CiAgICAgICAgcmV0dXJuIF9nZXRFdGhTaWduZWRIYXNoKF9hbW91bnQpLnJlY292ZXIoX3NpZykgPT0gc2VuZGVyOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIHZlcmlmeSh1aW50MjU2IF9hbW91bnQsIGJ5dGVzIG1lbW9yeSBfc2lnKQogICAgICAgIGV4dGVybmFsCiAgICAgICAgdmlldwogICAgICAgIHJldHVybnMgKGJvb2wpCiAgICB7CiAgICAgICAgcmV0dXJuIF92ZXJpZnkoX2Ftb3VudCwgX3NpZyk7CiAgICB9CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gY2xvc2UodWludDI1NiBfYW1vdW50LCBieXRlcyBtZW1vcnkgX3NpZykgZXh0ZXJuYWwgZ3VhcmQgewogICAgICAgIHJlcXVpcmUobXNnLnNlbmRlciA9PSByZWNlaXZlciwgIiFyZWNlaXZlciIpOwogICAgICAgIHJlcXVpcmUoX3ZlcmlmeShfYW1vdW50LCBfc2lnKSwgImludmFsaWQgc2lnIik7CgogICAgICAgIChib29sIHNlbnQsKSA9IHJlY2VpdmVyLmNhbGx7dmFsdWU6IF9hbW91bnR9KCIiKTsKICAgICAgICByZXF1aXJlKHNlbnQsICJGYWlsZWQgdG8gc2VuZCBFdGhlciIpOwogICAgICAgIHNlbGZkZXN0cnVjdChzZW5kZXIpOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGNhbmNlbCgpIGV4dGVybmFsIHsKICAgICAgICByZXF1aXJlKG1zZy5zZW5kZXIgPT0gc2VuZGVyLCAiIXNlbmRlciIpOwogICAgICAgIHJlcXVpcmUoYmxvY2sudGltZXN0YW1wID49IGV4cGlyZXNBdCwgIiFleHBpcmVkIik7CiAgICAgICAgc2VsZmRlc3RydWN0KHNlbmRlcik7CiAgICB9Cn0K"}],Ju=`Payment channels allow participants to repeatedly transfer Ether off chain.
Here is how this contract is used:
Alice deploys the contract, funding it with some Ether.Example of upgradeable proxy contract. Never use this in production.
+`,zu=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Fu,title:Ku,description:Mu,cyfrinLink:Su,html:Ju,prev:s,next:a,codes:xu}),Du="0.8.26",Eu="Upgradeable Proxy",Qu="Example of upgradeable proxy",Tu="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/upgradeable-proxy-solidity-code-example",Uu=[{fileName:"UpgradeableProxy.sol",code:"// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;

// Transparent upgradeable proxy pattern

contract CounterV1 {
    uint256 public count;

    function inc() external {
        count += 1;
    }
}

contract CounterV2 {
    uint256 public count;

    function inc() external {
        count += 1;
    }

    function dec() external {
        count -= 1;
    }
}

contract BuggyProxy {
    address public implementation;
    address public admin;

    constructor() {
        admin = msg.sender;
    }

    function _delegate() private {
        (bool ok,) = implementation.delegatecall(msg.data);
        require(ok, "delegatecall failed");
    }

    fallback() external payable {
        _delegate();
    }

    receive() external payable {
        _delegate();
    }

    function upgradeTo(address _implementation) external {
        require(msg.sender == admin, "not authorized");
        implementation = _implementation;
    }
}

contract Dev {
    function selectors() external view returns (bytes4, bytes4, bytes4) {
        return (
            Proxy.admin.selector,
            Proxy.implementation.selector,
            Proxy.upgradeTo.selector
        );
    }
}

contract Proxy {
    // All functions / variables should be private, forward all calls to fallback

    // -1 for unknown preimage
    // 0x360894a13ba1a3210667c828492db98dca3e2076cc3735a920a3ca505d382bbc
    bytes32 private constant IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT =
        bytes32(uint256(keccak256("eip1967.proxy.implementation")) - 1);
    // 0xb53127684a568b3173ae13b9f8a6016e243e63b6e8ee1178d6a717850b5d6103
    bytes32 private constant ADMIN_SLOT =
        bytes32(uint256(keccak256("eip1967.proxy.admin")) - 1);

    constructor() {
        _setAdmin(msg.sender);
    }

    modifier ifAdmin() {
        if (msg.sender == _getAdmin()) {
            _;
        } else {
            _fallback();
        }
    }

    function _getAdmin() private view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(ADMIN_SLOT).value;
    }

    function _setAdmin(address _admin) private {
        require(_admin != address(0), "admin = zero address");
        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(ADMIN_SLOT).value = _admin;
    }

    function _getImplementation() private view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value;
    }

    function _setImplementation(address _implementation) private {
        require(
            _implementation.code.length > 0, "implementation is not contract"
        );
        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(IMPLEMENTATION_SLOT).value = _implementation;
    }

    // Admin interface //
    function changeAdmin(address _admin) external ifAdmin {
        _setAdmin(_admin);
    }

    // 0x3659cfe6
    function upgradeTo(address _implementation) external ifAdmin {
        _setImplementation(_implementation);
    }

    // 0xf851a440
    function admin() external ifAdmin returns (address) {
        return _getAdmin();
    }

    // 0x5c60da1b
    function implementation() external ifAdmin returns (address) {
        return _getImplementation();
    }

    // User interface //
    function _delegate(address _implementation) internal virtual {
        assembly {
            // Copy msg.data. We take full control of memory in this inline assembly
            // block because it will not return to Solidity code. We overwrite the
            // Solidity scratch pad at memory position 0.

            // calldatacopy(t, f, s) - copy s bytes from calldata at position f to mem at position t
            // calldatasize() - size of call data in bytes
            calldatacopy(0, 0, calldatasize())

            // Call the implementation.
            // out and outsize are 0 because we don't know the size yet.

            // delegatecall(g, a, in, insize, out, outsize) -
            // - call contract at address a
            // - with input mem[in…(in+insize))
            // - providing g gas
            // - and output area mem[out…(out+outsize))
            // - returning 0 on error (eg. out of gas) and 1 on success
            let result :=
                delegatecall(gas(), _implementation, 0, calldatasize(), 0, 0)

            // Copy the returned data.
            // returndatacopy(t, f, s) - copy s bytes from returndata at position f to mem at position t
            // returndatasize() - size of the last returndata
            returndatacopy(0, 0, returndatasize())

            switch result
            // delegatecall returns 0 on error.
            case 0 {
                // revert(p, s) - end execution, revert state changes, return data mem[p…(p+s))
                revert(0, returndatasize())
            }
            default {
                // return(p, s) - end execution, return data mem[p…(p+s))
                return(0, returndatasize())
            }
        }
    }

    function _fallback() private {
        _delegate(_getImplementation());
    }

    fallback() external payable {
        _fallback();
    }

    receive() external payable {
        _fallback();
    }
}

contract ProxyAdmin {
    address public owner;

    constructor() {
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner() {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "not owner");
        _;
    }

    function getProxyAdmin(address proxy) external view returns (address) {
        (bool ok, bytes memory res) =
            proxy.staticcall(abi.encodeCall(Proxy.admin, ()));
        require(ok, "call failed");
        return abi.decode(res, (address));
    }

    function getProxyImplementation(address proxy)
        external
        view
        returns (address)
    {
        (bool ok, bytes memory res) =
            proxy.staticcall(abi.encodeCall(Proxy.implementation, ()));
        require(ok, "call failed");
        return abi.decode(res, (address));
    }

    function changeProxyAdmin(address payable proxy, address admin)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        Proxy(proxy).changeAdmin(admin);
    }

    function upgrade(address payable proxy, address implementation)
        external
        onlyOwner
    {
        Proxy(proxy).upgradeTo(implementation);
    }
}

library StorageSlot {
    struct AddressSlot {
        address value;
    }

    function getAddressSlot(bytes32 slot)
        internal
        pure
        returns (AddressSlot storage r)
    {
        assembly {
            r.slot := slot
        }
    }
}

contract TestSlot {
    bytes32 public constant slot = keccak256("TEST_SLOT");

    function getSlot() external view returns (address) {
        return StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(slot).value;
    }

    function writeSlot(address _addr) external {
        StorageSlot.getAddressSlot(slot).value = _addr;
    }
}
"}],_u=`Example of upgradeable proxy contract. Never use this in production.
This example shows
delegatecall and return data when fallback is called.Solidity storage is like an array of length 2^256. +`,Lu=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Du,title:Eu,description:Qu,cyfrinLink:Tu,html:_u,prev:s,next:a,codes:Uu}),Ou="0.8.26",Pu="Write to Any Slot",$u="Write to Any Slot",qu="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/write-to-any-slot-solidity-code-example",sy=[{fileName:"Slot.sol",code:"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"}],ay=`
Solidity storage is like an array of length 2^256. Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
Order of declaration and the type of state variables define which slots it will use.
However using assembly, you can write to any slot.
@@ -3516,7 +3516,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes. return data.value; } } -`,ny=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Ou,title:Pu,description:$u,cyfrinLink:qu,html:ay,prev:s,next:a,codes:sy}),ly="0.8.26",py="Array",ey="Learn about arrays in Solidity",cy="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/array-code-example",ty=[{fileName:"Array.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"ArrayRemoveByShifting.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"ArrayReplaceFromEnd.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IEFycmF5UmVwbGFjZUZyb21FbmQgewogICAgdWludDI1NltdIHB1YmxpYyBhcnI7CgogICAgLy8gRGVsZXRpbmcgYW4gZWxlbWVudCBjcmVhdGVzIGEgZ2FwIGluIHRoZSBhcnJheS4KICAgIC8vIE9uZSB0cmljayB0byBrZWVwIHRoZSBhcnJheSBjb21wYWN0IGlzIHRvCiAgICAvLyBtb3ZlIHRoZSBsYXN0IGVsZW1lbnQgaW50byB0aGUgcGxhY2UgdG8gZGVsZXRlLgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gcmVtb3ZlKHVpbnQyNTYgaW5kZXgpIHB1YmxpYyB7CiAgICAgICAgLy8gTW92ZSB0aGUgbGFzdCBlbGVtZW50IGludG8gdGhlIHBsYWNlIHRvIGRlbGV0ZQogICAgICAgIGFycltpbmRleF0gPSBhcnJbYXJyLmxlbmd0aCAtIDFdOwogICAgICAgIC8vIFJlbW92ZSB0aGUgbGFzdCBlbGVtZW50CiAgICAgICAgYXJyLnBvcCgpOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIHRlc3QoKSBwdWJsaWMgewogICAgICAgIGFyciA9IFsxLCAyLCAzLCA0XTsKCiAgICAgICAgcmVtb3ZlKDEpOwogICAgICAgIC8vIFsxLCA0LCAzXQogICAgICAgIGFzc2VydChhcnIubGVuZ3RoID09IDMpOwogICAgICAgIGFzc2VydChhcnJbMF0gPT0gMSk7CiAgICAgICAgYXNzZXJ0KGFyclsxXSA9PSA0KTsKICAgICAgICBhc3NlcnQoYXJyWzJdID09IDMpOwoKICAgICAgICByZW1vdmUoMik7CiAgICAgICAgLy8gWzEsIDRdCiAgICAgICAgYXNzZXJ0KGFyci5sZW5ndGggPT0gMik7CiAgICAgICAgYXNzZXJ0KGFyclswXSA9PSAxKTsKICAgICAgICBhc3NlcnQoYXJyWzFdID09IDQpOwogICAgfQp9Cg=="}],oy=`Array can have a compile-time fixed size or a dynamic size.
+`,ny=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Ou,title:Pu,description:$u,cyfrinLink:qu,html:ay,prev:s,next:a,codes:sy}),ly="0.8.26",py="Array",ey="Learn about arrays in Solidity",cy="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/array-solidity-code-example",ty=[{fileName:"Array.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IEFycmF5IHsKICAgIC8vIFNldmVyYWwgd2F5cyB0byBpbml0aWFsaXplIGFuIGFycmF5CiAgICB1aW50MjU2W10gcHVibGljIGFycjsKICAgIHVpbnQyNTZbXSBwdWJsaWMgYXJyMiA9IFsxLCAyLCAzXTsKICAgIC8vIEZpeGVkIHNpemVkIGFycmF5LCBhbGwgZWxlbWVudHMgaW5pdGlhbGl6ZSB0byAwCiAgICB1aW50MjU2WzEwXSBwdWJsaWMgbXlGaXhlZFNpemVBcnI7CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gZ2V0KHVpbnQyNTYgaSkgcHVibGljIHZpZXcgcmV0dXJucyAodWludDI1NikgewogICAgICAgIHJldHVybiBhcnJbaV07CiAgICB9CgogICAgLy8gU29saWRpdHkgY2FuIHJldHVybiB0aGUgZW50aXJlIGFycmF5LgogICAgLy8gQnV0IHRoaXMgZnVuY3Rpb24gc2hvdWxkIGJlIGF2b2lkZWQgZm9yCiAgICAvLyBhcnJheXMgdGhhdCBjYW4gZ3JvdyBpbmRlZmluaXRlbHkgaW4gbGVuZ3RoLgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gZ2V0QXJyKCkgcHVibGljIHZpZXcgcmV0dXJucyAodWludDI1NltdIG1lbW9yeSkgewogICAgICAgIHJldHVybiBhcnI7CiAgICB9CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gcHVzaCh1aW50MjU2IGkpIHB1YmxpYyB7CiAgICAgICAgLy8gQXBwZW5kIHRvIGFycmF5CiAgICAgICAgLy8gVGhpcyB3aWxsIGluY3JlYXNlIHRoZSBhcnJheSBsZW5ndGggYnkgMS4KICAgICAgICBhcnIucHVzaChpKTsKICAgIH0KCiAgICBmdW5jdGlvbiBwb3AoKSBwdWJsaWMgewogICAgICAgIC8vIFJlbW92ZSBsYXN0IGVsZW1lbnQgZnJvbSBhcnJheQogICAgICAgIC8vIFRoaXMgd2lsbCBkZWNyZWFzZSB0aGUgYXJyYXkgbGVuZ3RoIGJ5IDEKICAgICAgICBhcnIucG9wKCk7CiAgICB9CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gZ2V0TGVuZ3RoKCkgcHVibGljIHZpZXcgcmV0dXJucyAodWludDI1NikgewogICAgICAgIHJldHVybiBhcnIubGVuZ3RoOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIHJlbW92ZSh1aW50MjU2IGluZGV4KSBwdWJsaWMgewogICAgICAgIC8vIERlbGV0ZSBkb2VzIG5vdCBjaGFuZ2UgdGhlIGFycmF5IGxlbmd0aC4KICAgICAgICAvLyBJdCByZXNldHMgdGhlIHZhbHVlIGF0IGluZGV4IHRvIGl0J3MgZGVmYXVsdCB2YWx1ZSwKICAgICAgICAvLyBpbiB0aGlzIGNhc2UgMAogICAgICAgIGRlbGV0ZSBhcnJbaW5kZXhdOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIGV4YW1wbGVzKCkgZXh0ZXJuYWwgcHVyZSB7CiAgICAgICAgLy8gY3JlYXRlIGFycmF5IGluIG1lbW9yeSwgb25seSBmaXhlZCBzaXplIGNhbiBiZSBjcmVhdGVkCiAgICAgICAgdWludDI1NltdIG1lbW9yeSBhID0gbmV3IHVpbnQyNTZbXSg1KTsKICAgIH0KfQo="},{fileName:"ArrayRemoveByShifting.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IEFycmF5UmVtb3ZlQnlTaGlmdGluZyB7CiAgICAvLyBbMSwgMiwgM10gLS0gcmVtb3ZlKDEpIC0tPiBbMSwgMywgM10gLS0+IFsxLCAzXQogICAgLy8gWzEsIDIsIDMsIDQsIDUsIDZdIC0tIHJlbW92ZSgyKSAtLT4gWzEsIDIsIDQsIDUsIDYsIDZdIC0tPiBbMSwgMiwgNCwgNSwgNl0KICAgIC8vIFsxLCAyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2XSAtLSByZW1vdmUoMCkgLS0+IFsyLCAzLCA0LCA1LCA2LCA2XSAtLT4gWzIsIDMsIDQsIDUsIDZdCiAgICAvLyBbMV0gLS0gcmVtb3ZlKDApIC0tPiBbMV0gLS0+IFtdCgogICAgdWludDI1NltdIHB1YmxpYyBhcnI7CgogICAgZnVuY3Rpb24gcmVtb3ZlKHVpbnQyNTYgX2luZGV4KSBwdWJsaWMgewogICAgICAgIHJlcXVpcmUoX2luZGV4IDwgYXJyLmxlbmd0aCwgImluZGV4IG91dCBvZiBib3VuZCIpOwoKICAgICAgICBmb3IgKHVpbnQyNTYgaSA9IF9pbmRleDsgaSA8IGFyci5sZW5ndGggLSAxOyBpKyspIHsKICAgICAgICAgICAgYXJyW2ldID0gYXJyW2kgKyAxXTsKICAgICAgICB9CiAgICAgICAgYXJyLnBvcCgpOwogICAgfQoKICAgIGZ1bmN0aW9uIHRlc3QoKSBleHRlcm5hbCB7CiAgICAgICAgYXJyID0gWzEsIDIsIDMsIDQsIDVdOwogICAgICAgIHJlbW92ZSgyKTsKICAgICAgICAvLyBbMSwgMiwgNCwgNV0KICAgICAgICBhc3NlcnQoYXJyWzBdID09IDEpOwogICAgICAgIGFzc2VydChhcnJbMV0gPT0gMik7CiAgICAgICAgYXNzZXJ0KGFyclsyXSA9PSA0KTsKICAgICAgICBhc3NlcnQoYXJyWzNdID09IDUpOwogICAgICAgIGFzc2VydChhcnIubGVuZ3RoID09IDQpOwoKICAgICAgICBhcnIgPSBbMV07CiAgICAgICAgcmVtb3ZlKDApOwogICAgICAgIC8vIFtdCiAgICAgICAgYXNzZXJ0KGFyci5sZW5ndGggPT0gMCk7CiAgICB9Cn0K"},{fileName:"ArrayReplaceFromEnd.sol",code:"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"}],oy=`Array can have a compile-time fixed size or a dynamic size.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -3638,7 +3638,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
assert(arr[1] == 4);
}
}
-Example of error in assembly
Example of error in assembly
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -3652,7 +3652,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
}
}
}
-Example of conditional statements in assembly
Example of conditional statements in assembly
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -3676,7 +3676,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
}
}
}
-Example of loop in assembly
+`,ky=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Ay,title:uy,description:yy,cyfrinLink:my,html:wy,prev:s,next:a,codes:by}),Zy="0.8.26",Wy="Assembly Loop",By="Example of loop in assembly",Gy="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/assembly-loop-solidity-code-example",fy=[{fileName:"AssemblyLoop.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IEFzc2VtYmx5TG9vcCB7CiAgICBmdW5jdGlvbiB5dWxfZm9yX2xvb3AoKSBwdWJsaWMgcHVyZSByZXR1cm5zICh1aW50MjU2IHopIHsKICAgICAgICBhc3NlbWJseSB7CiAgICAgICAgICAgIGZvciB7IGxldCBpIDo9IDAgfSBsdChpLCAxMCkgeyBpIDo9IGFkZChpLCAxKSB9IHsgeiA6PSBhZGQoeiwgMSkgfQogICAgICAgIH0KICAgIH0KCiAgICBmdW5jdGlvbiB5dWxfd2hpbGVfbG9vcCgpIHB1YmxpYyBwdXJlIHJldHVybnMgKHVpbnQyNTYgeikgewogICAgICAgIGFzc2VtYmx5IHsKICAgICAgICAgICAgbGV0IGkgOj0gMAogICAgICAgICAgICBmb3Ige30gbHQoaSwgNSkge30gewogICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgaSA6PSBhZGQoaSwgMSkKICAgICAgICAgICAgICAgIHogOj0gYWRkKHosIDEpCiAgICAgICAgICAgIH0KICAgICAgICB9CiAgICB9Cn0K"}],Vy=`Example of loop in assembly
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -3697,7 +3697,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
}
}
}
-Example of math in assembly
Example of math in assembly
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -3742,7 +3742,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
}
}
}
-Example of how to declare variables inside assembly
Example of how to declare variables inside assembly
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -3756,7 +3756,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
}
}
}
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
contract BitwiseOps {
@@ -3965,7 +3965,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
}
}
}
-call is a low level function to interact with other contracts.
call is a low level function to interact with other contracts.
This is the recommended method to use when you're just sending Ether via calling the fallback function.
However it is not the recommend way to call existing functions.
Contract can call other contracts in 2 ways.
+`,pm=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:$y,title:qy,description:sm,cyfrinLink:am,html:lm,prev:s,next:a,codes:nm}),em="0.8.26",cm="Calling Other Contract",tm="In Solidity, contract can call other contracts in several ways",om="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/calling-other-contract-solidity-code-example",rm=[{fileName:"CallingContract.sol",code:"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"}],im=`Contract can call other contracts in 2 ways.
The easiest way to is to just call it, like A.foo(x, y, z).
Another way to call other contracts is to use the low-level call.
This method is not recommended.
@@ -4062,7 +4062,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes. _callee.setXandSendEther{value: msg.value}(_x); } } -`,gm=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:em,title:cm,description:tm,cyfrinLink:om,html:im,prev:s,next:a,codes:rm}),hm="0.8.26",Im="Constants",dm="Constant variables",Cm="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/constants-code-example",jm=[{fileName:"Constants.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IENvbnN0YW50cyB7CiAgICAvLyBjb2RpbmcgY29udmVudGlvbiB0byB1cHBlcmNhc2UgY29uc3RhbnQgdmFyaWFibGVzCiAgICBhZGRyZXNzIHB1YmxpYyBjb25zdGFudCBNWV9BRERSRVNTID0KICAgICAgICAweDc3Nzc4ODg4OTk5OUFhQUFiQmJiQ2NjY2RkRGRlZWVFZkZGZkNjQ2M7CiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBjb25zdGFudCBNWV9VSU5UID0gMTIzOwp9Cg=="}],Am=`Constants are variables that cannot be modified.
+`,gm=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:em,title:cm,description:tm,cyfrinLink:om,html:im,prev:s,next:a,codes:rm}),hm="0.8.26",Im="Constants",dm="Constant variables",Cm="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/constants-solidity-code-example",jm=[{fileName:"Constants.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IENvbnN0YW50cyB7CiAgICAvLyBjb2RpbmcgY29udmVudGlvbiB0byB1cHBlcmNhc2UgY29uc3RhbnQgdmFyaWFibGVzCiAgICBhZGRyZXNzIHB1YmxpYyBjb25zdGFudCBNWV9BRERSRVNTID0KICAgICAgICAweDc3Nzc4ODg4OTk5OUFhQUFiQmJiQ2NjY2RkRGRlZWVFZkZGZkNjQ2M7CiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBjb25zdGFudCBNWV9VSU5UID0gMTIzOwp9Cg=="}],Am=`Constants are variables that cannot be modified.
Their value is hard coded and using constants can save gas cost.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -4073,7 +4073,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
0x777788889999AaAAbBbbCcccddDdeeeEfFFfCcCc;
uint256 public constant MY_UINT = 123;
}
-A constructor is an optional function that is executed upon contract creation.
A constructor is an optional function that is executed upon contract creation.
Here are examples of how to pass arguments to constructors.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -4126,7 +4126,7 @@ Each slot in the array can store 32 bytes.
contract E is X, Y {
constructor() Y("Y was called") X("X was called") {}
}
-Variables are declared as either storage, memory or calldata to explicitly
+`,Wm=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:ym,title:mm,description:bm,cyfrinLink:wm,html:Zm,prev:s,next:a,codes:km}),Bm="0.8.26",Gm="Data Locations - Storage, Memory and Calldata",fm="Data locations - storage, memory and calldata",Vm="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/data-locations-storage-memory-and-calldata-solidity-code-example",Ym=[{fileName:"DataLocations.sol",code:"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"}],Xm=`
Variables are declared as either storage, memory or calldata to explicitly
specify the location of the data.
storage - variable is a state variable (store on blockchain)delegatecall is a low level function similar to call.
delegatecall is a low level function similar to call.
When contract A executes delegatecall to contract B, B's code is executed
with contract A's storage, msg.sender and msg.value.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
@@ -7404,7 +7404,7 @@ IERC20 constant PAIR Solidity supports enumerables and they are useful to model choice and keep track of state.
+Solidity supports enumerables and they are useful to model choice and keep track of state.
Enums can be declared outside of a contract.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -7470,7 +7470,7 @@ IERC20 constant PAIR contract Enum {
Status public status;
}
-An error will undo all changes made to the state during a transaction.
+`,Ow=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Ew,title:Qw,description:Tw,cyfrinLink:Uw,html:Lw,prev:s,next:a,codes:_w}),Pw="0.8.26",$w="Error",qw="Example of how to throw errors in Solidity",sk="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/error-solidity-code-example",ak=[{fileName:"Account.sol",code:"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"},{fileName:"Error.sol",code:"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"}],nk=`An error will undo all changes made to the state during a transaction.
You can throw an error by calling require, revert or assert.
require is used to validate inputs and conditions before execution.Transactions are paid with ether.
Transactions are paid with ether.
Similar to how one dollar is equal to 100 cent, one ether is equal to 1018 wei.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -7576,7 +7576,7 @@ assertion probably means that there is a bug.
// 1 ether is equal to 10^18 wei
bool public isOneEther = (oneEther == 1e18);
}
-Events allow logging to the Ethereum blockchain. Some use cases for events are:
Events allow logging to the Ethereum blockchain. Some use cases for events are:
This page covers advanced topics and use cases related to events in Solidity, building upon the basics covered in the Events page.
+`,Ak=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:gk,title:hk,description:Ik,cyfrinLink:dk,html:jk,prev:s,next:a,codes:Ck}),uk="0.8.26",yk="Events Advanced",mk="Advanced topics and concepts related to Solidity events",bk="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/events-advanced-solidity-code-example",wk=[{fileName:"EventsAdvanced.sol",code:"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"}],kk=`This page covers advanced topics and use cases related to events in Solidity, building upon the basics covered in the Events page.
Events in Solidity are a powerful tool that enables various advanced functionalities and architectures. Some advanced use cases for events include:
fallback is a special function that is executed either when
fallback is a special function that is executed either when
receive() does not exist or msg.data is not emptyThere are several ways to return outputs from a function.
+`,$k=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:Tk,title:Uk,description:_k,cyfrinLink:Lk,html:Pk,prev:s,next:a,codes:Ok}),qk="0.8.26",s0="Function",a0="Example of how to write functions in Solidity",n0="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/function-solidity-code-example",l0=[{fileName:"Function.sol",code:"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"}],p0=`There are several ways to return outputs from a function.
Public functions cannot accept certain data types as inputs or outputs
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -9062,7 +9062,7 @@ assertion probably means that there is a bug.
});
}
}
-Modifiers are code that can be run before and / or after a function call.
+`,e0=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:qk,title:s0,description:a0,cyfrinLink:n0,html:p0,prev:s,next:a,codes:l0}),c0="0.8.26",t0="Function Modifier",o0="Example of how to write function modifier in Solidity",r0="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/function-modifier-solidity-code-example",i0=[{fileName:"FunctionModifier.sol",code:"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"}],g0=`Modifiers are code that can be run before and / or after a function call.
Modifiers can be used to:
When a function is called, the first 4 bytes of calldata specifies which function to call.
When a function is called, the first 4 bytes of calldata specifies which function to call.
This 4 bytes is called a function selector.
Take for example, this code below. It uses call to execute transfer on a contract at the address addr.
addr.call(abi.encodeWithSignature("transfer(address,uint256)", 0xSomeAddress, 123))
@@ -9153,7 +9153,7 @@ assertion probably means that there is a bug.
return bytes4(keccak256(bytes(_func)));
}
}
-ether do you need to pay for a transaction?ether do you need to pay for a transaction?You pay gas spent * gas price amount of ether, where
gas is a unit of computationSome gas saving techniques.
+`,B0=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:m0,title:b0,description:w0,cyfrinLink:k0,html:W0,prev:s,next:a,codes:Z0}),G0="0.8.26",f0="Gas Saving Techniques",V0="Some gas saving techniques",Y0="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/gas-saving-techniques-solidity-code-example",X0=[{fileName:"GasGolf.sol",code:"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"}],v0=`Some gas saving techniques.
memory with calldatakeccak256 computes the Keccak-256 hash of the input.
keccak256 computes the Keccak-256 hash of the input.
Some use cases are:
Solidity supports conditional statements if, else if and else.
Solidity supports conditional statements if, else if and else.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -11244,7 +11244,7 @@ if the signer's intention was to approve a transaction once.
return _x < 10 ? 1 : 2;
}
}
-Immutable variables are like constants. Values of immutable variables can be set inside the constructor but cannot be modified afterwards.
+`,g2=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:e2,title:c2,description:t2,cyfrinLink:o2,html:i2,prev:s,next:a,codes:r2}),h2="0.8.26",I2="Immutable",d2="Immutable variables",C2="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/immutable-solidity-code-example",j2=[{fileName:"Immutable.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IEltbXV0YWJsZSB7CiAgICAvLyBjb2RpbmcgY29udmVudGlvbiB0byB1cHBlcmNhc2UgY29uc3RhbnQgdmFyaWFibGVzCiAgICBhZGRyZXNzIHB1YmxpYyBpbW11dGFibGUgTVlfQUREUkVTUzsKICAgIHVpbnQyNTYgcHVibGljIGltbXV0YWJsZSBNWV9VSU5UOwoKICAgIGNvbnN0cnVjdG9yKHVpbnQyNTYgX215VWludCkgewogICAgICAgIE1ZX0FERFJFU1MgPSBtc2cuc2VuZGVyOwogICAgICAgIE1ZX1VJTlQgPSBfbXlVaW50OwogICAgfQp9Cg=="}],A2=`Immutable variables are like constants. Values of immutable variables can be set inside the constructor but cannot be modified afterwards.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -11258,7 +11258,7 @@ if the signer's intention was to approve a transaction once.
MY_UINT = _myUint;
}
}
-You can import local and external files in Solidity.
+`,u2=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:h2,title:I2,description:d2,cyfrinLink:C2,html:A2,prev:s,next:a,codes:j2}),y2="0.8.26",m2="Import",b2="Learn how to import other Solidity files",w2="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/import-solidity-code-example",k2=[{fileName:"Foo.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCnN0cnVjdCBQb2ludCB7CiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHg7CiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHk7Cn0KCmVycm9yIFVuYXV0aG9yaXplZChhZGRyZXNzIGNhbGxlcik7CgpmdW5jdGlvbiBhZGQodWludDI1NiB4LCB1aW50MjU2IHkpIHB1cmUgcmV0dXJucyAodWludDI1NikgewogICAgcmV0dXJuIHggKyB5Owp9Cgpjb250cmFjdCBGb28gewogICAgc3RyaW5nIHB1YmxpYyBuYW1lID0gIkZvbyI7Cn0K"},{fileName:"Import.sol",code:"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"}],Z2=`You can import local and external files in Solidity.
Here is our folder structure.
├── Import.sol
@@ -11308,7 +11308,7 @@ if the signer's intention was to approve a transaction once.
// Example import ECDSA.sol from openzeppelin-contract repo, release-v4.5 branch
// https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/release-v4.5/contracts/utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol
import "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/release-v4.5/contracts/utils/cryptography/ECDSA.sol";
-Solidity supports multiple inheritance. Contracts can inherit other contract by using the is keyword.
Solidity supports multiple inheritance. Contracts can inherit other contract by using the is keyword.
Function that is going to be overridden by a child contract must be declared as virtual.
Function that is going to override a parent function must use the keyword override.
Order of inheritance is important.
@@ -11374,7 +11374,7 @@ F D,E return super.foo(); } } -`,v2=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:B2,title:G2,description:f2,cyfrinLink:V2,html:X2,prev:s,next:a,codes:Y2}),R2="0.8.26",N2="Interface",H2="An example of interface in Solidity",F2="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/interface-code-example",K2=[{fileName:"Interface.sol",code:"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"}],M2=`You can interact with other contracts by declaring an Interface.
You can interact with other contracts by declaring an Interface.
Interface
Libraries are similar to contracts, but you can't declare any state variable and +`,S2=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:R2,title:N2,description:H2,cyfrinLink:F2,html:M2,prev:s,next:a,codes:K2}),x2="0.8.26",J2="Library",z2="Example of how to write and use libraries in your Solidity code",D2="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/library-solidity-code-example",E2=[{fileName:"Library.sol",code:"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"}],Q2=`
Libraries are similar to contracts, but you can't declare any state variable and you can't send ether.
A library is embedded into the contract if all library functions are internal.
Otherwise the library must be deployed and then linked before the contract is deployed.
@@ -11494,7 +11494,7 @@ you can't send ether. assert(arr[1] == 2); } } -`,T2=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:x2,title:J2,description:z2,cyfrinLink:D2,html:Q2,prev:s,next:a,codes:E2}),U2="0.8.26",_2="For and While Loop",L2="Example of for and while loop in Solidity",O2="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/for-and-while-loop-code-example",P2=[{fileName:"Loop.sol",code:"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"}],$2=`Solidity supports for, while, and do while loops.
Solidity supports for, while, and do while loops.
Don't write loops that are unbounded as this can hit the gas limit, causing your transaction to fail.
For the reason above, while and do while loops are rarely used.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
@@ -11521,7 +11521,7 @@ you can't send ether.
}
}
}
-Maps are created with the syntax mapping(keyType => valueType).
Maps are created with the syntax mapping(keyType => valueType).
The keyType can be any built-in value type, bytes, string, or any contract.
valueType can be any type including another mapping or an array.
Mappings are not iterable.
@@ -11567,7 +11567,7 @@ you can't send ether. delete nested[_addr1][_i]; } } -`,cB=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:sB,title:aB,description:nB,cyfrinLink:lB,html:eB,prev:s,next:a,codes:pB}),tB="0.8.26",oB="Contract that Creates other Contracts",rB="Learn how to create new contracts from inside of a contract with Solidity",iB="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/contract-that-creates-other-contracts-code-example",gB=[{fileName:"NewContract.sol",code:"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"}],hB=`Contracts can be created by other contracts using the new keyword. Since 0.8.0, new keyword supports create2 feature by specifying salt options.
Contracts can be created by other contracts using the new keyword. Since 0.8.0, new keyword supports create2 feature by specifying salt options.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -11630,7 +11630,7 @@ you can't send ether.
return (car.owner(), car.model(), car.carAddr(), address(car).balance);
}
}
-Functions and addresses declared payable can receive ether into the contract.
Functions and addresses declared payable can receive ether into the contract.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -11669,7 +11669,7 @@ you can't send ether.
require(success, "Failed to send Ether");
}
}
-Here we introduce you to some primitive data types available in Solidity.
+`,mB=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:dB,title:CB,description:jB,cyfrinLink:AB,html:yB,prev:s,next:a,codes:uB}),bB="0.8.26",wB="Primitive Data Types",kB="Primitive data types",ZB="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/primitive-data-types-solidity-code-example",WB=[{fileName:"Primitives.sol",code:"Ly8gU1BEWC1MaWNlbnNlLUlkZW50aWZpZXI6IE1JVApwcmFnbWEgc29saWRpdHkgXjAuOC4yNjsKCmNvbnRyYWN0IFByaW1pdGl2ZXMgewogICAgYm9vbCBwdWJsaWMgYm9vID0gdHJ1ZTsKCiAgICAvKgogICAgdWludCBzdGFuZHMgZm9yIHVuc2lnbmVkIGludGVnZXIsIG1lYW5pbmcgbm9uIG5lZ2F0aXZlIGludGVnZXJzCiAgICBkaWZmZXJlbnQgc2l6ZXMgYXJlIGF2YWlsYWJsZQogICAgICAgIHVpbnQ4ICAgcmFuZ2VzIGZyb20gMCB0byAyICoqIDggLSAxCiAgICAgICAgdWludDE2ICByYW5nZXMgZnJvbSAwIHRvIDIgKiogMTYgLSAxCiAgICAgICAgLi4uCiAgICAgICAgdWludDI1NiByYW5nZXMgZnJvbSAwIHRvIDIgKiogMjU2IC0gMQogICAgKi8KICAgIHVpbnQ4IHB1YmxpYyB1OCA9IDE7CiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyB1MjU2ID0gNDU2OwogICAgdWludDI1NiBwdWJsaWMgdSA9IDEyMzsgLy8gdWludCBpcyBhbiBhbGlhcyBmb3IgdWludDI1NgoKICAgIC8qCiAgICBOZWdhdGl2ZSBudW1iZXJzIGFyZSBhbGxvd2VkIGZvciBpbnQgdHlwZXMuCiAgICBMaWtlIHVpbnQsIGRpZmZlcmVudCByYW5nZXMgYXJlIGF2YWlsYWJsZSBmcm9tIGludDggdG8gaW50MjU2CiAgICAKICAgIGludDI1NiByYW5nZXMgZnJvbSAtMiAqKiAyNTUgdG8gMiAqKiAyNTUgLSAxCiAgICBpbnQxMjggcmFuZ2VzIGZyb20gLTIgKiogMTI3IHRvIDIgKiogMTI3IC0gMQogICAgKi8KICAgIGludDggcHVibGljIGk4ID0gLTE7CiAgICBpbnQyNTYgcHVibGljIGkyNTYgPSA0NTY7CiAgICBpbnQyNTYgcHVibGljIGkgPSAtMTIzOyAvLyBpbnQgaXMgc2FtZSBhcyBpbnQyNTYKCiAgICAvLyBtaW5pbXVtIGFuZCBtYXhpbXVtIG9mIGludAogICAgaW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBtaW5JbnQgPSB0eXBlKGludDI1NikubWluOwogICAgaW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBtYXhJbnQgPSB0eXBlKGludDI1NikubWF4OwoKICAgIGFkZHJlc3MgcHVibGljIGFkZHIgPSAweENBMzViN2Q5MTU0NThFRjU0MGFEZTYwNjhkRmUyRjQ0RThmYTczM2M7CgogICAgLyoKICAgIEluIFNvbGlkaXR5LCB0aGUgZGF0YSB0eXBlIGJ5dGUgcmVwcmVzZW50IGEgc2VxdWVuY2Ugb2YgYnl0ZXMuIAogICAgU29saWRpdHkgcHJlc2VudHMgdHdvIHR5cGUgb2YgYnl0ZXMgdHlwZXMgOgoKICAgICAtIGZpeGVkLXNpemVkIGJ5dGUgYXJyYXlzCiAgICAgLSBkeW5hbWljYWxseS1zaXplZCBieXRlIGFycmF5cy4KICAgICAKICAgICBUaGUgdGVybSBieXRlcyBpbiBTb2xpZGl0eSByZXByZXNlbnRzIGEgZHluYW1pYyBhcnJheSBvZiBieXRlcy4gCiAgICAgSXTigJlzIGEgc2hvcnRoYW5kIGZvciBieXRlW10gLgogICAgKi8KICAgIGJ5dGVzMSBhID0gMHhiNTsgLy8gIFsxMDExMDEwMV0KICAgIGJ5dGVzMSBiID0gMHg1NjsgLy8gIFswMTAxMDExMF0KCiAgICAvLyBEZWZhdWx0IHZhbHVlcwogICAgLy8gVW5hc3NpZ25lZCB2YXJpYWJsZXMgaGF2ZSBhIGRlZmF1bHQgdmFsdWUKICAgIGJvb2wgcHVibGljIGRlZmF1bHRCb287IC8vIGZhbHNlCiAgICB1aW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBkZWZhdWx0VWludDsgLy8gMAogICAgaW50MjU2IHB1YmxpYyBkZWZhdWx0SW50OyAvLyAwCiAgICBhZGRyZXNzIHB1YmxpYyBkZWZhdWx0QWRkcjsgLy8gMHgwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwMDAwCn0K"}],BB=`Here we introduce you to some primitive data types available in Solidity.
booleanuint256You can send Ether to other contracts by
transfer (2300 gas, throws error)Unlike functions, state variables cannot be overridden by re-declaring it +`,NB=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:fB,title:VB,description:YB,cyfrinLink:XB,html:RB,prev:s,next:a,codes:vB}),HB="0.8.26",FB="Shadowing Inherited State Variables",KB="An example of shadowing state variables by inheritance",MB="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/shadowing-inherited-state-variables-solidity-code-example",SB=[{fileName:"Shadow.sol",code:"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"}],xB=`
Unlike functions, state variables cannot be overridden by re-declaring it in the child contract.
Let's learn how to correctly override inherited state variables.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
@@ -11831,7 +11831,7 @@ in the child contract.
// C.getName returns "Contract C"
}
-Messages can be signed off chain and then verified on chain using a smart contract.
+`,JB=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:HB,title:FB,description:KB,cyfrinLink:MB,html:xB,prev:s,next:a,codes:SB}),zB="0.8.26",DB="Verifying Signature",EB="An example of how to verify signatures in Solidity",QB="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/verifying-signature-solidity-code-example",TB=[{fileName:"Signature.sol",code:"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"}],UB=`Messages can be signed off chain and then verified on chain using a smart contract.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -11959,7 +11959,7 @@ How to Sign and Verify
// implicitly return (r, s, v)
}
}
-To write or update a state variable you need to send a transaction.
+`,_B=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:zB,title:DB,description:EB,cyfrinLink:QB,html:UB,prev:s,next:a,codes:TB}),LB="0.8.26",OB="Reading and Writing to a State Variable",PB="Reading and Writing to a State Variable",$B="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/reading-and-writing-to-a-state-variable-solidity-code-example",qB=[{fileName:"SimpleStorage.sol",code:"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"}],sG=`To write or update a state variable you need to send a transaction.
On the other hand, you can read state variables, for free, without any transaction fee.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -11978,7 +11978,7 @@ How to Sign and Verify
return num;
}
}
-You can define your own type by creating a struct.
You can define your own type by creating a struct.
They are useful for grouping together related data.
Structs can be declared outside of a contract and imported in another contract.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
@@ -12052,7 +12052,7 @@ How to Sign and Verify
// An array of 'Todo' structs
Todo[] public todos;
}
-Parent contracts can be called directly, or by using the keyword super.
Parent contracts can be called directly, or by using the keyword super.
By using the keyword super, all of the immediate parent contracts will be called.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -12252,7 +12252,7 @@ echidna EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller.sol --contract EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller
return false;
}
}
-Data stored in transient storage is cleared out after transaction.
+`,wG=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:jG,title:AG,description:uG,cyfrinLink:yG,html:bG,prev:s,next:a,codes:mG}),kG="0.8.26",ZG="Transient Storage",WG="transient storage",BG="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/transient-storage-solidity-code-example",GG=[{fileName:"TransientStorage.sol",code:"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"}],fG=`Data stored in transient storage is cleared out after transaction.
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
// Make sure EVM version and VM set to Cancun
@@ -12345,7 +12345,7 @@ echidna EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller.sol --contract EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller
msg.sender.call(b);
}
}
-try / catch can only catch errors from external function calls and contract creation.
try / catch can only catch errors from external function calls and contract creation.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -12404,7 +12404,7 @@ echidna EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller.sol --contract EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller
}
}
}
-Overflow and underflow of numbers in Solidity 0.8 throw an error. This can be disabled by using unchecked.
Overflow and underflow of numbers in Solidity 0.8 throw an error. This can be disabled by using unchecked.
Disabling overflow / underflow check saves gas.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
@@ -12440,7 +12440,7 @@ echidna EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller.sol --contract EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller
}
}
}
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.26;
// Code copied from optimism
@@ -12526,7 +12526,7 @@ echidna EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller.sol --contract EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller
// clock = LibClock.wrap(t, d);
}
}
-There are 3 types of variables in Solidity
+`,OG=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:EG,title:QG,description:TG,cyfrinLink:UG,html:LG,prev:s,next:a,codes:_G}),PG="0.8.26",$G="Variables",qG="Local, state and global variables",sf="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/variables-solidity-code-example",af=[{fileName:"Variables.sol",code:"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"}],nf=`There are 3 types of variables in Solidity
Getter functions can be declared view or pure.
Getter functions can be declared view or pure.
View function declares that no state will be changed.
Pure function declares that no state variable will be changed or read.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
@@ -12576,7 +12576,7 @@ echidna EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller.sol --contract EchidnaTestTimeAndCaller
return i + j;
}
}
-Functions and state variables have to declare whether they are accessible by other contracts.
+`,gf=({prev:s,next:a})=>i.jsx(A,{version:pf,title:ef,description:cf,cyfrinLink:tf,html:rf,prev:s,next:a,codes:of}),hf="0.8.26",If="Visibility",df="An example of external, internal, private and public functions in Solidity",Cf="https://www.cyfrin.io/glossary/visibility-solidity-code-example",jf=[{fileName:"Visibility.sol",code:"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"}],Af=`Functions and state variables have to declare whether they are accessible by other contracts.
Functions can be declared as
public - any contract and account can call