Pandas_Notes.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "1554e9ec",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import numpy as np"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "2834d3e9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "d9cd692a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "labels = ['a','b','c']\n",
    "my_data = [10,20,30]\n",
    "arr = np.array(my_data)\n",
    "d = {'a':10,'b':20,'c':30}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "a2903547",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    10\n",
       "b    20\n",
       "c    30\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(data=my_data,index=labels)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "7076a3ff",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    10\n",
       "b    20\n",
       "c    30\n",
       "dtype: int32"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(arr,labels)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "43c4cc6e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "a    10\n",
       "b    20\n",
       "c    30\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "5fd98e3c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    a\n",
       "1    b\n",
       "2    c\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(data=labels)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "b078f152",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0      <built-in function sum>\n",
       "1    <built-in function print>\n",
       "2      <built-in function len>\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.Series(data=[sum,print,len])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "4e662d27",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Pandas can hold different types data unlike numpy arrays"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "77173f98",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser1 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4],['USA','Germany','USSR','Japan'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "92314403",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "USA        1\n",
       "Germany    2\n",
       "USSR       3\n",
       "Japan      4\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "043fc583",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser2 = pd.Series([1,2,3,4],['USA','Germany','Italy','Japan'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "587709b2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser1['USA']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "bd716fc3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "ser3 = pd.Series(data=labels)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "e9794f3b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'a'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser3[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "8f733cb5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Germany    4.0\n",
       "Italy      NaN\n",
       "Japan      8.0\n",
       "USA        2.0\n",
       "USSR       NaN\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "ser1 + ser2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "d729e029",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Pandas - Data frames"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "c017aaab",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "np.random.seed(101)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "a38fdcab",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(5,4),[\"A\",\"B\",\"C\",\"D\",\"E\"],[\"W\",\"X\",\"Y\",\"Z\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "84cf2caf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "b233d339",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "A    2.706850\n",
       "B    0.651118\n",
       "C   -2.018168\n",
       "D    0.188695\n",
       "E    0.190794\n",
       "Name: W, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[\"W\"] # This is a series, Example of Grabbing columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "9279c788",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "pandas.core.series.Series"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(df[\"W\"])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "2d57e48d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "A    2.706850\n",
       "B    0.651118\n",
       "C   -2.018168\n",
       "D    0.188695\n",
       "E    0.190794\n",
       "Name: W, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Also Another notation not recommended since they might overlap with method names\n",
    "df.W"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "87fc14cf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         Z\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.503826\n",
       "B  0.651118  0.605965\n",
       "C -2.018168 -0.589001\n",
       "D  0.188695  0.955057\n",
       "E  0.190794  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[[\"W\",\"Z\"]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "67720e16",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "'new'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\indexes\\base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_loc\u001b[1;34m(self, key, method, tolerance)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3628\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mtry\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m-> 3629\u001b[1;33m                 \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_engine\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcasted_key\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m   3630\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyError\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0merr\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\_libs\\index.pyx\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\_libs\\index.pyx\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32mpandas\\_libs\\hashtable_class_helper.pxi\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32mpandas\\_libs\\hashtable_class_helper.pxi\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mpandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item\u001b[1;34m()\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'new'",
      "\nThe above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\ipykernel_4324\\1868702327.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mdf\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m'new'\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\frame.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__getitem__\u001b[1;34m(self, key)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3503\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcolumns\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnlevels\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m>\u001b[0m \u001b[1;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3504\u001b[0m                 \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_getitem_multilevel\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m-> 3505\u001b[1;33m             \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcolumns\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m   3506\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mis_integer\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3507\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0mindexer\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m]\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\indexes\\base.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mget_loc\u001b[1;34m(self, key, method, tolerance)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3629\u001b[0m                 \u001b[1;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_engine\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mget_loc\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mcasted_key\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3630\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyError\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mas\u001b[0m \u001b[0merr\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m-> 3631\u001b[1;33m                 \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mKeyError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mkey\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mfrom\u001b[0m \u001b[0merr\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m   3632\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;32mexcept\u001b[0m \u001b[0mTypeError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   3633\u001b[0m                 \u001b[1;31m# If we have a listlike key, _check_indexing_error will raise\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'new'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['new']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "52a3c20f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Creating new columns\n",
    "df['new'] = df['W'] + df['Y']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "4a28bbe6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "      <th>new</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.614819</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.196959</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.489355</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.744542</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.796762</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z       new\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826  3.614819\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965 -0.196959\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001 -1.489355\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057 -0.744542\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509  2.796762"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "75d78373",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Dropping Columns\n",
    "# axis = 0 refers to rows\n",
    "# axis = 1 refers to columns\n",
    "df.drop('new',axis=1)# doesn't reflect in original to do so set inplace to True"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "05109f99",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.614819</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.196959</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.489355</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.744542</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.796762</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z       new\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826  3.614819\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965 -0.196959\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001 -1.489355\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057 -0.744542\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509  2.796762"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "f807e658",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.drop('new',axis=1,inplace=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "78714888",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# dropping rows"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "0d1a016a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.drop('E',axis=0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "c9786a88",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(5, 4)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "32ff2e26",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Indexing Rows"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "d463f6aa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "W    2.706850\n",
       "X    0.628133\n",
       "Y    0.907969\n",
       "Z    0.503826\n",
       "Name: A, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['A'] # This is a series"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "fe169ffa",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "W   -2.018168\n",
       "X    0.740122\n",
       "Y    0.528813\n",
       "Z   -0.589001\n",
       "Name: C, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.iloc[2] # C row"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "d0529c75",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Selecting subset of rows and columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "id": "f973df97",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-0.8480769834036315"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc['B','Y']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "99d76ad9",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "    </tr>\n",
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       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
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       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
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       "          W         X         Y\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 39,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[:'C',:\"Y\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "d86e3ab2",
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   "outputs": [
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   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "141b3ebd",
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "booldf = df > 0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "633a33e2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "      <th>B</th>\n",
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      ]
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     "execution_count": 43,
     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "df[booldf] # Filtering"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "id": "b146937c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "df[df>0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "id": "82e349d6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "A     True\n",
       "B     True\n",
       "C    False\n",
       "D     True\n",
       "E     True\n",
       "Name: W, dtype: bool"
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     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   "source": [
    "df['W']>0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "id": "b57ad341",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
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     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "df[df['W']>0] # Filtering rows"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "id": "82318130",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001"
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     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "df[df['Z']<0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "id": "8085c85a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Doing operations on the data frame"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 49,
   "id": "851dfaea",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "resultdf = df[df['W']>0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "id": "8a5ce93c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "A    0.628133\n",
       "B   -0.319318\n",
       "D   -0.758872\n",
       "E    1.978757\n",
       "Name: X, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 50,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "resultdf['X']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "id": "75cc9da8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "A    0.628133\n",
       "B   -0.319318\n",
       "D   -0.758872\n",
       "E    1.978757\n",
       "Name: X, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[df['W']>0]['X']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "id": "8ae836ee",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
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       "      <th>D</th>\n",
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       "      <th>E</th>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "          Y         X\n",
       "A  0.907969  0.628133\n",
       "B -0.848077 -0.319318\n",
       "D -0.933237 -0.758872\n",
       "E  2.605967  1.978757"
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     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "df[df['W']>0][['Y','X']]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 53,
   "id": "065620b2",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Using two or more conditions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 54,
   "id": "d2b3b8bb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
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       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 54,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[(df['W']>0) & (df['Y']>1)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "id": "ae52b6da",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[(df['W']>0) | (df['Y']>1)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "id": "5171265e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
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       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>index</th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>C</td>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>E</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  index         W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "0     A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
       "1     B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965\n",
       "2     C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001\n",
       "3     D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057\n",
       "4     E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.reset_index()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "id": "a1a75d55",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "newind = [\"CA\", \"NY\",\"WY\",\"OR\",\"CO\"]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "id": "f78d67d0",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df[\"States\"] = newind"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "id": "a52a477e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "      <th>States</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "      <td>CA</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "      <td>NY</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "      <td>WY</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "      <td>OR</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>E</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "      <td>CO</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          W         X         Y         Z States\n",
       "A  2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826     CA\n",
       "B  0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965     NY\n",
       "C -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001     WY\n",
       "D  0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057     OR\n",
       "E  0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509     CO"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 59,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "id": "0f07e582",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Setting index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "id": "37d9e984",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>W</th>\n",
       "      <th>X</th>\n",
       "      <th>Y</th>\n",
       "      <th>Z</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>States</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>CA</th>\n",
       "      <td>2.706850</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.628133</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.907969</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.503826</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>NY</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.651118</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.319318</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.848077</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.605965</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>WY</th>\n",
       "      <td>-2.018168</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.740122</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.528813</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.589001</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>OR</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.188695</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.758872</td>\n",
       "      <td>-0.933237</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.955057</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>CO</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.190794</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.978757</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.605967</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.683509</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "               W         X         Y         Z\n",
       "States                                        \n",
       "CA      2.706850  0.628133  0.907969  0.503826\n",
       "NY      0.651118 -0.319318 -0.848077  0.605965\n",
       "WY     -2.018168  0.740122  0.528813 -0.589001\n",
       "OR      0.188695 -0.758872 -0.933237  0.955057\n",
       "CO      0.190794  1.978757  2.605967  0.683509"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 61,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.set_index('States')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 62,
   "id": "7fd0f436",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Demonstrating multihiearchy\n",
    "\n",
    "outside = ['G1','G1','G1','G2','G2','G2']\n",
    "inside = [1,2,3,1,2,3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "22920861",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "hier_index = list(zip(outside,inside))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "id": "9776bc41",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[('G1', 1), ('G1', 2), ('G1', 3), ('G2', 1), ('G2', 2), ('G2', 3)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 64,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hier_index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "id": "f09fe220",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "hier_index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(hier_index)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "id": "949f158e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "MultiIndex([('G1', 1),\n",
       "            ('G1', 2),\n",
       "            ('G1', 3),\n",
       "            ('G2', 1),\n",
       "            ('G2', 2),\n",
       "            ('G2', 3)],\n",
       "           )"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hier_index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "id": "16b11def",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df_multi_index = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6,2),hier_index,['A','B'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "id": "8867871b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\">G1</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.302665</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.693723</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>-1.706086</td>\n",
       "      <td>-1.159119</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>-0.134841</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.390528</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\">G2</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.166905</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.184502</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.807706</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.072960</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.638787</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.329646</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "             A         B\n",
       "G1 1  0.302665  1.693723\n",
       "   2 -1.706086 -1.159119\n",
       "   3 -0.134841  0.390528\n",
       "G2 1  0.166905  0.184502\n",
       "   2  0.807706  0.072960\n",
       "   3  0.638787  0.329646"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_multi_index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "id": "a675846c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df1 = pd.DataFrame({\n",
    "    'A':['A0','A1','A2','A3'], 'B':['B0','B1','B2','B3'],'C':['C0','C1','C2','C3'],'D':['D0','D1','D2','D3']\n",
    "},index=[0,1,2,3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "id": "d51ff334",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df2 = pd.DataFrame({\n",
    "    'A':['A4','A5','A6','A7'], 'B':['B4','B5','B6','B7'],'C':['C4','C5','C6','C7'],'D':['D4','D5','D6','D7']\n",
    "},index=[4,5,6,7])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "id": "a6db4ebf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df3 = pd.DataFrame({\n",
    "    'A':['A8','A9','A10','A11'], 'B':['B8','B9','B10','B11'],'C':['C8','C9','C10','C11'],'D':['D8','D9','D10','D11']\n",
    "},index=[8,9,10,11])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "id": "f18b642f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "    <tr>\n",
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       "      <td>A2</td>\n",
       "      <td>B2</td>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>D2</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>A3</td>\n",
       "      <td>B3</td>\n",
       "      <td>C3</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "    A   B   C   D\n",
       "0  A0  B0  C0  D0\n",
       "1  A1  B1  C1  D1\n",
       "2  A2  B2  C2  D2\n",
       "3  A3  B3  C3  D3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "id": "7270c231",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <td>D6</td>\n",
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       "    A   B   C   D\n",
       "4  A4  B4  C4  D4\n",
       "5  A5  B5  C5  D5\n",
       "6  A6  B6  C6  D6\n",
       "7  A7  B7  C7  D7"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 73,
     "metadata": {},
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   ],
   "source": [
    "df2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "id": "eab67f8a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      A    B    C    D\n",
       "8    A8   B8   C8   D8\n",
       "9    A9   B9   C9   D9\n",
       "10  A10  B10  C10  D10\n",
       "11  A11  B11  C11  D11"
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     "execution_count": 74,
     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "df3"
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "id": "bd55da78",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Concatenation basically glues together Data Frames. Keep in mind that dimensions should match along the axis you are concatenating on. You can use pd.concat and pass ina list of DataFrames to concatenate together"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "id": "5377c66d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      A    B    C    D\n",
       "0    A0   B0   C0   D0\n",
       "1    A1   B1   C1   D1\n",
       "2    A2   B2   C2   D2\n",
       "3    A3   B3   C3   D3\n",
       "4    A4   B4   C4   D4\n",
       "5    A5   B5   C5   D5\n",
       "6    A6   B6   C6   D6\n",
       "7    A7   B7   C7   D7\n",
       "8    A8   B8   C8   D8\n",
       "9    A9   B9   C9   D9\n",
       "10  A10  B10  C10  D10\n",
       "11  A11  B11  C11  D11"
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     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.concat([df1,df2,df3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "id": "d7688323",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      A    B    C    D    A    B    C    D    A    B    C    D\n",
       "0    A0   B0   C0   D0  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "1    A1   B1   C1   D1  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "2    A2   B2   C2   D2  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "3    A3   B3   C3   D3  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "4   NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   A4   B4   C4   D4  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "5   NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   A5   B5   C5   D5  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "6   NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   A6   B6   C6   D6  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "7   NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   A7   B7   C7   D7  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN\n",
       "8   NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   A8   B8   C8   D8\n",
       "9   NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN   A9   B9   C9   D9\n",
       "10  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  A10  B10  C10  D10\n",
       "11  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  NaN  A11  B11  C11  D11"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 77,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.concat([df1,df2,df3],axis=1) # Along the columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "id": "dfcc4464",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "left = pd.DataFrame({'key':['K0','K1','K2','K3'], 'A':['A0','A1','A2','A3'],'B':['B0','B1','B2','B3']})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "id": "75d8df4d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "right = pd.DataFrame({'key':['K0','K1','K2','K3'],'C':['C0','C1','C2','C3'],'D':['D0','D1','D2','D3']})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "id": "90517e5a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>K0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A0</td>\n",
       "      <td>B0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>K1</td>\n",
       "      <td>A1</td>\n",
       "      <td>B1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>K2</td>\n",
       "      <td>A2</td>\n",
       "      <td>B2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>K3</td>\n",
       "      <td>A3</td>\n",
       "      <td>B3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  key   A   B\n",
       "0  K0  A0  B0\n",
       "1  K1  A1  B1\n",
       "2  K2  A2  B2\n",
       "3  K3  A3  B3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 80,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "left"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "id": "6561f685",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>K0</td>\n",
       "      <td>C0</td>\n",
       "      <td>D0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>K1</td>\n",
       "      <td>C1</td>\n",
       "      <td>D1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>K2</td>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>D2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>K3</td>\n",
       "      <td>C3</td>\n",
       "      <td>D3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  key   C   D\n",
       "0  K0  C0  D0\n",
       "1  K1  C1  D1\n",
       "2  K2  C2  D2\n",
       "3  K3  C3  D3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 81,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "right"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "id": "78e29a52",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Merging"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "id": "0c96ee4f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>K0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A0</td>\n",
       "      <td>B0</td>\n",
       "      <td>C0</td>\n",
       "      <td>D0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>K1</td>\n",
       "      <td>A1</td>\n",
       "      <td>B1</td>\n",
       "      <td>C1</td>\n",
       "      <td>D1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>K2</td>\n",
       "      <td>A2</td>\n",
       "      <td>B2</td>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>D2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>K3</td>\n",
       "      <td>A3</td>\n",
       "      <td>B3</td>\n",
       "      <td>C3</td>\n",
       "      <td>D3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  key   A   B   C   D\n",
       "0  K0  A0  B0  C0  D0\n",
       "1  K1  A1  B1  C1  D1\n",
       "2  K2  A2  B2  C2  D2\n",
       "3  K3  A3  B3  C3  D3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.merge(left,right,how='inner',on='key') # Check documentation for other types of merges, for data science this should be enough"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "id": "fc83c799",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>K0</td>\n",
       "      <td>A0</td>\n",
       "      <td>B0</td>\n",
       "      <td>C0</td>\n",
       "      <td>D0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>K1</td>\n",
       "      <td>A1</td>\n",
       "      <td>B1</td>\n",
       "      <td>C1</td>\n",
       "      <td>D1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>K2</td>\n",
       "      <td>A2</td>\n",
       "      <td>B2</td>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>D2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>K3</td>\n",
       "      <td>A3</td>\n",
       "      <td>B3</td>\n",
       "      <td>C3</td>\n",
       "      <td>D3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  key   A   B   C   D\n",
       "0  K0  A0  B0  C0  D0\n",
       "1  K1  A1  B1  C1  D1\n",
       "2  K2  A2  B2  C2  D2\n",
       "3  K3  A3  B3  C3  D3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.merge(left,right,how='inner',on=['key'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "id": "bbf8f64b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# joining"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "id": "6464d89d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "You are trying to merge on object and int64 columns. If you wish to proceed you should use pd.concat",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\ipykernel_4324\\581819966.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[1;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m----> 1\u001b[1;33m \u001b[0mleft\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mjoin\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mright\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mon\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[1;34m\"key\"\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\frame.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mjoin\u001b[1;34m(self, other, on, how, lsuffix, rsuffix, sort)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   9261\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;36m5\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mK1\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mA5\u001b[0m   \u001b[0mB1\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   9262\u001b[0m         \"\"\"\n\u001b[1;32m-> 9263\u001b[1;33m         return self._join_compat(\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m   9264\u001b[0m             \u001b[0mother\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mon\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mon\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mhow\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mhow\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mlsuffix\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mlsuffix\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mrsuffix\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0mrsuffix\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0msort\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0msort\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   9265\u001b[0m         )\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\frame.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_join_compat\u001b[1;34m(self, other, on, how, lsuffix, rsuffix, sort)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   9292\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0msort\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m\u001b[0msort\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   9293\u001b[0m                 )\n\u001b[1;32m-> 9294\u001b[1;33m             return merge(\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m   9295\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   9296\u001b[0m                 \u001b[0mother\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\reshape\\merge.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mmerge\u001b[1;34m(left, right, how, on, left_on, right_on, left_index, right_index, sort, suffixes, copy, indicator, validate)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    105\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mvalidate\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstr\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m|\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mNone\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m=\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mNone\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    106\u001b[0m ) -> DataFrame:\n\u001b[1;32m--> 107\u001b[1;33m     op = _MergeOperation(\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m    108\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mleft\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    109\u001b[0m         \u001b[0mright\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\reshape\\merge.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m__init__\u001b[1;34m(self, left, right, how, on, left_on, right_on, axis, left_index, right_index, sort, suffixes, copy, indicator, validate)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    702\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;31m# validate the merge keys dtypes. We may need to coerce\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    703\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;31m# to avoid incompatible dtypes\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m--> 704\u001b[1;33m         \u001b[0mself\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0m_maybe_coerce_merge_keys\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m    705\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m    706\u001b[0m         \u001b[1;31m# If argument passed to validate,\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;32m~\\anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\pandas\\core\\reshape\\merge.py\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m_maybe_coerce_merge_keys\u001b[1;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   1259\u001b[0m                     \u001b[0minferred_right\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstring_types\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mand\u001b[0m \u001b[0minferred_left\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32mnot\u001b[0m \u001b[1;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstring_types\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   1260\u001b[0m                 ):\n\u001b[1;32m-> 1261\u001b[1;33m                     \u001b[1;32mraise\u001b[0m \u001b[0mValueError\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmsg\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m)\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32m   1262\u001b[0m \u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m   1263\u001b[0m             \u001b[1;31m# datetimelikes must match exactly\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[1;33m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mValueError\u001b[0m: You are trying to merge on object and int64 columns. If you wish to proceed you should use pd.concat"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "left.join(right,on=\"key\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "id": "9556bb5b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "left = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['A0', 'A1', 'A2'],\n",
    "                     'B': ['B0', 'B1', 'B2']},\n",
    "                      index=['K0', 'K1', 'K2']) \n",
    "\n",
    "right = pd.DataFrame({'C': ['C0', 'C2', 'C3'],\n",
    "                    'D': ['D0', 'D2', 'D3']},\n",
    "                      index=['K0', 'K2', 'K3'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "id": "d9868db4",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "\n",
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       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>A</th>\n",
       "      <th>B</th>\n",
       "      <th>C</th>\n",
       "      <th>D</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>K0</th>\n",
       "      <td>A0</td>\n",
       "      <td>B0</td>\n",
       "      <td>C0</td>\n",
       "      <td>D0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>K1</th>\n",
       "      <td>A1</td>\n",
       "      <td>B1</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>K2</th>\n",
       "      <td>A2</td>\n",
       "      <td>B2</td>\n",
       "      <td>C2</td>\n",
       "      <td>D2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     A   B    C    D\n",
       "K0  A0  B0   C0   D0\n",
       "K1  A1  B1  NaN  NaN\n",
       "K2  A2  B2   C2   D2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 88,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "left.join(right)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 89,
   "id": "ce71ddff",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "      <th>K1</th>\n",
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       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>K2</th>\n",
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       "      A    B    C    D\n",
       "K0   A0   B0   C0   D0\n",
       "K1   A1   B1  NaN  NaN\n",
       "K2   A2   B2   C2   D2\n",
       "K3  NaN  NaN   C3   D3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 89,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "left.join(right, how='outer')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "id": "0c2169dd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Operations"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "id": "db5b026d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df_operations = pd.DataFrame({'col1':[1,2,3,4],'col2':[444,555,666,444],'col3':['abc','def','ghi','xyz']})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "id": "885d8076",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "      <td>xyz</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
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      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "   col1  col2 col3\n",
       "0     1   444  abc\n",
       "1     2   555  def\n",
       "2     3   666  ghi\n",
       "3     4   444  xyz"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 92,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations.head() # First 5 rows display"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "id": "0f8ba6f7",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "array([444, 555, 666], dtype=int64)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations['col2'].unique() # Shows unique values in columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "id": "0c52e67b",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations['col2'].nunique() # Shows number of unique values"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "id": "afbcf02e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "444    2\n",
       "555    1\n",
       "666    1\n",
       "Name: col2, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations['col2'].value_counts()# Number of times each unique value occurs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "id": "dd839e08",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "   col1  col2 col3\n",
       "2     3   666  ghi\n",
       "3     4   444  xyz"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations[df_operations['col1']>2] # Filtering based on a certain condition"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "id": "d72af6b6",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def times2(x):\n",
    "    return x*2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "id": "630d8a6a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2\n",
       "1    4\n",
       "2    6\n",
       "3    8\n",
       "Name: col1, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations['col1'].apply(times2) # applying operations to a column"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "id": "536bfe53",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['col1', 'col2', 'col3'], dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations.columns# Getting the list of column names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "id": "641466e8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "RangeIndex(start=0, stop=4, step=1)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations.index # Getting index information"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "id": "78c38f99",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
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       "   col1  col2 col3\n",
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     "metadata": {},
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   "source": [
    "df_operations.sort_values(by='col2')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "id": "f3abd599",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
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       "      <th>1</th>\n",
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       "      <td>False</td>\n",
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       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
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       "      <td>False</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "    col1   col2   col3\n",
       "0  False  False  False\n",
       "1  False  False  False\n",
       "2  False  False  False\n",
       "3  False  False  False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_operations.isnull()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "id": "2cae9cd8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = {'A':['foo','foo','foo','bar','bar','bar'],\n",
    "     'B':['one','one','two','two','one','one'],\n",
    "       'C':['x','y','x','y','x','y'],\n",
    "       'D':[1,3,2,5,4,1]}\n",
    "\n",
    "df_ops2 = pd.DataFrame(data)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "id": "9e3a3152",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "      <th>5</th>\n",
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       "      <td>1</td>\n",
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       "     A    B  C  D\n",
       "0  foo  one  x  1\n",
       "1  foo  one  y  3\n",
       "2  foo  two  x  2\n",
       "3  bar  two  y  5\n",
       "4  bar  one  x  4\n",
       "5  bar  one  y  1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 104,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_ops2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "id": "b1dcfbee",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Creating pivot tables, basically creating a multi index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "id": "e6a3c06a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
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       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.0</td>\n",
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       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">foo</th>\n",
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       "      <td>1.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.0</td>\n",
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      "text/plain": [
       "C          x    y\n",
       "A   B            \n",
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   "id": "5180d56f",
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      ]
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     "metadata": {},
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   "id": "3238cdc4",
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